1、Questionnaire,What is a questionnaire?,Criteria for a good questionnaire,For questionnaire items Valid, reliable and clear For questionnaire format Reader-friendly Having a professional outlook,Types of questions,1. Factual questions gender / age /name /date of birth 2. Behavior questions (What does

2、 a respondent do?) Actions / feelings 3. Attitudinal questions (What does a respondent think?) opinions / beliefs /preferences/reasons 4.Format open format or closed,Individual-item-based questionnaire describe the frequency and mean of one isolated item Category-based questionnaire describe the mea

3、n of a category that contains three or more questionnaire items,Structure of a questionnaire,A general explanation Background information Instructions/directions Questionnaire items Thanks,Order of the questions,Background information first General questions first Easy questions first Questions of t

4、he same category must be spread out,Question format,Multiple-choice questions Dichotomous questions Scales,Scaling techniques,Likert scales are widely used in questionnaire design simple, reliable and versatile 3, 5, or 7 options form a continuum.,Frequency scale,Do you guess the meaning of new word

5、s when reading English novels for pleasure? 1 = Never 2 = Occasionally 3 = Sometimes 4 = Often 5 = Very often,Degree of agreement scale,1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Uncertain 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree,Semantic differential scale How much do your parents encourage you to study French?Not

6、 at all _: _: _: _: _: _: _ Very much,We also use a similar method to find out the subjects impressions of French people from France: Interesting _: _: _: _: _: _: _ Boring Brave_: _: _: _: _: _: _ Cowardly Handsome_: _: _: _: _: _: _ Ugly,Considerations in Questionnaire Design,Advantages of open or

7、 closed format,1) Open format Allows exploration of the range of possible themes arising from an issue Can be used even if a comprehensive range of alternative choices cannot be compiled 2) Closed (forced choice) format Easy and quick to fill in Easy to code, record, and analyze results quantitative

8、ly Easy to report results,Sensitive issues,What do you think of the following question? Have you ever copied other students answers in a final exam? It is likely to produce either no response or negative responses.,Possible Solutions,1. Casual approach: By the way, do you happen to have copied other

9、 students answers in a degree exam? 2. Numbered card approach: Please tick one or more of the following items which correspond to how you have answered degree examination questions in the past. In the list of items, include copy from other students as one of many items. 3. Everybody approach: As we

10、all know, many students have copied other students answers in degree exams. Do you happen to be one of them? 4. Other people approach. John copies answers in a degree exam from Jean. Do you feel John is wrong, what penalty should be imposed for John, and have you done or would you consider doing the

11、 above?,Clarity,In asking a question about frequency, rather than supplying choices that are open to interpretation such as:1.Very Often 2.Often 3.Sometimes 4.Rarely 5.Never It is better to quantify the choices, such as: 1.Every Day or More 2.2-6 Times a Week 3.About Once a Week 4.About Once a Month

12、 5.Never,Leading Questions,A leading question is one that forces or implies a certain type of answer. A closed format question must supply answers that not only cover the whole range of responses, but that are also equally distributed throughout the range. All answers should be equally likely. What

13、is the problem for the following? A) Superb B) Excellent C) Great D) Fair E) Not so Great,Or,Q: Is this the best CAD interface you have every used? The negative response covers too wide a range of opinions. A better way would be to ask the same question but supply the following choices: 1. Totally A

14、gree 2. Partially Agree 3. Neither Agree or Disagree 4. Partially Disagree 5. Totally disagree,Phrasing/Wording,Most adjectives, verbs, and nouns in English have either a positive or negative connotation. Examples can be made with verbs that have neither strong negative or positive overtones: 1. Do

15、you agree with the Deans plan to oppose increased learning hours of electives? 2. Do you agree with the Governors plan to support decreased learning hours of electives? They will likely produce different data. It is impossible to predict how the outcomes will vary. A method to counter this is to be aware of different ways to word questions and provide a mix in your questionnaire.,Double question,Are your teachers lectures and tutorials enjoyable and easy to understand? 1. Yes 2. No Students may find the lectures in a subject easy but