Global

Safety

EvidenceCentre

Whofunds engineeringsafetyresearch?

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甌

Q

SafetyScience

Research

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Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation//GlobalSafetyEvidenceCentre//SafetyScience//ResearchReport

Whofundsengineeringsafetyresearch?

Preface

ThisresearchhasbeenfundedbyLloydsRegisterFoundation,with

theaimofsupportingtheFoundation’sGlobalSafetyEvidence

Centre.FormoreinformationontheCentre,pleasevisit:

lrfoundation.

org.uk/news/research-support-for-the-establishment-of-a-global-

safety-evidence-centre

·

AboutLloyd’sRegisterFoundationGlobalSafetyEvidencecentre

TheLloyd’sRegisterFoundationGlobalSafetyEvidenceCentreisahubfor

anyonewhoneedstoknow‘whatworks’tomakepeoplesafer.TheCentre

collates,createsandcommunicatesthebestavailablesafetyevidencefromtheFoundation,ourpartnersandothersourcesonboththenatureandscaleofglobalsafetychallenges,andwhatworkstoaddressthem.Itworkswith

partnerstoidentifyandfillgapsintheevidence,andtousetheevidenceforaction.

TofindoutmoreabouttheGlobalSafetyEvidenceCentre,visit

.uk

AboutLloyd’sRegisterFoundation

Lloyd’sRegisterFoundationisanindependentglobalsafetycharitythatsupportsresearch,innovation,andeducationtomaketheworldasaferplace.Itsmissionistousethebestevidenceandinsighttohelpthe

globalcommunityfocusontacklingtheworld’smostpressingsafetyandriskchallenges.

TofindoutmoreaboutLloyd’sRegisterFoundation,visit

.uk

Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation,71FenchurchStreet,London,EC3M4BS,

UnitedKingdom

Lloyd’sRegisterFoundationisaRegisteredCharity(Reg.no.1145988)andlimitedcompany.(Reg.no.7905861)registeredinEnglandandWales,andownerofLloyd’sRegisterGroupLimited.

Copyright?Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation,2025.

Thisworkislicensedunder

CCBY-SA

4.0

/

10.60743/y6yc-yr95

AboutRANDEurope

RANDEuropeisanot-for-profitresearchorganisationthathelpsimprovepolicyanddecisionmakingthroughresearchandanalysis.

TolearnmoreaboutRANDEurope,visit

Ourmissiontohelpimprovepolicyanddecisionmakingthroughresearch

andanalysisisenabledthroughourcorevaluesofqualityandobjectivity

andourunwaveringcommitmenttothehighestlevelofintegrityandethical

behaviour.Tohelpensureourresearchandanalysisarerigorous,objective,andnonpartisan,wesubjectourresearchpublicationstoarobustandexacting

quality-assuranceprocess;avoidboththeappearanceandrealityoffinancialandotherconlictsofinterestthroughstafftraining,projectscreening,and

apolicyofmandatorydisclosure;andpursuetransparencyinourresearch

engagementsthroughourcommitmenttotheopenpublicationofour

researchfindingsandrecommendations,disclosureofthesourceoffundingofpublishedresearch,andpoliciestoensureintellectualindependence.

Formoreinformation,visit

/about/principles

Copyright?2025Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation.Allrightsreserved.

Thisreportisauthoredby:MartinSzomszor,KatieSykes,CharlieCoyte.

Executivesummary

Thisreportpresentsacomprehensivemappingandanalysisof

thegloballandscapeofengineeringsafetyresearch(ESR)and

itsfunders.CommissionedbyLloyd’sRegisterFoundation(the

Foundation),itaimstoprovidedetailedinsightsintoESRtopics,

geographicdistribution,fundingsourcesandsector-specific

researchtoinformstrategicdecisionsinresearchfundingand

collaboration.‘Engineeringsafety'isdefinedinthisreportasthe

theoryandpracticeofapplyingscientificandengineeringprinciplestoassessandcontrolriskswithinengineeredsystemsandprocesses,topreventaccidentsandreduceharmtopeopleandproperty.ESR,therefore,isthegenerationandsharingofknowledgetocontinuouslyimproveunderstandingandpracticeinthisfield.

