1、.,Unit10 The World House,.,Members of our group,周雯 謝心如 蔡瑞瑞 王靜 談曉雨,.,The main content of the class:,Rhetorical Devices-which means some ways of writing to make sentences be beautiful. The positions of adv.,.,Antithesis（對(duì)偶） Definition:Replace one sentence or a part of one sentence against another with

2、 an opposed meaning. Its similar to contrast. But it focuses on the parallel structure.Its features are tidy. Its contrasting senses are apparent. Function: To strengthen the tune, increase humor and satire.Its often used in the speech to attracte readers attention.,.,Examples:1.There is honour amon

3、g thieves, but nnoe among gamblers, 2.The lakeside green wtih willow leaves.、 3.人固有一死，或輕于鴻毛，或重于泰山 4.雨中竹葉含珠淚，雪里梅花載素冠。 Exercises: 4.The purpose of doublespeak is not to lead but to mislead;it is not to express,but to impress. 9.Ask not what your country can do for you.Ask what you can do for your coun

4、try.,.,Alliteration（頭韻） Definition:The word “alliteration” derives from Latin, meaning “repeating and playing upon the same letter”. It is the repetition of initial consonant in two or more words. Function:Alliteration used to hance rhythm sensation of a sentence.It can stimulate the sound of many t

5、hings to make the text more vivid and more impressive.,.,Examples: 1.Pride and Prejudice（ 傲慢與偏見 ） 2.Sense and Sensibility（ 理智與情感 ） 3.Feather，feet or fin 海陸空 4.Super Bowl can turn zero to hero. Exercises: 1.The man who makes no mistakes does not usually make anything.,.,Rhyme(尾韻） Definition: Rhyme is

6、 correspondence of sound between words or the endings of the words，especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry. Function:Make the sentences tidily and readability.,.,Examples: 1.Black is the father of all colors;white is the mother of all colors. 2.In spite of all the learned have

7、said, I still my old opinion keep,the posture, That we give the dead, Point out the souls eternal sleep. Exercises: 4.The purpose of doublespeak is not to lead but to mislead;it is not to express,but to impress. 10.Stability is not immobility. 12.We are all like,on the inside.,.,Pun(雙關(guān)) Definition：T

8、o pun is to play on words, or rather to play with the form and meaning of words, for a witty or humorous effect. Function：To use one sentence or one word to express two meanings.,.,Examples: There are many words in the English language which look or sound alike, but have different senses, or connota

9、tions: E.g. . Arms (parts of the body) (weapons) There are also words which have more than one basic meaning, or have developed figurative(比喻的) meanings: E.g. Power (authority, force) (energy, as in electric power),.,Parallelism (平行) Definition：Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related

10、words, phrases, or clauses. Also called parallel structure. Function：Make the expression effective and forceful,clear and logical,rhythmical and emotional.,.,Examples: 1.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy ti

11、ll all are happy. 2.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately. Exercise

12、s: 2.The best thing are nearest:breath in your nosstrils,light in your eyes,flowers at your feet,duties at your hand,the path of God just before you. 3.The older I grow,the more I listen to people who dont say much. 11.The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference

13、 between lightning and a lightning bug.,.,Repetition(重復(fù)） Classification: 緊接反復(fù)（Immediate Repetition） 間隔反復(fù)（Intermittent Repetition） a) Anaphora (首語反復(fù)) b) Epiphara（尾語反復(fù)） c) Epidiplosis（首位反復(fù)） d) Anadiplosis （尾首反復(fù)） e) Antistrophe, Regression, Chiasmus（交錯(cuò)反復(fù)）,.,Immediate Repetition 緊接反復(fù)，即相同的單詞、短語或句子緊接著出現(xiàn)，中

14、間不被其他的詞語或句子隔開。 “Stop it, stop it, stop it”， the woman cried. “Would you please please please please please please please stop talking”. “那就請(qǐng)你，請(qǐng)你，求你，求你，求求你，求求你，千萬求求你，不要再講了，好嗎？” To weep for the dead, the dead, the dead. 哭泣那些死去的，死去的，死去的,.,Intermittent Repetition 間隔反復(fù)，即相同的單詞，短語或句子反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，但在中間插入了其他短語或句子。相同的

15、語句反復(fù)照應(yīng)，再三闡述，使文章內(nèi)容步步深入，給人的感染逐步加深。這種反復(fù)常常出現(xiàn)于Parallelism句式之中，形成辭格重疊，但是它仍被視為Repetition. eg.There she stretched, growing warmer and warmer, sleepier and sleepier. 她伸了個(gè)懶腰，覺得越來越暖和，越來越想睡。 eg. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hards

16、hip, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. 讓每一個(gè)關(guān)心我們或?qū)ξ覀儜延械谝坏膰?guó)家知道，我們?cè)父冻鋈魏未鷥r(jià)，承受任何負(fù)擔(dān)，迎接任何困難，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敵人，以爭(zhēng)取和維護(hù)自由。,.,Anaphora (首語反復(fù)) 同一單詞或短語出現(xiàn)在連續(xù)數(shù)句的開頭，這是反復(fù)辭格中最常見的一種形式。 Early sow, early mow. 早種早收 Easy come, easy go. 來得容易去得快。 Many men, many minds. 十個(gè)人，十條心。

