1、unit 3 the million pound bank note,noun clauses as the object and predicative,英語句子的種類,簡單句 (simple sentence),并列句 (compound sentence),復(fù)合句 (complex sentence),英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)概論,復(fù)合句:主句+從句,名詞性從句 定語從句 狀語從句,1. the boy who is standing over there is tom.,2. because it is raining , we have to stay at home.,定語從句,狀語從句,3.

2、 i know (that) he is from america.,(賓語從句）,名詞性從句-,who will win the match is still unknown. i want to know who will win the match . the question is who will win the match . the question who will win the match is interesting.,主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句,noun clauses (名詞性從句),subject clause (主語從句),appositive cl

3、ause （同位語從句）,object clause （賓語從句）,predicative clause （表語從句）,object clauses 賓語從句,conjunctions of noun clauses （引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞）：,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether, if,when(ever), where(ver), how(ever), why,做及物動(dòng)詞的賓語,做介詞的賓語,做形容詞的賓語,一、連詞（引導(dǎo)詞） 1. that 1)當(dāng)賓語從句是由陳述句轉(zhuǎn)變而來時(shí)（包括肯定句

4、和否定句），連詞由that引導(dǎo)，因?yàn)閠hat在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有任何具體意思，因此在口語或非正式文體中常省略。,lin tao feels (that) his own team is even better.,the reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.,2.在主句為動(dòng)詞be加某些形容詞（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表語時(shí)，后面所跟的從句也可算是賓語從句(that可省略)。,im sorry (that) i dont know . were sure (that) our te

5、am will win . im afraid (that) he wont pass the exam .,3）賓語從句中的連接詞that在以下三種情況下不能省略：,（1）當(dāng)that 從句與另一名詞性從句并列作賓語時(shí)，第二個(gè)that不能?。籬e said (that) he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining. （2）當(dāng)that從句作介詞賓語時(shí)，that不可省。i know nothing about him except that he is from the countr

6、yside. （3）用it做形式賓語的賓語從句，that不可省。,1.i dont think _ she is coming. 2.i dont think it necessary _ you should read english aloud. 3.he told me _ his father had died and _ he had to make a living alone.,(that),that,that,(that),1. i dont doubt _ he can speak english. 2. i doubt_ he can speak english.,whet

7、her/ if,that,當(dāng)賓語從句是由一般疑問句變來時(shí)時(shí)，由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)， “是否”，不能省略。,(1) lily wanted to know _ her grandma liked the handbag . (2) lets see _ we can find out some information about that city . (3) she asked me _ she could borrow these books .,2. whether/if,whether/ if,whether/ if,whether/ if,注意 whether和if的使用區(qū)別

8、:,1) whether和if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，但 a. 當(dāng)從句中有or not時(shí)就用whether,不用if。 b. 介詞后面的賓語從句不能用if表示“是否”。 c. whether to do 做動(dòng)詞賓語不能用if to do. 2) if可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，whether無此用法。,i dont know whether or not i will stay.,i worry about whether i hurt her feeling.,if you are to succeed, you ought to work harder.,i dont know whether to

9、 tell him about this.,practice time,i asked her _ she had a bike. were worried about _ he is safe. i dont know _ he is well or not. 4. i dont know _ or not he is well. 5. i dont know _ i should go.,if / whether,whether,whether,whether,whether/if,_ to go.,whether,3. 當(dāng)賓語從句是由特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)變而來時(shí)，由疑問詞（what, who,

10、whom, which, whose, when, where, how, why等）引導(dǎo)，因?yàn)橐蓡栐~在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意義，所以不可以省略。,do you know _ he said just now ? i dont remember _ we arrived . i asked him _ i could get so much money in so short a time. please tell me _ we have to see . do you know _ time the plane leaves ?,what,when,where,who /

11、whom,what,二、時(shí)態(tài) 1. 如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài) （包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) ，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定，（包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等）。,i know he _ here .(live) i know he _ here ten years ago .(live) i have heard that he _ tomorrow . (come),lives,lived,will come,2. 如果主句是過去的時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)），那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定要用相對應(yīng)的過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過去時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來時(shí)，過去完成

12、時(shí)）,i knew who _ here. (live) i saw she _ her mother. (talk) he asked whether his father _ tomorrow. (come back) he said that he _ it before. (see),3.當(dāng)從句是客觀真理，定義，公理，定理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。,he said the earth _ around the sun.（travel）,lived,was talking with,would come back,had seen,travels,三、語序 賓語從句要用陳述語序：連接詞+主語+謂語