Rationale

WeenvisagethatthisstudywillgiveESRfundersandother

stakeholdersaclearerpictureoftheirownpositionwithinthis

ecosystem,includinggreaterawarenessoftheirsimilaritiesto,and

differencesfrom,otherorganisationswithintheESRcommunity;

supportthemtoidentifypotentialcollaboratorswithstrengthsandprioritiescomplementarytotheirown;andgivethemastronger

senseofthetopicsortypesofresearchthatarecurrentlyreceivingagreatdealof(orverylittle)fundinginordertoguidetheirdecision-making.

Methodology

ThestudyemployedbibliometricanalysisprimarilyusingtheWeb

ofSciencedatabase,supplementedbydatacleaningandmanual

reviewtoensureaccuratefunderidentification.WeidentifiedESR

publicationsusingasearchstringdevelopedwithinputfromthe

Foundation,focusingonsafety-relatedconceptsinengineering

contextsrelevanttotheFoundation’scurrentstrategyandexcludingunrelatedsafetyareassuchasoccupationalhealthorfoodsafety.

Weusedtopicmodellingbasedonnaturallanguageprocessing

techniquestocategoriseESRpublicationsinto50topicsgroupedinto11clusters,enablingthematicanalysis.Thestudyfocusedon

publicationsfrom2015to2025,analysingauthoraffiliations,funderacknowledgementsandresearchtopics.Weconductedadditionaldeskresearchonselectedfunderstogaindeeperinsights.

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ESRlandscapeanalysis

ESRhasexperiencedsignificantgrowthoverthepastdecade,withanaverageannualpublicationincreaseof18%,outpacingthe4%growthinoverallengineeringpublications.ESRpublicationsspanvarious

researchdisciplines,with62%appearinginengineeringjournals,andnotablecontributionsfromcomputerscienceandchemistry.TopicmodellingidentifiedemergingtopicssuchasMachineLearningandData-DrivenMethodsandLithium-IonBatterySafety,whichshowedthemostsignificantgrowth.Geographically,ChinaleadsinESR

authorship,withitssharerisingsubstantiallyfrom24%ofresearchpublicationsin2015to58%in2025.Internationalcollaboration

varies,withareassuchasHongKongandBelgiumexhibitinghighcollaborationrates,whileChinaandSouthKoreapredominantlyengageindomesticcollaborations.

ESRfunderanalysis

Approximately66%ofESRpublicationsdisclosetheirfunding

sources,withsignificantvariationacrosscountries.Chinafundsby

farthemostESRofanycountry,withtheUSandSouthKoreacomingadistantsecondandthird.Eightoftheworld’stoptenfundersof

ESRareChinese,withtheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationof

China(NSFC)leadingthefield.Thefundinglandscapeshowsastrongpreferencefordomesticresearch,with96%ofChinese-fundedESRhavingChinesefirstauthors.Governmentbodiesarethelargest

sourceofESRfunding,accountingfor53.4%ofpublications.

Sectordeep-dives

Weselectedfoursectorsfordeep-diveanalysisofrelatedESR

publicationsandfundingtrends:Maritime,ChemicalProcessing,

ElectricPowerandIndustrialManufacturing.WhileChinaisthemostprolificfunderacrossallthesesectors,ourdeepdivesfoundthat

Chinesefundersarecomparativelylessactiveinthemaritimeandelectricpowersectors(whereEUfundersplayalargerrole)thaninthechemical-processingandindustrial-manufacturingsectors.

Acknowledgements

Wehavebeenabletoconductthisstudybecauseofthe

contributionsofcolleaguesattheFoundation.Wewouldliketo

thankNancyHeyforprovidingsteerandsupportoverthecourseofthestudy.WearealsogratefulfortheexpertcontributionsofDrJanPrzydatek,DrChrisWhite,CaitlinVaughanandDrDanaVilistereprovidedthroughaworkshopandwrittenqueries.Finally,wewouldliketothankRANDEuropecolleaguesDrNickFahyandGiulia

Maistrellofortheirvaluablecommentsandcontributionsthroughtheirreviewofthefinalreport.

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Copyright?2025Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation.Allrightsreserved.

BOOKS

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Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation//GlobalSafetyEvidenceCentre//SafetyScience//ResearchReport

Whofundsengineeringsafetyresearch?