17、 Love me, love my dog. 愛屋及烏,.,Epiphara（尾語反復(fù)） 尾語反復(fù)即在數(shù)句的結(jié)尾反復(fù)使用一個(gè)單詞或短語。一般來說，句尾是意義重心的所在，是新信息的所在。這種語序結(jié)構(gòu)叫做句尾重心（end weight）。 ernment of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. 一個(gè)民有、民治、民享的政府將永存大地。 If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. 如果奴隸制度不是錯(cuò)的，那么就沒有東西是錯(cuò)的。,.,Ep

18、idiplosis（首尾反復(fù)） 首尾反復(fù)即在一個(gè)句子的開頭和末尾使用一個(gè)詞或短語，形成首尾呼應(yīng)。 Money is often lost for want of money. 財(cái)富往往由于追求財(cái)富而喪失。 Diamond cut diamond. 棋逢對(duì)手， 將遇良才 Blood must atone for blood. 血債血償,.,Anadiplosis （尾首反復(fù)） 尾首反復(fù)即用句子中上一部分的結(jié)尾詞來作為下一部分的開始，或者在連續(xù)兩個(gè)句子里，后一句句首重復(fù)上一句句尾的一個(gè)詞，使前后兩部分首尾蟬聯(lián)。這種形式玉漢語辭格“頂真”或“聯(lián)珠”極為相似，重在突出前后兩部分的連環(huán)關(guān)系。 How h

19、as expectation darkened into anxiety-anxiety into dread-and dread into despair! 期望如何變?yōu)閼n慮憂慮變?yōu)榭謶挚謶钟肿優(yōu)榻^望。 He gave his life; life was all he could give. 他獻(xiàn)出了生命；生命是他所能獻(xiàn)出的一切。,.,Antistrophe, Regression, Chiasmus（交錯(cuò)反復(fù)） 交錯(cuò)反復(fù)即按顛倒的次序重復(fù)一個(gè)詞或短語。 Eat to live, and not live to eat. 為了活著而吃飯，不要為了吃飯而活著。 When the going

20、gets tough, the tough gets going. 情況吃緊時(shí)，硬漢就吃香。,.,Irony(反諷) Definition：Irony is the expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite meaning. Types of irony verbal irony(言語反諷） circumstantial irony(間接諷刺） dramatical irony（戲劇性諷刺）,.,verbal irony(言語反諷) eg.This hard-working boy seldom reads mor

21、e than an hour per week. circumstantial irony(間接諷刺） eg.If a man and his second wife on the first night of their honey-moon are accidentally seated at the theatre next to yhe mans first wife,wo should call the situation ironical. dramatical irony（戲劇性諷刺） In this type of irony,the audience is aware of

22、something which a character on the stage is still ignorant of.,.,Hyperbole(夸張） Definition:A way of describing something in order to make it sound bigger,smaller,better,worse etc than it really is. Types of hyperbole ： 1.夸大夸張 2.縮小夸張 3.超前夸張 Examples: 1.a sea of troubles, mountains of rubbish 2.She wep

23、t oceans of tears. 3.There is a sea of faces in the park.,.,Oxymoran(矛盾修飾法) Definition：oxymoran is a paradox reduced to two words,usually in an adjective-noun or adverb-adjective relationship,and is used for effect,complexity,emphasis,or wit.,.,The biggest littlelist of oxymoran 1 absolutely unsure

24、3 big detail 2 awfully nice 4 bitter sweet 5 dynamic stability 7 enormously small 6 defensive strike 8 extremely neutral 9 consistent uncertainties 11 fictional reality 10 cold sweat 12 friendly argument,.,The positions of adv.,Adverbs have three positions in a sentence: front, middle and end.,.,A.a

25、dv of time or place,Adverbs expressing time or place are placed at the end of the sentence. Adverbs of place are in the front and adverbs of time are at the end. If emphasized,they could be placed in the front of the sentence. eg. he lived abroad for many years. Will you be free tomorrow?,.,B.adv. o

26、f manner,Adverbs of manner modifying verb come after verbs generally,sometimes before verbs. slowly carelessly hurriedly alone well closely politely happily fast highly suprisingly eg. we must learn to speak English fluently and correctly. They warmly welcomed me at their office.,.,NOTICE: When adve

27、rbs of manner ,place, time and others are used together, adverbs of manner are in the front, adverbs of place are in the middle,adverbs of time are at the end. eg. The boy read quietly over there all afternoon. adv. of manner adv. of place adv. of time The children played happily in the park last su

28、nday. adv. of manner adv. of place adv. of time,.,C.adv. of frequency,Adverbs of frequency are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs(助動(dòng)詞), modal verbs(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) and copulas(系動(dòng)詞). always often usually sometimes seldom ever never hardly eg. He somtimes goes there on business He has never been late. she is al