1、ALCOHOL,Where does it come from?,2,History of Use?,beer dates back to at least the Egyptians 5000-6000 BC, probably further wines date back a few thousand years distilled spirits “younger”; in China about 1000 BC but in Arabia/Europe around 800 AD,3,Prevalence of Use,Almost everyone will have at lea

2、st sipped alcohol in the course of their lifetime; 1 in 4 lifetime abstainers Consumption per person actually highest in the mid-1800s Since 1935 consumption has generally increased, peaking in the early 80s Nutrition and Your Health:Dietary Guidelines for Americans _,4,Standard Drink Chart,SPIRITS

3、Standard Drinks 1oz. (86-100 proof) 1 8 oz. (1/2 pint) 8 16 oz. (pint) 16 “Fifth” (4/5 quart) 26 32 oz. (quart) 32 1/2 gallon (2 quarts) 64 1 liter (1 quart) 32 750 ml (3/4 liter) 24,BEER Standard Drinks 12 oz (5% alc by vol.) 1 16 oz. (pint) 1.33 32 oz. (quart) 2.67 WINE 4 oz. (12% alc by vol.) 1 1

4、2 oz. (bottle) 3 REINFORCED WINE OR CORDIAL 2.5 oz. 1,5,Prevalence of Use,From my first visit to a major brewery, I learned a lot: 250, 000 cases of beer are shipped out of Anheiser Busch in St. Louis daily, to just the midwestern states,6,NSDUH Data,2004 Current Lifetime82.4% Past Year65.1 Past Mon

5、th (current)50.3 Past Month Binge22.8% Heavy Usage6.6,7,Prevalence of Use by Age,Rates of current use were at least _% for most age groups in the 21-44 age range curvilinear effect: _ Find the usage rate for your specific age bracket at the latest National Survey for Drug Use and Health: http:/www.o

6、/nhsda.htm,Current, Binge, and Heavy Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Age: 2010,8,9,Prevalence of Use by Race/Ethnicity,Whites continue to have highest rate of use Cultural and ethnic norms about drinking and heavy drinking differ,Current, Binge, and Heavy Alcohol Use amon

7、g Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Race/Ethnicity: 2010,11,Prevalence of Use by Gender,As you might guess, current (past month) alcohol use is typically more prevalent among males : 2010 _ Men were much more likely to be binge and be “heavy” drinkers,12,Prevalence of Use by Education,In contrast to drug

8、 abuse patterns, the more education a person has, the more likely they reported current drinking Use by college grads vs. those having less than high school education Heavy drinking more common among those without high school education,13,Figure 3.3 Heavy Alcohol Use among Adults Aged 18 to 22, by C

9、ollege Enrollment: 2002-2010,14,Alcohols Pharmacology,It is a CNS depressant Peak concentrations are reached between 30-90 minutes after drinking is stopped Alcohol is distributed to all tissues in the body and passes to the brain easily LD 50 is 25 drinks in 1 hour; BAC of .45 - .55 (BAC is express

10、ed as a ratio of milligrams or weight of alcohol per 100 milliliters - about 3 ounces of blood),15,Relationship Between Blood Alcohol and Alcohol Intake,Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.,16,17,Addiction and Withdrawal Indicators,Is it Addictiv

11、e? How do we know? Tolerance (cellular suppresses REM throughout night at high doses “Hangover”,21,Short-term Effects cont.,Psychological Social/familial Interference,22,Short-term Effects cont.,Cognitive Other _ _ _ _,23,Drinking and Driving,The many skills involved in driving are not all impaired

12、at the same BAC Ability to divide attention between 2 or more sources of visual stimuli impaired at .02 Impairments occur consistently at .05 or more:,eye movements glare resistance depth perception,reaction time information processing some steering tasks,24,Drinking and Driving,Drivers with BACs of

13、 .15 or greater have about 380 times the risk of being in a single-vehicle fatal crash versus those not drinking at all MV crashes leading cause of death among youth 15-20,25,26,Long-term Consequences cont.,Physical: fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, and cirrhosis increased risk of CAD and various typ

14、es of cancers increased susceptibility to illness; lower immune system functioning,27,Long-term Consequences cont.,Cognitive: impairs memory, problem-solving, learning and reaction time neuropsychological damage can be reversed with prolonged abstinence Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome,28,Long-term Conse

15、quences cont.,Social and family consequences: Sometimes its helpful to look not only at what has directly happened due to long-term alcohol abuse, but what the drinker and family missed out on Psychological consequences:,29,Alcohols effects onaggressive behavior,Associated with: domestic violence child abuse murder common assaults suicide (in one study of 3,400, 35% had been drinking),30,THEORIES:,Alcohol as a Direct Cause of Aggression Indirect Cause,31,THEORIES cont.,Motives for Drinking Predispositional - Situational Factors