Contents

·

Preface1

··

Executivesummary1

··

Acknowledgements2

·

·

Figures,tables,andboxes3

·

·

Abbreviations3

··

1.Introductionandbackground4

·

1.1.Engineeringsafetyresearch4

.

1.2.TheimportanceofESR4

1.3.TheESRlandscape4

.

1.5.Studyapproach5

.

1.6.Structureofthereport6

·

2.Methodology6

·

2.1.Conceptandsearchstringdevelopment6

2.2.Datacollection7

2.3.Topicmodelling7

·

3.Findings:ThecurrentandevolvingstateofESR8

·

3.3.InternationalcollaborationinESR14

·

4.Findings:ESRfundingandfunders15

·

4.1.Funderacknowledgements15

.

4.2.Funderregions16

4.3.KeyESRfunders17

.

4.4.Cross-borderfunding19

4.5.Fundertypes21

.

4.6.Topicfocusbycountry22

.

4.7.KeyfundersofemergingESRtopics25

4.8.ESRfunderspotlights26

.

·

5.ESRfundingandfunders:Sectordeep-dives29

·

5.1.Maritimesector30

5.2.Chemicalprocessing34

5.3.Electricpower37

5.4.Industrialmanufacturing40

.

·

6.Conclusion43

·

5.2.Chemicalprocessing34

.

5.3.Electricpower37

5.4.Industrialmanufacturing40

.

·

6.Conclusion43

··

7.References44

·

Abbreviations

ERC

EuropeanResearchCouncil

ESR

EngineeringSafetyResearch

EC

EuropeanCommission

EU

EuropeanUnion

INAIL

IstitutoNazionaleperl'AssicurazioneControgli

InfortunisulLavoro(ItalianNationalInstitute

forInsuranceAgainstAccidentsatWork)

KETEP

KoreaInstituteofEnergyTechnologyEvaluationandPlanning

MOST

MinistryofScienceandTechnologyofthePeople'sRepublicofChina

NRF

NationalResearchFoundationofKorea

NSFC

NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina

OSH

OccupationalSafetyandHealth

RCN

ResearchCouncilofNorway

WS

Workshop

4

Copyright?2025Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation.Allrightsreserved.

BOOKS

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Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation//GlobalSafetyEvidenceCentre//SafetyScience//ResearchReport

Whofundsengineeringsafetyresearch?

1.Introductionandbackground

1.1.Engineeringsafetyresearch

Safetyisacriticalcomponentoftheengineeringdisciplineand

profession.Itisembeddedinthedesign,maintenance,and

decommissioningofengineeredstructuresandsystemsfor

humanitarian,legal,andfinancialreasons(Brauer2022).Safetyis

frequentlyincorporatedintoregulatoryandaccreditationsystems

affectingengineersandengineering(e.g.theUKHealthandSafety

atWorkAct1974;theConstructionProductsRegulation[European

Union]andtheInternationalFireCode),aswellasinengineering

courses(Altabbakhetal.2015).Toensuretheknowledgeand

applicationofsafetyinengineeredsystemsareeffectiveandupto

date,researchisneededtoidentifyemergingrisks,evaluatecurrentsafetypracticesanddevelopinnovativemethodologiesthatintegratesafetyconsiderationsthroughouttheengineeringlifecycle.

Wedefine‘engineeringsafety’asthetheoryandpracticeofapplyingscientificandengineeringprinciplestoassessandcontrolrisks

withinengineeredsystemsandprocessestopreventaccidentsandreduceharmtopeopleandproperty.‘Engineeringsafetyresearch’

(ESR),therefore,isthegenerationandsharingofknowledgeto

continuouslyimproveunderstandingandpracticeinthisfield.We

developedandappliedthisoperationalisationinconsultationwith

Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation(theFoundation)tosetascopethat

relectstheresearchprioritiesoftheFoundation,distinguishing

itfromotherusagesof‘safetyresearch’orsimilartermsnot

consistentlyusedintheliteratureand/orvaryinginscopefromwhatthisstudyaimstoaddress.ESRsharesfeatureswithotherfieldsof

research,suchassafetyengineering,occupationalsafetyandhealth(OSH)andsecurityresearch.WehighlighttheconceptualdistinctionsinTable1toclarifythenatureofESR.Inpractice,however,therecanbesubstantialoverlapintheinterestsandaudiencesofESRand

theseotherfields,asrelectedinthetopicsthatemergefromouranalysisofESRpublications.

