1、.胡壯麟語言學教程術語表作者：宋聯(lián)最近學習英語語言學才發(fā)現(xiàn)術語乃是影響讀書速度的一個重要因素，所以我在讀的過程中整理了一些術語，希望對學習英語語言學的人能夠有所幫助。.第一章phonology音系學grammar語法學morphology形態(tài)學syntax句法學lexicology詞匯學general linguistics普通語言學theoretical linguistics理論語言學historical linguistics歷史語言學descriptive linguistics描寫語言學empirical linguistics經(jīng)驗語言學dialectology方言學anthropo

2、logy人類學stylistics文體學signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics語素結構學/形態(tài)配列學syntactic categories句法范疇syntactic classes句法類別序列sub-structure低層結構super-structure上層結構open syllable開音節(jié)closed syllable閉音節(jié)checked syllable成阻音節(jié)rank 等級level層次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能論sing-song theory唱歌說yo-he-ho theory勞動喊聲

3、說pooh-pooh theory感嘆說ta-ta theory模仿說animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模聲說Prague school布拉格學派Bilateral opposition雙邊對立Mutilateral opposition多邊對立Proportional opposition部分對立Isolated opposition孤立對立Private opposition表缺對立Graded opposition漸次對立Equipollent opposition均等對立Neutralizable opposition可中立對立Constant oppos

4、ition恒定對立Systemic-functional grammar系統(tǒng)功能語法Meaning potential意義潛勢Conversational implicature會話含義Deictics指示詞Presupposition預設Speech acts言語行為Discourse analysis話語分析Contetualism語境論Phatic communion寒暄交談Metalanguage原語言Applied linguistics應用語言學Nominalism唯名學派Psychosomatics身學第二章trachea/windpipe氣管tip舌尖blade舌葉/舌面fro

5、nt舌前部center舌中部top舌頂back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords聲帶vocal tract聲腔initiator啟動部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺氣流機制glottalic airstream mechanism喉氣流機制velaric airstream mechanism腭氣流機制Adams apple喉結Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant請輔音Voiced sound濁音Voiced consona

6、nt濁輔音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸狀態(tài)Voice state帶音狀態(tài)Whisper state耳語狀態(tài)Closed state封閉狀態(tài)Alveolar ride齒齦隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼氣音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive內(nèi)爆破音Click/ingressive吸氣音Segmental phonology音段音系學Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental復音段Synthetic language綜合型語言Diacritic

7、mark附加符號Broad transcription寬式標音Narrow transcription窄式標音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology詞源Active articulator積極發(fā)音器官Movable speech organ能動發(fā)音器官Passive articulator消極發(fā)音器官Immovable speech organ不能動發(fā)音器官Lateral邊音Approximant j,w無摩擦延續(xù)音Resonant共鳴音Central approximant中央無摩擦延續(xù)音Lateral approximant邊無摩擦延續(xù)音Unilateral

8、consonant單邊輔音Bilateral consonant雙邊輔音Non-lateral非邊音Trill r顫音 trilled consonant顫輔音rolled consonant滾輔音Labal-velar唇化軟腭音Interdental齒間音Post-dental后齒音Apico-alveolar舌尖齒齦音Dorso-alveolar舌背齒齦音Palato-alveolar后齒齦音Palato-alveolar腭齒齦音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization軟腭音化Voicing濁音化Devoicing

9、清音化Pure vowel純元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization單元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong閉二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong寬二合元音Phonetic similarity語音相似性Free variant自由變體Free variation自由變異Contiguous assimilation臨近同化Juxtapostional assimilation鄰接同化Regressive as

10、similation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation順同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress對比重音Lexical stress詞匯重音Word stress詞重音Lex

11、ical tone詞匯聲調(diào)Nuclear tone核心聲調(diào)Tonetics聲調(diào)學Intonation contour語調(diào)升降曲線Tone units聲調(diào)單位Intonology語調(diào)學Multilevel phonology多層次音系學Monosyllabic word多音節(jié)詞Polysyllabic word單音節(jié)次Maximal onset principle最大節(jié)首輔音原則第三章詞匯liaison連音contracted form縮寫形式frequency count詞頻統(tǒng)計a unit of vocabulary詞匯單位a lexical item詞條a lexeme詞位hierarch

