1、直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)面面觀（一） 在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言交際中，引述別人的話有兩種方式：直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)。直接引語(yǔ)是直接引述別人的原話，在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常將其放在引號(hào)中。間接引語(yǔ)是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，無(wú)需加引號(hào)，在多數(shù)情況下間接引語(yǔ)可以構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句。接下來(lái)我們認(rèn)識(shí)一下直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)： 1. Mrs Smith said, “I am going to New York tomorrow.” （引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容為直接引語(yǔ)） 2. Mrs Smith said that she was going to New York the next day. （劃線部分為間接引語(yǔ)） 細(xì)心的同學(xué)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)句1中的直接引

2、語(yǔ)在變成句2中的間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)某些成分已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化，如: I變成了she, am變成了was, tomorrow則變成了the next day。在日常交際中，當(dāng)我們需要在這兩種引語(yǔ)之間轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)，究竟有什么規(guī)律可循呢？ 首先，如果直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，就成為一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，所以自然要符合賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)法要求。從句的一些共性特點(diǎn)是：一、陳述語(yǔ)序；二、恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞；三、時(shí)態(tài)要求。除此之外，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)仍有一些具體的語(yǔ)法要求，以下結(jié)合實(shí)例逐一解析。 一、人稱的變化 將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，一定要注意人稱的變化，否則會(huì)使整個(gè)句子意思混亂。觀察下列幾組句子中人稱的變化，注意其變化規(guī)

3、律。1. She said, “My friends want to visit me.” She said her friends wanted to visit her.2. He said to Kate, “How is your work now?” He asked Kate how her work was then.3. Tom said, “Youd better carry an umbrella just in case, Mary.” Tom said that Mary had better carry an umbrella just in case.4. Mr S

4、mith said, “Jack is a good worker.” Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.【自我歸納】 人稱變化須牢記：從一隨主，從二隨賓，從三人稱不更新。 “從一隨主”是指如果直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，從句中的人稱變化要隨主句中 _的人稱變化，如第1組例句。 “從二隨賓”是指如果直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)是第二人稱時(shí)，從句中的人稱變化要與主句中的_一致，如第2組例句；如果主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，則需觀察主句主語(yǔ)的交際對(duì)象，如第3組例句，此句中Tom的說(shuō)話對(duì)象為_(kāi), 故間接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)變化為Mary。 “從三人稱不更新”是指如果直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第

5、三人稱時(shí)，從句中的人稱一般_，如第4組例句。 二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化 直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上要做相應(yīng)的變化。具體變化如下：直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)【即學(xué)即練】 根據(jù)以上原則完成下列句子。1. She said, “I have lost my bike.” She said she _ her bike.2. She said, “We hope so.” She said they _ so.3. He said, “She will go to see her f

6、riend.” He said she _ to see her friend. 注意：在以下幾種情況下，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變化。 1. 直接引語(yǔ)是客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理及名言警句時(shí)。如：The teacher said to us, “Light travels much faster than sound.” The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 2. 直接引語(yǔ)是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Mother said, “John, what were you doing at 8 oclock la

7、st night?” Mother asked John what he was doing at 8 oclock the night before. 3. 如果直接引語(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)過(guò)去式（如：ought to, had better, used to）或已經(jīng)是過(guò)去式（如：could, should, would, might）時(shí)，則不再變化。如： He said, “You should come here earlier tomorrow.” He said I should go there earlier the next day. 4. 如一般過(guò)去時(shí)有表示具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，也可以不

8、變。如：She said, “I was born in 1995.” She said (that) she was born in 1995. 三、狀語(yǔ)及其他成分的變化 直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也要做相應(yīng)的變化。如: now then；today that day; tonight that night；yesterday the day before；tomorrow the next day；last month the month before等；地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)here there；指示代詞this that, these those；動(dòng)詞come go, bring t

9、ake等。 注意：以上這些變化要視情況而定，不能死搬教條，如果轉(zhuǎn)述就在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)貏t不需要進(jìn)行時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)換。 四、句型的變化 觀察下列幾組句子中直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換中句型的變化規(guī)律，并試著總結(jié)歸納。1. She said, “Our train will leave in several minutes.” She said that their train would leave in several minutes.2. He said, “Can you dance, Ted?” He asked Ted whether / if he could dance.3. “You hav

10、e tidied your room, havent you?” my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had tidied my room.4. She asked me, “When will you start?” She asked me when I would start.【自我歸納】1. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由_（可省略）引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。2. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是反意疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由_引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。 3. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句?！炯磳W(xué)即練】 閱讀下

11、列幾組直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)的句子，判斷其正（T）誤（F）并改正其中的錯(cuò)誤。1. “What did you do yesterday, Jenny?” said the mother. The mother asked Jenny what she had done the day before. 2. The little kid said, “How can I get that toy?” The little kid asked how could he get that toy.3. He said, “The Olympic Games are held every four years.” He said that the Olympic Games were held every