1.2.TheimportanceofESR

OurdefinitionofESRencompassesbothbasicresearchwithsafetyramificationsandappliedsafetyresearchanddevelopment(R&D).

Bothaspectsarevital,helpingtoexpandourtheoreticalandpracticalknowledgeandunderstandingofsafetyinengineeredsystems.Thismightinclude:

?Enhancingunderstandingofhowengineeredsystemsfunctionandthefactorsthatmakethemmoreorlesssafe,e.g.researchintohumanfactorsinaviation(Salasetal.2010)orground

deformationduringtunnellingoperations(Zhangetal.2024).

?Developingandtestingnewtechnologiesand/orapproachesforbuildingsafersystems,e.g.thedevelopmentoftheACAS-Xfamilyofnext-generationairbornecollisionavoidance

systems,whichdrewonadvancesinprobabilisticmodellingtoimproveaircraftsafety(De&Sahu2018).

?Generatingknowledgeconcerningnewandemergingrisks(e.g.inthecontextofclimatechangeorrapiduptakeof

newtechnologies)todesignsystemsthatareresilienttotheserisks,asinresearchintoAIinterpretabilitymethods(Linardatosetal.2021).

Ultimately,allthisworkaimstosupportthecreationofsafer

engineeredsystems,particularlyinhigh-riskenvironments,to

minimisefatalities,injuries,accidents,diseaseandeconomiclosses,andtomaximiseeconomicproductivityandhumanhealth,safetyandwell-being.

1.3.TheESRlandscape

ESRcoversarelativelybroadrangeofresearchunderourdefinition.However,itisnotalwaysrecognisedasadiscretefieldofresearchcomparedwithmoreformalisedfieldssuchastheprofessional-

focused'safetyengineering'andtheregulation-drivenfieldof'OSHresearch'.Forexample,whilethereareafewresearchinstitutesanduniversitydepartmentsfocusedonESR-relatedtopics(e.g.the

Table1.ESR-relatedfieldsandtheirdifferentiatingfeatures

FieldDefinitionDifferentiationfromESR

Safety

engineering

Abranchorpracticeofengineeringthataimsto‘a(chǎn)ssureanddemonstratethesafetyofasystem’(Osborneetal.2024).

Thefocusistypicallyonapplyingspecificengineeringskillsand

practicestoimprovesafety.ThereisasignificantoverlapwithESR,butESRalsofocusesonbroaderfactorsthatcaninluencesafety

outcomesinengineeredsystems,suchasorganisationalcultureandpolicy.

OSH

research

Researchon‘thedisciplinedealingwiththepreventionofwork-relatedinjuriesanddiseasesaswellastheprotectionandpromotionofthehealthofworkers’(ILO1998).

Thefield'sinterestsincludebroaderhealthconcernsunrelatedtoaccidentsorhazards(e.g.illnessandlong-terminjuries).Itsfocusisalsoexclusivelyonworkplacesandtheworkforce,notonwiderengineeredsystemsorthepeoplewhointeractwiththem.

Safetyscience

/safety

research

‘Researchinthescienceandtechnologyofhumanand

industrialsafety’(SafetyScience2025)andtheapplicationofthescientificmethodfor‘evidenceinallareasof

safetyandhealth,includingtraffic,workplace,home,andcommunity’(JournalofSafetyResearch2025).

SafetyscienceandsafetyresearcharegenerallybroaderthanESRastheyincludeexaminationofsafetyinnon-engineeringcontexts.

Security

research

Thestudyandpreventionofharmfromintentionalcauses.

Althoughsecurityresearchisabroadfieldofstudy,theoverallfocusisonpreventingharmfrommaliciousorintentionalactors,rather

thanfrom(non-malicious)hazardsandaccidents(Jore2019).

5

Copyright?2025Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation.Allrightsreserved.

BOOKS

Research

Report

Lloyd’sRegisterFoundation//GlobalSafetyEvidenceCentre//SafetyScience//ResearchReport

Whofundsengineeringsafetyresearch?

