1、Chapter Three,Terms of Commodity,SEIB OF GDUFS,2,Learning objectives,After reading this chapter you should be able to explain the different ways of quality stipulation outline the quantity measurement units and systems describe the approaches to weight calculation understand the functions and featur

2、es of different types of export packaging identify marking on the packing of goods for international sales compose quality, quantity and packing clauses properly,SEIB OF GDUFS,3,4.1 Name of commodity,Significance CISG Article 35: The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and d

3、escription required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract Issues concerning stipulating name in sales contract: being clear, specific& precise(rice) being practical (pure cotton T-shirts) adopting the widely accepted name (coke HS Code),SEIB OF GD

4、UFS,4,4.2 Quality,Definition: refers to the intrinsic elements of commodities including the internal properties or ingredients as well as the external appearance.,SEIB OF GDUFS,5,4.2 Quality: ways of quality stipulation,SEIB OF GDUFS,6,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by description,Specification compri

5、se some important indicators such as composition, content, purity, length, size, etc. Example China Sesame Seed Moisture: 8% max. Admixture: 2% max. Oil content: 52% basis,SEIB OF GDUFS,7,Case1 芝麻規(guī)格案例,某外貿(mào)公司向德國出口一批芝麻，合同規(guī)定水分最高為15，雜志不超過3。成交后，我方按照合同規(guī)定的時間交貨。貨到德國后，買方經(jīng)檢驗，出具了實際貨物品質(zhì)比合同規(guī)定的水分超過了7，結(jié)果我方賠償了2000馬克

6、。,SEIB OF GDUFS,8,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by description,Sale by grade be indicated simply by stating its grade, as presumably the seller and the buyer are supposed to have reached a consensus on the classification implication of grades. to avoid misunderstanding and the subsequent disputes, ho

7、wever, it is recommended to lay down some major specifications,SEIB OF GDUFS,9,Case2 茶葉等級案例,中方某公司與國外某客商成交龍井茶一批，合同要求二級茶葉，賣方實際交貨時發(fā)現(xiàn)二級茶葉庫存已馨，便在未征得買方同意情況下，以一級茶葉抵充二級茶葉交貨，并電告買方“一級茶葉仍按二級茶葉計價，不另外收費”。問：賣方這種做法是否妥當(dāng)？為什么？,SEIB OF GDUFS,10,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by description,sale by grade: example Fresh H

8、en Eggs, shell light brown and clean, even in size Grade AA: 60-65gm per egg Grade A: 55-60gm per egg Grade B: 50-55gm per egg Grade C: 45-50gm per egg,SEIB OF GDUFS,11,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by description,Sale by standard when specifications or grades are laid down and proclaimed in a unifie

9、d way, they become standards. Example Tetracycline HCL Tablets (Sugar Coated) 250mg. B. P. 1973 China Northeast Soybean 2006 New Crop, F. A. Q: Moisture 15% max. Admixture 1% max.,SEIB OF GDUFS,12,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by description,Sale by standard: F.A.Q. & G.M.Q F.A.Q.: indicating that th

10、e quality of the a product offered is about equal to the average quality level of the same crop within a certain period of time (e.g. a year.) generally suitable for agricultural products. G.M.Q.: the quality of the goods offered are sufficiently good to satisfy the purposes for use or consumption w

11、hich are mutually understood by the buyer and the seller used sometimes as the bottom-line of quality requirement.,SEIB OF GDUFS,13,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by description,Sale by brand name or trade mark to define the quality of some products by simply referencing to their brand names or tradem

12、arks. Examples Sony Televisions Haier Refrigerators Tigerhead batteries Panasonic Television, TH-42PV65C,SEIB OF GDUFS,14,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by description,Sale by origin to use the name of the place of origin as the indication for quality (special local product ) Example West-lake Longjin

13、g Tea, Grade 1, Zhejiang Origin,SEIB OF GDUFS,15,4.2 Quality Sale by description,Sale by descriptions or illustrations specific descriptions, sometimes with illustrations Example Panasonic Television, TH-42PV65C, quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the instructions attached.

