1、第一章 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)Tenses英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的第一首難關(guān)，攻下此難關(guān)是作文、閱讀、口語(yǔ)之關(guān)鍵。漢語(yǔ)用不同詞表達(dá)相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)，而英語(yǔ)用同一詞的不同變化形式表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)。一、 英語(yǔ)各種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成表：以play為例： 一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在playishashasplaysam playinghave playedhave been playingare過(guò)去playedwashad playedhad been playingwere playing將來(lái)shallshallshallshallwill playwill be playingwill have playedwill h

2、ave been playing過(guò)去shouldshouldshouldshould將來(lái)would playwould be playingwould have playedwould have been playing二、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：1. 構(gòu)成：使用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)須有變化。(1) 直接加 “s”，works, takes(2) 以輔音加 “y” 結(jié)尾，變 “y” 為 “i”, 再加 “es” carry carries(3) 以 “o, s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加“es”goes dresses watches brushes 2. 功能：(1) 表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作

3、：eg：. Birds fly. . She loves music. Marys parents get up very early.(2) 表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或職業(yè)，常與 often, sometimes, usually, always, every week, seldom, occasionally, frequently 等時(shí)間副詞連用。eg：. I always take a walk after supper. . She writes to me very often. . Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picenic occasi

4、onally.(3) 表客觀真理，格言警句或事實(shí)：. The earth moves round the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Two and two makes four. No man but errs. 人非圣賢，熟能無(wú)過(guò)。 (4) 表將來(lái)： A. 在由 when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever,

5、 wherever 等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 （黃金重點(diǎn)，所有考試都不放過(guò)它！）例如： . Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. . Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. . Whatever happens, you should keep cool -headed. （不錯(cuò)的句型，背下?。?. Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go. （很感人的句型！） B. 按時(shí)間表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)

6、概念。 . The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . When does the plane take off? . He leaves for that city next week. . According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照時(shí)刻表，開(kāi)往上海的特快列車(chē)早上7點(diǎn)出發(fā)。）測(cè)試精編：C1. The Browns _ a nice car and browns brother _ a nice jeep. A. ha

7、ve/have B. has/has C. have/has D. has/haveB2. If their house _ not like ours, what _ it look like? A. is/is B. is/does C. does/does D. does/isA3. _ you think he will come? If it _ tomorrow, he will not come. A. Do/rains B. Are/rains C. do/will rain D. Are/will rainC4. The little child _ not even kno

8、w that the moon _ around the earth. A. do/move B. do/moves C. does/moves D. did/movedB5. Many a student _ fond of films, but a good student seldom _ to the cinema. A. are/goes B. is/goes C. are/go D. is/go二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： is/am/are +現(xiàn)在分詞1. 表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如 . The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . Dont you

9、think you eat too much? Youre putting on weight. (體重增加) . The workers are building a new bridge across the reiver.2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 . He is taking physics this semester. （本學(xué)期） . We are preparing for our final examination this week.3. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.

10、用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)表示 即將開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。 . Look! The bus is coming. 看！車(chē)來(lái)了！ . The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.4. 與 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示說(shuō)話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。 . He is always thinking of others.（他總是想著別人。） . The boy is continually making noi

11、ses. （這男孩不斷地發(fā)出吵鬧聲。） . The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late. （老師一直在批評(píng)她遲到。）5. 下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)、情緒、精神活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。（此條戒律請(qǐng)背10遍！）believe（相信），doubt（懷疑），see（看見(jiàn)），hear（聽(tīng)見(jiàn)），know（知道）understand（理解），belong（屬于），think（認(rèn)為），consider（認(rèn)為），feel（覺(jué)得）look（看起來(lái)），seem（看上去），show（顯示），mind（介意），have（有）sound

12、（聽(tīng)起來(lái)），taste（嘗起來(lái)），require（要求），possess（擁有），care（關(guān)心）like（喜歡），hate （討厭），love（喜愛(ài)），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）【簡(jiǎn)單記憶】： 永遠(yuǎn)不要說(shuō) Im believing或 He is seeing a house. 再簡(jiǎn)單一點(diǎn)說(shuō)，這些動(dòng)詞后面不要隨意加 ing. 可怕的是：我們?cè)趯?xiě)作及口語(yǔ)中常犯此類(lèi)大錯(cuò)！ 注意：have a party / think about 可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)，因?yàn)檫@里have 意為“舉行”；think 意為“考慮”。測(cè)試精編：B1. How can you _ if you are not _?