InstituteofSafetyScienceandTechnologyatTsinghuaUniversityandthenow-closedLloyd'sRegisterFoundationCentreforSafetyand

ReliabilityEngineeringattheUniversityofAberdeen),otherssuchasUlsterUniversity'sFireSafetyEngineeringandHydrogenSafetyEngineeringCentresalignwithpartsofESRbutarefocusedona

specifictopicorapplication.SeveraljournalspublishESRmaterial(e.g.JournalofSafetyScienceandResilience,ReliabilityEngineeringandSystemSafety,andStructuralSafety).However,theirfocuscanrangefrombroadersafetysciencetomorespecificapplications.

OnlyasmallnumberoffundersarededicatedtoESR,includingtheFoundation.However,manymoresupportspecificaspectsofthe

fieldthatoverlapwithOSH(e.g.theUK’sInstitutionofOccupationalSafetyandHealthandtheHealthandSafetyExecutive).National

fundingorganisationsprovidebroadsupportforsafetyresearch

aspartofgrantsforengineeringandotherdisciplineprojects,

butdonotfrequentlyprioritiseESRtopicsspecifically.Recently,

theseorganisationshaverecognisedtheneedforsafetyresearch

toaddresspotentialrisksposedbyemergingtechnologies.For

example,thephilanthropicfunderOpenPhilanthropy’s2025grantcallspecificallyinvitesTechnicalAISafetyresearchproposals(OpenPhilanthropy2025).

Duetothelackofformalisation,thelandscapeofESRknowledge

generationandfundingdepictedinFigure1hasnotbeen

systematicallyexplored.Whiletherehasbeensomeexploration

oftheuseofscientometrics–thequantitativestudyofscientific

communication–toassesssafetyscience(Lietal.2021),researchlandscapeanalyseshavetypicallypaidmoreattentiontofieldslikeOSHresearch(Caoetal.2021;Streitetal.2025)andpatientsafety(Gandhietal.2018),orspecificareasofESRlikeconstructionsafety(Akrametal.2019).Therefore,thisstudyisthefirsttoinvestigatetheoverallESRlandscape.

Figure1.TheESRfunding-and-performanceecosystem

ESRperformers:

researchers,academics,

researchinstitutes,

industry

ESRusers:industry,

policymakersand

regulators,educators

ESRstakeholders

ESRfunders:public

researchfunders,

industry,charitable

organisations

In?uencessupply

throughtalentand

resource

availability

In?uencesdemand

andsupplythough

policy,collaboration,

andsupport

In?uenceonESRactivity

In?uencesdemand

throughfundingand

policy

Researchoutputs

Localandsector-speci?cESRoutput

GlobalESRoutput

1.4.Studyobjectives

ThisstudyaimstoprovideanoverviewoftheglobalESRlandscape,examiningthetopicsESRresearchcovers,thetypesofjournal

thatpublishit,thecountriesinwhichitisconductedandfunded,thenatureoftheorganisationsthatfundit,andchangesinits

volume,topicsandprovenanceovertime.Wehavealsoconducted

anin-depthanalysisofESRinfourspecificindustries:maritime,

chemicalengineering,electricpowergeneration,andmanufacturing.Foreachoftheseindustries,wehaveidentifiedwhichESRtopics

havereceivedthemostresearchoverthepastdecade,whereESRresearchisbeingconductedandwhoisfundingit.

WeintendthatthisreportshedlightontheESRlandscapeby

establishingabaselineforactivityintheESRecosystem.We

anticipatethatthisstudywilla)provideESRfundersandother

stakeholderswithaclearerunderstandingoftheirpositionwithinthisecosystem,includinggreaterawarenessoftheirsimilaritiestoand

differencesfromotherorganisationswithintheESRcommunity,b)

assisttheminidentifyingpotentialcollaboratorswithcomplementarystrengthsandpriorities,andc)offerinsightsintothetopicsortypesofresearchcurrentlyreceivingsignificantorminimalfunding,aidingtheirdecision-making.

OurdetailedindustryanalysesaimtoprovidespecificinsightsintoESRinsectorsthatcouldgreatlybenefitfromadvancementsin

knowledgeandtechnology,thushelpingtoinformindustry-specificfundingandengagementstrategiesandidentifykeystakeholder

groups.Wehopethatthisinformationwillhelpfundersandotherstakeholdersmakeinformed,strategicdecisionsabouttheir

futureengagementwithESRresearchandcollaborationwithintheESRecosystem.