14、 Haier Refrigerator, Model XXX ,quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the descriptions submitted by the seller.,SEIB OF GDUFS,16,4.2 Quality stipulation Sale by sample,Sale by sample Definition: a sale when the seller and buyer agree that sample is used as the basis of quality

15、 and condition of the goods to be delivered. Example Teddy Bear Size 15, Quality as per Sample X071118A,SEIB OF GDUFS,17,4.2 Quality stipulation sale by sample,Sale by sellers sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the seller Sale by buyers sample made on the basis of the sample provided

16、 by the buyer Sale by counter sample Counter sample: a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer counter sample used as the basis for quality to remove the risk of the seller a good substitute to sale by buyers sample,SEIB OF GDUFS,18,Case3 樣品品質(zhì)案例,我北方一外貿(mào)公司，某年5月份與新加坡商人達(dá)

17、成一筆合同，我方出口一批大理石板，品質(zhì)要求以買方提供樣品為準(zhǔn)，7月份交貨。于是我方以最好的工藝，精加工一個樣品交給對方確認(rèn)。買方看到這樣品時十分滿意，覺得比以前看到的都要好。于是我方開始履行合同，但在大批量加工時發(fā)現(xiàn)，要是每一個產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)均能達(dá)到樣品水平十分困難，后經(jīng)努力，終于交出一批貨。到貨后經(jīng)檢驗不合格，買方提出索賠。經(jīng)仲裁，以我方最終賠償對方28000美元了結(jié)。,SEIB OF GDUFS,19,Notes,Conservation Buyers sample Representative sample quality level,SEIB OF GDUFS,20,Case4 雙重質(zhì)量擔(dān)保

18、案例,我國某外貿(mào)公司向德國出口花生一批，合同規(guī)定最低含油量不低于44%，雜質(zhì)不超過1%。但在成交前我方曾向?qū)Ψ郊倪^樣品，合同訂立后我有電告對方“成交貨物與樣品相似”。貨到德國后，買方出具了貨物品質(zhì)比樣品低7%的檢驗證明，并要求賠償600英鎊的損失。我方拒絕賠償，并陳述理由說：貨物在交貨是是經(jīng)過挑選的。因為是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，不可能做到與樣品完全相符，但也不至于低7%。問：我方失誤在哪里？是否可以以貨物非憑樣成交理由而不予理賠？,SEIB OF GDUFS,21,案例分析,此例是一宗既憑品質(zhì)規(guī)格交貨，又憑樣品買賣的交易。 賣方成交前的寄樣行為及訂約后的“電告”都是合同的組成部分。 根據(jù)商品特點正確選擇表示

19、品質(zhì)的方法，能用一種表示就不要用兩種，避免雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 既憑規(guī)格，又憑樣品的交易，兩個條件都要滿足。 樣品的管理要嚴(yán)格。如“復(fù)樣”、“留樣”或“封樣”的妥善保管，是日后解決糾紛的主要依據(jù)。,SEIB OF GDUFS,22,Exercise,布匹,樣品,大豆,醫(yī)藥,標(biāo)準(zhǔn),規(guī)格,茶葉,日用化妝品,電器,家具,榨菜,等級,說明書,品牌,貨號,產(chǎn)地,SEIB OF GDUFS,23,4.2 Quality,Issues concerning quality clause in sales contract: adopting the right way avoiding double standard

20、 being clear, practical and reasonable making use of Quality Latitude or Tolerance making price adjustment when necessary inserting sellers protecting clause when necessary,SEIB OF GDUFS,24,4.2 Quality,Quality latitude: definition the permissible range within which the quality of the goods delivered

21、 by the seller may be flexibly controlled Quality tolerance: definition the quality deviation recognized in the trade, which allows the quality of the goods delivered by the seller to have certain differences within a range,SEIB OF GDUFS,25,4.2 Quality,How to stipulate quality latitude/tolerance to