13、+其他成分。,1. i dont know what is the matter / the trouble/ wrong with him. 2. i dont know who did it. 3. i dont know who is he.,1. his brother asks when he will go to the library . 2. his brother asks when will he go to the library .,1. i dont know what he wants to buy . 2. i dont know what does he wan

14、t to buy .,21,如果賓語從句后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語，要使用形式賓語 it 而將真正的賓語that/wh-從句放到補(bǔ)足語后面；find, feel, think, believe, guess, make e.g. i thought it strange that he failed to call me 我覺得奇怪：他沒給我打電話。,用it作形式賓語的賓語從句,1). can you make sure_ alice has put the gold ring. 2). it all depends on _they will support us . 3). she will giv

15、e _needs help a warm support. 4). he made _clear to the public _ he did an important and necessary job .,where,whether,whoever,it,that,1.the young man asked _ its summer or winter. a. if b. that c. weather d. whether 2.we dont know _ they did it . a. how b. who c. what d. which 3. the teacher asks u

16、s _ jim can come back on time . a. that b. if c. when d. what time 4. does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not . a. if b. where c. whether d. that,d,a,b,c,5. could you show me _ ? a. how can i get to the station b. where is the station c. how i could get to the station d

17、. how i can reach the station 6. please tell me _. a. what does he like b. what he does like c. what he likes d. what he like 7. my sister told him _ . a. what day was it b. when the train arrived c. who she was waiting d. where did you live,c,b,d,8. someone is ringing the doorbell . go and see _ .

18、a. who is he b. who he is c. who is it d. who it is 9. could you tell me how long _ ? a. you have bought the watch b. you have kept this science book c. have you been away from china d. have you been a member of greener china 10. he said that if it _ the next day , he _ fishing . a. would rain , wou

19、ldnt go b. rains , wont go c. rained , wouldnt go d. rains , will go to,b,c,d,predicative clauses 表語從句,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether, as if/as though， because,when(ever), where(ever), how(ever), why,表語從句是在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句,放在系動(dòng)詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語從句”。可以接表語從句的系動(dòng)詞有be,

20、look, remain, seem等。,表語從句,表語從句,the questions is_we can rely on him. 2. he didnt study abroad. thats_he was in need of money at that time. 3. he looked_he was going to cry. 4. my car broke down halfway. thats_i was late.,whether,because,as if,why,注 意：,在表語從句中，表“是否” 時(shí)，只能用 “whether”不能用“if”。 一般情況下，“that”

21、不能省。 it is/ was because . it is/ was why. 4. the reason (why/for)is/ was that. 5. the reason/ result is because/ why,that .,my advice is that you _(set) off early tomorrow morning. his order is that we _(clean) the classroom every day. his suggestion is that the thief _(send) to the police station.

22、the question is _ he will come.,(should) set,(should) clean,(should) be sent,whether,表示建議，要求，命令的詞 sb (should) do,1. thats _ the party called on us to do. a. why b. what c. how d. that 2. the reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. a. because b. why c. that d. whether 3 .that is _ they separ

23、ated. a. that b. what c. which d. where 4.jane is no longer _ she was four years ago. a. what b. which c. that d. when,5. she looked _ she were ten years younger. a. that b. like c. as d. as though 6. - i fell sick! - i think it is _ you are doing too much. a. why b. when c. what d. because 7. the p

24、roblem is _ he has enough time. a. if b. whether c. / d. that,d,d,b,8. the trouble is _we are short of tools. a. what b. that c. how d. why that 9. the energy is _ makes the cells able to do their work. a. that b. which c. what d. such,b,c,subject clauses 主語從句,conjunctions of noun clauses （引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)

25、聯(lián)詞）：,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether,when(ever), where(ver), how(ever), why,whether “是否”，不做主語從句中成分，源于一般疑問句；“if” 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。,引導(dǎo)詞,_ is not easy to say(他是否會來這兒）.,whether he will come here,( if he will come here . ),_ is more practice.（我們所需要的）,_ is under discussion.（我們什

26、么時(shí)候開始會議）,四. 連接副詞 when 等在從句中作狀語。,what we need,when we will begin the meeting,三. 連接代詞what 等在從句中作主語、賓語等。,注意一:主語從句后置! 為了避免主語冗長,句子頭重腳輕,經(jīng)常用it作形式主語,主語從句放在后面作真正的主語. 1. that the earth is round is known to all. 2. that you missed the chance is a pity., it is a pity that you missed the chance., its known to al