1.5.Studyapproach

1.5.1.Rationaleandlimitationsofourbibliometricapproach

OurstudyoftheESRfundinglandscapeprimarilyutilisedbibliometricmethodologies.ByexaminingthecontentandmetadataofESR

publications,wedevelopedacomprehensiveoverviewofwhereandbywhomESRactivitiesareconductedandfunded.

Bibliometricanalysisisfrequentlyusedtoprovidedetailedinsightsintothetrendsandpatternsofpublishedresearch.However,certainlimitationsmustbeconsideredwhendrawingconclusionsaboutthebroaderresearchlandscape.Firstly,bibliometricanalysisislimitedtoprovidinginsightsintopublishedresearch.Duetolagsbetween

aproject’sfundingandreporting,andbetweenthesubmission

andpublicationofresearcharticles(Maggioetal.2020),thelatesttrendsinfundedESRmaynotemergefrombibliometricanalysis.

Whilebibliometricsexaminesthenumberofarticlesfundedbyanorganisation,itcannotgenerateresultsonthenumberorqualityofindividualfundedprojects.

Anotherlimitationofbibliometricanalysisisthepotential

underrepresentationofparticularresearchtypes.Publicationbias–theselectivepublicationofresearchstudieswithpositivefindings–maymeanthatsomenullresultsarenotpublished,andarethereforenotfeaturedinbibliographicdatabases(Songetal.2010).Industry-fundedandconductedresearchmightalsobeunderrepresented,asitisnotalwayspublishedinjournalsduetoitscommercialsensitivityand(inmanycases)appliednature(Kinneyetal.2004).Thesameistrueofgreyliterature,which,bydefinition,isnotpublishedthrough

traditional,commercialchannels.

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BOOKS

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Whofundsengineeringsafetyresearch?

Finally,whilebibliometricdatabasesregularlyupdateandexpand

thetitlestheyindex,questionsaboutthecomprehensivenessof

coverageofoutputsremain,particularlyforpublicationsintheGlobalSouthandinnon-Englishlanguages(Simardetal.2024).Additionally,somefeaturesofthebibliometricdataweusedposedpotential

accuracyriskstothefindings.Therefore,wehavetakenstepstomitigatetheseissues,detailedinChapter2.

1.5.2.DefiningESRandkeyindustryconcepts

AsoutlinedinSection1.1,thedefinitionofESRisrarelyformally

recognisedinresearchsystems.Assuch,therewasnopre-existingtaxonomythatwecoulddirectlyapplytoidentifyESRpublicationswithinbibliometricdatabases.Therefore,ourapproachtoidentifyingESRpublicationsrequiredamulti-stepprocessthatcombinedtop-downapproachestodefiningtheESRconceptwiththedevelopmentofsearchstringsbasedonkeywordsextractedfromknownESR

sources,anditeratedonthemethodfollowingresearchteamandexternalexpertreview.Weusedasimilar,lighter-touchapproachforthekeyindustriesexploredinChapter5.FurtherdetailsonthesearchapproachimplementedarepresentedinAnnexA.

1.6.Structureofthereport

Thethreechaptersthatfollowpresentthisstudy’sfindings:

?Chapter2outlinesthedevelopmentandapplicationofourstudymethodology.

?Chapter3providesanoverviewoftheESRlandscape,

presentingthenumberofESRpaperspublishedworldwide

overthepastdecade,thetypesofjournalsinwhichthis

researchhasappearedandthetopicsithascovered.ItalsosetsoutourfindingsonthegeographicaldistributionofESR,consideringtheprovenanceofESRauthorsandthedegreetowhichtheycollaborateacrossnationalborders.

?Chapter4discussesESRfunders,identifyingthemost

significantcontributorsworldwide,exploringchangesinthis

groupovertimeandexamininghowmuchESReachfunder

supportsbeyondtheirhomeregions.Itthenestablisheswhichtypesoforganisation(e.g.governmentbodies,not-for-profits,etc.)aremostlikelytofundESR,beforeinvestigatingtheESRtopicsfavouredbydifferentcountriesandidentifyingthe

keyfundersofESRtopicsthathavegrowninpopularityin

recentyears.

?Chapter5detailsthenatureofESRinthemaritime,chemicalengineering,electricpowe