22、stipulate a certain scope, e.g. the width of the cotton cloth is 47/48 inches.(規(guī)定范圍） to stipulate “max” or “min” （規(guī)定極限） e.g. Moisture: 8% max. Admixture: 2% max. to stipulate more or less （規(guī)定上下差異） e.g. ducks down content 18%1%,SEIB OF GDUFS,26,4.2 Quality,Stipulating quality latitude: examples “Qual

23、ity shall be about equal to the sample” “Quality is nearly the same as the sample” “The quality of the goods shipped to be about equal to the sample” “Shipment shall be similar to the sample.”,SEIB OF GDUFS,27,合同中數(shù)量未明確規(guī)定,聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約規(guī)定，賣方必須按合同數(shù)量條款的規(guī)定如數(shù)交付貨物。如果賣方交貨數(shù)量多余約定數(shù)量，買方可以收取或拒收多交部分貨物的全部或一部分；如果買方

24、實際交貨數(shù)量少于約定數(shù)量，賣方應(yīng)在規(guī)定的交貨期屆滿前補交，但不得使賣方遭受不合理的不便或承擔(dān)不合理的開支，且賣方有保留要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。,SEIB OF GDUFS,28,4.3 Quantity,Units of quantity calculation Weight: metric ton, tonne, kilogramme, long ton, short ton Number: piece, dozen, set Length: meter, kilometer, yard, foot, inch) Area: km2, yd2 , ft2 Volume: km3, yd3,

25、ft3 Capacity: liter, gallon, quart, pint, bushel,SEIB OF GDUFS,29,4.3 Quantity,Measurement systems the Metric System the U.S. System the British System the International System of Units (S.I.) ,SEIB OF GDUFS,30,某出口公司在某次交易會上與外商當(dāng)面談妥出口大米10000公噸，每公噸USD275 F.O.B.中國口岸。但我方在簽約時，合同上只籠統(tǒng)地寫了10000噸（ton），我方當(dāng)事人主觀認(rèn)

26、為合同上的噸就是指公噸（Metric ton）而言。后來，外商來證要求按長噸（Long ton）供貨。如果我方照證辦理則要多交160.5公噸，折合美元44137.5USD。于是我方要求修改信用證，而外商堅持不改，雙方發(fā)生貿(mào)易糾紛。,case1,SEIB OF GDUFS,31,度量衡制度與計量單位,在不同的度量衡制度下，同一計量單位，所代 表的數(shù)量不同。如：噸（Ton）,SEIB OF GDUFS,32,4.3 Quantity,Ways to stipulate weight gross weight net weight gross for net conditioned weight,S

27、EIB OF GDUFS,33,4.3 Quantity,gross weight gross weight = net weight + Tare net weight Net weight = Gross weight Tare If not stipulated, considered to be net weight tare calculation actual/real tare average tare, customary tare computed tare gross for net Goods priced by their gross weight instead of

28、 the net,SEIB OF GDUFS,34,4.3 Quantity,Conditioned weight Conditioned weight: equals to the dry weight of a commodity plus the standard moisture content Conditioned weight = Dried net weight x (1 + Standard regain rate),SEIB OF GDUFS,35,4.3 Quantity,Theoretical weight Theoretical weight = Unit weigh

29、t x Quantity Legal weight Legal weight = Net weight + Tare (immediate packing),SEIB OF GDUFS,36,4.3 Quantity,Issues concerning quantity clause in sales contract: clear, specific and avoid ambiguity quantity latitude (more or less clause) latitude: how much more or less? decision: at whose option? pr

30、icing: contract rate or market price?,SEIB OF GDUFS,37,4.3 Quantity,Examples of more or less clause: 800 metric tons, 5% more or less at sellers option 20,000 metric pairs, the sellers are allowed to load 5% more or less, the price shall be calculated according to the unit price in the contract 1,00