12、y層次性lexicogrammar詞匯語法morpheme語素nonomorphemic words單語素詞polymorphemic words多語素詞relative uninterruptibility相對連續(xù)性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可變詞invariable words不變詞paradigm聚合體grammatical words(function words)語法詞/功能詞lexical words(content words)詞匯詞/實義詞closed-class wor

13、ds封閉類詞opened-class words開放類詞word class詞類particles小品詞pro-form代詞形式pro-adjective(so)代形容詞pro-verb(do/did)代副詞pro-adverb(so)代動詞pro-locative(there)代處所詞/代方位詞determiners限定詞predeterminers前置限定詞central determiners中置限定詞post determiners后置限定詞ordinal number序數(shù)詞cardinal number基數(shù)詞morpheme詞素morphology形態(tài)學free morpheme自由

14、詞素bound morpheme黏著詞素root詞根affix詞綴stem詞干root morpheme詞根語素prefix前綴infix中綴suffix后綴bound root morpheme黏著詞根詞素inflectional affix屈折詞綴derivational affix派生詞綴inflectional morphemes屈折語素derivational morphemes派生語素word-formation構詞compound復合詞endocentric compound向心復合詞exocentric compound離心復合詞nominal endocentric comp

15、ound名詞性向心復合詞adjective endocentric compound形容詞性向心復合詞verbal compound動詞性復合詞synthetic compound綜合性復合詞derivation派生詞morpheme語素phoneme音位morphonology形態(tài)語音學morphophomemics形態(tài)音位學morphemic structure語素結構phonological structure音素結構monosyllabic單音節(jié)polysyllabic多音節(jié)phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形態(tài)

16、的限制coinage/invention新創(chuàng)詞語blending混成法abbreviation縮寫法acronym首字母縮寫法back-formation逆序造次/逆構詞法analogical creation類比構詞法borrowing借詞法loanword借詞loanblend混合借詞loanshift轉(zhuǎn)移借詞loan translation翻譯借詞loss脫落addition添加metathesis換位assimilation同化contact assimilation接觸性同化contiguous assimilation臨近性同化theory of least effort省力理論n

17、on- contiguous assimilation非臨近性同化distant assimilation遠距離同化morpho-syntactic change形態(tài)-句法變化morphological change形態(tài)變化syntactical change句法變化finite element有定成分semantic change語義變化multisemous多種意義broadening詞義擴大narrowing詞義縮小meaning shift詞義轉(zhuǎn)移class shift詞性變換folk etymology俗詞源orthographic change拼寫的變化conversion變換/變

18、碼domain范圍/領域meaning shift意義轉(zhuǎn)移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造詞語clipping截斷法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代詞obviative(that)遠指代詞non-productivity/unproductive非多產(chǎn)性semiotics符號學paradigmatic relations聚合關系associative relations聯(lián)想關系syntagmatic relations組合關系sequenti

19、al relations序列關系logogram語標register語域passive vocabulary消極詞匯lexis/vocabulary詞匯表第四章 句法number數(shù)gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive屬格dative與格ablative離格tense 時aspect體perfective完成體imperfective未完成體concord/agreement一致關系/協(xié)同關系government支配關系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指

20、syntagmatic relationship組合關系paradigmatic relationship聚合關系associative relationship聯(lián)想關系animate noun有生名詞the two axes兩根坐標坐標軸immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure線性結構hierarchical structure層級結構construction結構體constituent成分substituability替換性labeled tree diagram標簽樹形圖end

21、ocentric/headed construction向心結構/中心結構exocentric construction離心結構subordinate construction主從結構coordinate construction并列結構recapitulation再現(xiàn)the declarative陳述句the interrogative疑問句dative movement與格移位morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則affix hopping詞綴越位nominalization名物化object-deletion賓語刪除subje