13、 A. listening/hearing B. hear/listening B. be listening/heard C. be hearing/listening toD2. The girl even wont have her lunch before she _ her homework. A. will finish B. is finishing C. had finished D. finishesA3. Those who have applied for the post（職位）_ in the office. （此題超前） A. are being interview

14、ed B. are interviewing C. interviewing D. to be interviewingC4. The old scientist _ to do more for the country. A. is wishing B. has been wishing C. wishes D. has been wishedB5. If he _, dont wake him up. A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping C. still has been sleeping D. will be sleeping still三、一般過(guò)去

15、時(shí)。定義動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式： 1. 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。 . We visited the school last spring. . I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. . China was founded in 1949.2. 表示時(shí)間或條件等的狀語(yǔ)從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。（參） . She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day. . They would not lave until she came b

16、ack. . My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的幾組差異：（別以為這很簡(jiǎn)單，下面的差異你不一定明白。） Her brother was a chemist. （已去世） Her brother is a chemist. （尚健在） Thats all I had to say. （話已說(shuō)完） Thats all I have to say. （言之未盡） It was so nice to see you. （離別時(shí)用） It is so nice to see y

17、ou. （見(jiàn)面時(shí)用） Jane did a lot of work this morning. （已是當(dāng)天下午或晚上） Jane has done a lot of work this morning. （仍是上午）本句現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，此乃后話！測(cè)試精編I：（用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形態(tài)填空）。1. Yesterday I_thought_ (think) that you were not in Beijing.2. Alice usually _sits_ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she _sat_ (sit) at the back this

18、 morning.3. He _told_ (tell) the news to us three days ago.4. He _began_ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.5. She would not telephone me if she _had_ (have) no time.測(cè)試精編 II：B1. They _ the trip until the rain stopped. A. continued B. didnt continue C. hadnt continued D. would continueA2. The local pea

19、sants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _ of hunger and cold. (without 在這里表示條件，你知道嗎？) A. would die B. will die C. would be dead D. would have diedD3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth _ around the sun. A. moved B. has moved C. will move D. movesD4. When all

20、 those present （到場(chǎng)者）_ he began his lecture. （重點(diǎn)題) A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seatedC5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact _ not. A. have B. would have C. had D. had had四、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：were/was+現(xiàn)在分詞。1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 . I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening. . When I ar

21、rived, they were watching TV. . They were doing housework this time last week.2. 用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 . She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. . I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.3. 過(guò)去某時(shí)將發(fā)生的事。 可參考 2(4) . They told me that they were leaving for New York

22、. . He was going out when I arrived.測(cè)試精編：1. My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself. A. fell/was riding B. feel/were riding C. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding2. He _ his leg as he _ in a football match. A. broke/played B. was breaking/was playing C. broke/was playing D. was bre

23、aking/played3. My father will be here tomorrow. I thought that he _ today A. was coming B. is coming C. will come C. comes4. Jcak was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who _ in. A. come B. was coming C. had been coming D. had come5. Michike couldnt come to the telephone when M

24、r. Smith called her because she _ in the lab. A. had been working B. has been working C. was working D. worked五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has +過(guò)去分詞1. 表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與 yet, just, before, recently, lately（最近），ever, never 等表時(shí)間的副詞搭配使用。 He hasnt seen her lately. I havent finished the book yet.2. 表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，

25、延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：so far （迄今為止），up till now（直到現(xiàn)在），since, for along time（很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間），up to present（直到現(xiàn)在），in the past/in the last few years（在過(guò)去的幾年里），these days（目前） . He has worked here for 15 years. . I have studied English since I came here. . The foreigner has been away from China for a lo

26、ng time. . So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother.3. 某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（即：動(dòng)作開(kāi)始便終止的動(dòng)詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)搭配。 黃金要點(diǎn)： I. 常見(jiàn)的非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞：die, arrive（到達(dá)），join（加入），leave（離開(kāi)），go, refuse（拒絕），fail（失敗），finish, buy, marry, divorce（離婚），awake（醒），borrow ，lend （背三遍!） II. 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而是不能接常由for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 III. 但

27、若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。 She has gone away for a month.（誤） She has been away for a month.（正） The man has died for two years.（誤） The man has been dead for tow years.（正） How long have you bought the book?（誤） How long have you got the book.（正）4. 注意since 的用法： . They havent had an trouble sinc

28、e they came here. . It has been ten years since we me last time. . He has been here since 1980. . He has been here since ten years ago.5. 幾組對(duì)比： He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 He has been to Shanghai. 他去過(guò)上海。 She has gone. 她已走了。 She is gone. 她缺席了。（or 她死了） The door has been closed. 門(mén)關(guān)上了。（動(dòng)作） The door

29、 is closed. 門(mén)是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）測(cè)試精編:1. The prices _ going up all the time in the past few years. A. keep B. kept C. have kept D. are keeping2. For the whole period of two months, there _ no rain in this area. A. is B. will be C. has been D. have been3. Today is Janes wedding day. She _ John. A. have just mar

30、ried with B. was just married to C. has just been married to D. just has been married to4. No wonder the flower have withered, they _ any water for ages. A. hadnt B. havent C. havent had D. hadnt had5. Nowadays computer _ a wide application with the development of production and science. A. found B.