27、l that the earth is round.,這樣就構(gòu)成了下面一些常用句型: it is +adj./ n. (strange/a pity/) + that it is + v.-ed (said/ reported) + that ,what he needs _ that book. what he needs _ some books.,is,are,注意三：what 與 that 引導(dǎo)主語從句的區(qū)別:,注意二:主語從句對應(yīng)的主句謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。但what/ who等引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，主句謂語單復(fù)數(shù)可根據(jù)表語決定。,1. that不做成分；不能省略。 2. what可以做主語

28、，賓語，表語?？勺g成“-的東西，話，事情，人，地方，時(shí)間，樣子等” “所-”,1. what he said disappointed me. 2. a computer can only do what you have instructed it to do .,_ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. a. that b. why c. what d. how,2. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . a. if b. whether c. that d

29、. where,3. _ is known to us all is that america is a developed country _ the first world. a. which; belong to b. as, belonged to c. what; belonging to d. it; belonging to,4. its known to us all _ a form of energy. a. water is b. that water is c. is water d. that water to 5. it worried her a bit _ he

30、r hair was turning gray. a. whether b. that c. what d. when 6. what i say and think _ none of your business. a. is b. are c. has d have,appositive clauses 同位語從句,同位語從句 1. 跟在某些抽象名詞后面，對該名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋說明,解釋這些名詞的具體內(nèi)容。 常用名詞有belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinion等。以及suggesti

31、on, order, demand, wish等。 2. 常用連詞：that, whether; when, where, why, how; what, which, who, whom, whose, wh-ever等。,the queen of england was on a three-day visit in china./ we heard the news last night.,_,we heard the news last night that the queen of england was on a three-day visit in china.,_,_,chin

32、ese students should be given more free time. the suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,_,_,the suggestion that chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,_,_,1. the news _ we won the competition is very encouragi

33、ng. 2. i have no idea _ has happened to him.,用that/ what填空,what,that,1.we expressed the hope that they had expected. 2.we expressed the hope that they would come to visit china again.,定語從句,同位語從句,3. 連詞that在同位語從句中不可省略,而在定語從句中當(dāng)它充當(dāng)從句賓語時(shí)可以省略。,區(qū)別that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句：,1.引導(dǎo)同位語的連詞that在句中不作任何句子成分，而在定語從句中，that充當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

34、可以是從句的主語或賓語等。,2. 同位語從句是對前面名詞的內(nèi)容的具體說明，而定語從句是對前面名詞進(jìn)行修飾，解釋為“的”。,判斷:定語從句or同位語從句,1.the order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 2.the order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 3.the news that he will leav

35、e for shanghai is true. 5.the question that we discussed yesterday is a difficult one.,(定語從句),(同位語從句),(同位語從句),(定語從句),b,2. _ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising . a. who b. the one c. anyone d. whoever,3. information has been put forward _ more graduates will be admitted into unive

36、rsities . a. that b. how c. where d. what,d,a,1. he is absent from school . it is _ he is seriously ill. a. why b. because c. that d. the reason,practice time,4. - are you still thinking about yesterdays game ? - oh, thats _. a. what makes me feel excited b. whatever i feel excited about c. how i fe

37、el about it d. when i feel excited,a,5.there will be a special price for _ buys things in large number here. a. who b. whom c. whoever d. whomever 6. mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game . why b. what c. who d. that 7.the poor young man is ready to accept _ help he can get.

38、 a. whichever b. however c. whatever d. whenever,8. _ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun. which b. how c. what d. that 9. it is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. a. however b. whatever c. whichever d. whenever,10. she received the message _ h

39、e would come by plane. a. that b. which c. what d. when 11. energy is _ makes things work. a. what b. something c. anything d. that 12.our city has changed a lot ,and now it is quite different from _ a few years ago. a. what it used to be b. that it used to be c.which it used to be d. what was it,co

40、rrect or not?,*when the meeting will be held havent been known yet.,. be held hasnt been known yet.,pay attention:主語從句對應(yīng)的主句的謂語用單數(shù)形式,correct or not?,pay attention: 在此賓語從句中，it 充當(dāng)形式賓語，真正的賓語為that 從句,i think it worthwhile that.,* i think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books.,*his brother asks when will he go to the library .,pay attention:名詞性從句的語序用陳述語序,correct or not?,when he will go to the library .,* if we will have a meeting hasnt been decided yet.,correct or not?,whether we will. decided yet.,pay attention:放在名詞性從句句首，表示“是否”，只能用whether, 不能用if,correct or not?,pay attentio