22、ct-deletion主語刪除categories語類lexicon詞庫temporal subject表時間的主語syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory標準理論trace theory語跡理論the same index帶同標志government管轄binding約束a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system原則系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語anaphor照應語pronominal指代語r-expression(referent

23、ial-expression)指稱語INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(each other)相互代詞accessible subject可及主語local domain局部語域binding domain約束語域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computational system)計算系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主語objective order客觀順序subjective order主觀順序actual sentence division實義句子切分法functional sentence

24、 perspective 功能句子觀communicative dynamism (CD)交際動力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表達功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function稱呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function詩學功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人際功能textual function語篇功能transitivity及物性ac

25、tor動作者mood system語氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陳語氣imperative祈使語氣mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）relational process(a process of being)關系過程（屬性過程）verbal process(a process of saying)言語過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程第四章句法number數(shù)gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格ac

26、cusative兵格genitive屬格dative與格ablative離格tense 時aspect體perfective完成體imperfective未完成體concord/agreement一致關系/協(xié)同關系government支配關系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship組合關系paradigmatic relationship聚合關系associative relationship聯(lián)想關系animate noun有生名詞the two axes兩根坐標坐標軸immedi

27、ate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure線性結構hierarchical structure層級結構construction結構體constituent成分substituability替換性labeled tree diagram標簽樹形圖endocentric/headed construction向心結構/中心結構exocentric construction離心結構subordinate construction主從結構coordinate construction并列結構recapit

28、ulation再現(xiàn)the declarative陳述句the interrogative疑問句dative movement與格移位morph-phonemic rule形態(tài)音位規(guī)則constituent morphemes成分規(guī)則affix hopping詞綴越位nominalization名物化object-deletion賓語刪除subject-deletion主語刪除categories語類lexicon詞庫temporal subject表時間的主語syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory標準理論trace theory語跡理論the same

29、index帶同標志government管轄binding約束a rule system規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system原則系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語anaphor照應語pronominal指代語r-expression(referential-expression)指稱語INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(each other)相互代詞accessible subject可及主語local domain局部語域binding domain約束語域logop

30、horicity主人公視角CS(computational system)計算系統(tǒng)=derivational procedure推導系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主語objective order客觀順序subjective order主觀順序actual sentence division實義句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀communicative dynamism (CD)交際動力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法represen

31、tative function表達功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function稱呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function詩學功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人際功能textual function語篇功能transitivity及物性actor動作者mood system語氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陳語氣imperative祈使語氣mental-pr

32、ocess(a process of sensing)心理過程（感覺過程）relational process(a process of being)關系過程（屬性過程）verbal process(a process of saying)言語過程（講話過程）existential process生存過程empiricism經(jīng)驗主義（洛克，白板說）rationalism 理性主義（笛卡爾）mentalism心靈主義new empiricism新經(jīng)驗主義(Bloomfield)priori先天綜合判斷（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡爾語言學派Syntactic st

33、ructure (SS)早期轉(zhuǎn)換句法時期Standard theory (ST)標準理論時期Extended Standard theory (EST)擴展的標準理論Revised Standard theory(REST)擴展的休正標準理論The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管轄和約束理論時期（管約論）Minimalist program (MP)最簡方案時期Structural description結構描寫式Performance system應用系統(tǒng)Modular theory模塊理論Spell-out拼寫Language f

34、aculty語言機制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 語言知識Meaning potential 意義潛勢Context culture 文化語境Field語場Tenor語旨Mode語式pivot words軸心詞mental construct心理構念theoretical cognitive psychology理論認知心理學psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow語法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系統(tǒng)性, self-containedness自足性)

35、typological functionalism類型學功能主義extreme functionalism極端的功能主義external functionalism外部功能主義integrative functionalism一體化功能注主義exceptional case marking例外格標記specifier標定成分fall-category maximal projection全語類的最大投射two-segment category兩節(jié)語類complement domain補足語區(qū)域minimal domain最小區(qū)域internal domain內(nèi)部區(qū)域checking domain檢驗區(qū)域sisterhood姐妹關系minimizing chain link最小語鏈聯(lián)結representational system表達系統(tǒng)strict cyclic prin