31、0 metric tons 5% more or less, at Buyers option with more or less portion priced at the market price at the time of shipment.,SEIB OF GDUFS,38,case2,合同中數(shù)量條款規(guī)定 “10000M/T 5% MORE OR LESS AT SELLERS OPTION.”賣方正待交貨時，該貨物國際市場價格大幅度上漲，問： （1）如果你是賣方，擬實際交付多少貨量？ （2）如果站在買方立場上，磋商合同條款時，應(yīng) 注意什么？,SEIB OF GDUFS,39,cas

32、e3,某外貿(mào)公司對中東某國家出口電風(fēng)扇1000臺。國外開來信用證規(guī)定不允許分運。但到出口裝船才發(fā)現(xiàn)有40臺的包裝破裂，有的風(fēng)罩變形，有的開關(guān)脫裂。臨時更換已來不及。為了保證出口產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，發(fā)貨人認(rèn)為，根據(jù)跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例的規(guī)定，即使不準(zhǔn)分運，在數(shù)量上也允許有5%的伸縮。如少裝這40臺并未超過5%。實際裝船960只，當(dāng)持單到銀行議付時，遭到銀行拒絕。,SEIB OF GDUFS,40,跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例第39條B款,除非信用證規(guī)定貨物數(shù)量不得增減，只要支 取的金額不超過信用證金額，則可有5的增減 幅度。但當(dāng)信用證規(guī)定的數(shù)量按包裝單位或以 個數(shù)計數(shù)時，則此增減幅度不適用。,SEIB OF GDUF

33、S,41,4.4 Packing & Marking,Functions of Packing Protecting Goods Facilitating Delivery Reducing Cost Promoting sales ,SEIB OF GDUFS,42,4.4 Packing & Marking,Factors determining packing Nature Properties of Cargo Mode of the Transport Customs or Statutory Requirements General Fragility of Cargo Weath

34、er Ease of Handling and Stowage Insurance Transportation Cost ,SEIB OF GDUFS,43,4.4 Packing & Marking,Types of packing Sales packing Transport Packing unit packing: drums, cases, bags, boxes . collective packing: pallet, flexible container ,SEIB OF GDUFS,44,運輸包裝,集裝箱 集裝袋,SEIB OF GDUFS,45,4.4 Packing

35、& Marking,Types of marking Shipping marks Indicative marks Warning marks Supplementary marks,SEIB OF GDUFS,46,4.4 Packing & Marking,Example of shipping mark,SEIB OF GDUFS,47,試著自己編制麥頭,SALES CONFIRMATION S/C No. 21SSG-017 Date: AUG. 8 2001 The Seller: Shanghai Textiles I/E Corp. Address: 27. ZHONGSHAN

36、 ROAD E.I SHANGHAI CHINA The Buyer: CRYSTAL KOBE LTD. Address: 1410. BROADWAY, ROOM 300NY, NY10018 USA Commodity and Specifications: Ladles 55% acrylic 45% cotton knitted blouse Quantity: 500 dozen Packing: In 120 cartons Port of loading & destination: Shipment from Shanghai to NY, USA,SEIB OF GDUFS

37、,48,該商品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嘜頭參考如下:,C.K 21SSG-017 NEW YORK USA C/No. 1-120,SEIB OF GDUFS,49,4.4 Packing & Marking,Indicative marks to draw attention for proper handling Examples,SEIB OF GDUFS,50,4.4 Packing & Marking,Warning marks to indicate dangerous cargoes Suitable for dangerous goods such as explosive, inflammab

38、le, corrosive and radioactive cargos Examples,EXPLOSIVES,POSION,SEIB OF GDUFS,51,4.4 Packing & Marking,Relevant issues concerning marking Neutral Packing no marking of the name of the country producing the goods and/or the name of the manufacturer OEM short form of Original Equipment Manufacturer. use the brand name or trade mark designated by buyers on t