31、 has found C. finds D. had found六、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)： have/has +been +現(xiàn)在分詞1. 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。（最好將此定義讀5遍） . Ive been waiting for an hour but she hasnt come. . He has been running after her for 8 years. (run after:追求)2. 表某種感情色彩。 . Ive been wanting to see you for so many years. . Whos been telling y

32、ou such nonsense.釋惑要點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的對(duì)比： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“動(dòng)作的延續(xù)”。 . I have thought of it. （我已想到了這一點(diǎn)。） . I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點(diǎn)。） . Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已將門(mén)油漆過(guò)了。） . Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆門(mén)。）測(cè)試精編：1. They _ us since five oclock this morning. A. are helping B. ha

33、ve been helping C. have been helped D. have helped2. I _ the book the whole day, yet I havent finished it. A. have been reading B. have read C. am reading D. had been reading3. Please come in. We _ about your paper. A. talk B. had been talking C. have been talking D. would have talked4. Such natural

34、 resources as coal and petroleum _. A. gradually are exhausted B. are being gradually exhausted C. have gradually exhausting D. have been exhausting gradually5. It _ almost every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining 用所給動(dòng)詞正確時(shí)態(tài)填空。1. You should go to bed. You _ (w

35、atch) TV for 5hours.2. I _ (write) letters since breakfast.3. I _ (write) 3 letters since breakfast.4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith _ (leave) for Beijing.5.I _ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be?七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had+過(guò)去分詞1. 表示過(guò)去某表動(dòng)作或某個(gè)具體時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動(dòng)作?！斑^(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 They had got everything ready before I came. The

36、play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于hardly/scarcely. when, no sooner than 等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。（此乃超級(jí)重點(diǎn)句型，意為：“一 就”） She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.（注意no sooner在句首時(shí)句型倒裝。）3. intend（打

37、算），mean（意味）， hope（希望）， want（想要）， plan（計(jì)劃）等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示本打算做而沒(méi)有做的事。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.（原想昨天去看你） They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because he had weather.（原計(jì)劃上周舉行一場(chǎng)足球賽）測(cè)試精編：1. Le

38、ts hurry! The president is coming. Oh, I was afraid that we _ . A. already miss him B. had already missed him C. will miss him already D. have already missed him2. Your letter came just as I _ my office. A. was leaving B. would leave C. had left D. left3. I _ my keys, I cant remember where I last sa

39、w them. A. was losing B. lost C. had lost D. have lost4. Nobody knew where the teacher _. A. has gone B. would have gone C. had gone D. would be gone5. The sportsmen _ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest. A. have been B. are C. had been D. were八、一般將來(lái)時(shí)： shall/will + 動(dòng)詞

40、原形1. 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 He will graduate form the college next year. We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.2. 將來(lái)時(shí)的其它結(jié)構(gòu)：（務(wù)必背下?。?I: be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中常讀做 be gonna） Im going to buy a new coat this fall. be going to 與will的對(duì)比：下列情況須用will Ill be sixteen years old next year. It w

41、ill be the 20th of August tomorrow When he comes, I will give him your message.II. be + to do sth. 表示計(jì)劃安排做某事或用來(lái)征求意見(jiàn)。 Am I to take over his work? We are to meet at the gate.iii. be about to do sth. 即將做某事。 The talk is about to begin.3. 重點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充： be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 set out to do sth. 著手做某事

42、 set about doing sth. 開(kāi)始做某事測(cè)試精編：1. “The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 oclock.” “But _ a delay.” A. it will be B. thered be C. there will be D. there is2. Hell leave for Paris before you _ next week. A. will come back B. will be back C. come back D. came back3. Our next meeting _ on 1st December

43、. A. has been held B. will hold C. is to be held D. is holding4. Where _ a will, there is a way. A. there will have B. has been there C. there is D. there has been5. It _ be Wednesday tomorrow. A. is going to B. will C. is about to D. is to九、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： should /would + 動(dòng)詞原形1. 表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 He sai

44、d that they would meet me at the station.2. 此用法常用于間接引語(yǔ)中。測(cè)試精編：1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader _ on Saturday. A. is arriving B. will arrive C. would be arrived D. would arrive2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we _ ready. A. will be B. would be C.

45、 were D. are3. My aunt _ to see us, she would be here soon. A. is coming B. was coming C. came D. had came4. They would be given a new house if more _ the next year. A. will be built B. would be built C. are built D. were built十、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 She said that she had been ty

46、ping a paper before I came in.比較： . The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy. . The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.測(cè)試精編：1. It _ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy. A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained2. H

47、e told us that he _ there since 1982. A. has been living B. had been living C. would have lived D. was living3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and _ now. A. is still learning B. had been learning C. was still learning D. has been learning4. By the end of last week, he _

48、 in the company for 10 years. A. had worked B. had been working C. will have worked D. would have worked5. Not until then did people know that he _ important military information to the enemy for a long time. A. sold B. would sell C. had sold D. had been selling十一、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞1. 表示將來(lái)某個(gè)

49、時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作: . What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 比較： . Tom wont cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（說(shuō)明意圖） . Tom wont be cutting the grass.（無(wú)意圖、僅陳述事實(shí)）2. 用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)詢問(wèn)別人的計(jì)劃、打算比用一般將來(lái)時(shí)更顯禮貌。 . Will you be having supper with us this evening?3. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示對(duì)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)。 . She will be arriving at

50、 Shanghai tomorrow morning. . The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.十二、 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)：should/would be + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示過(guò)去某時(shí)看將來(lái)某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 . He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.測(cè)試精編：1. Tomorrow, I _ the book all morning. A. am reading B. will be reading C. will read D. have read2.