1、武漢大學碩士研究生英語期末考試 考試題型及出題范圍基本如下，(期末卷面成績占70%, 平時上課及作業(yè)20%, 口語考試10%)(1) 聽力理解 20 題 (20%) : 課內(nèi)(聽說課本的part 1 and 2) 占 15%, 課外 5%. 均為選擇題 (四選一)(2) 詞匯 25 題 (25%): 閱讀課本五個單元 Text中的黑體字是重點，均為選擇題 (四選一)(3) 閱讀理解 20 題（20)課外兩篇長度大約 1000 字的閱讀文章，均為選擇題 (四選一)(4) 翻譯（15）：英譯漢 4 句，選自(1/3/4/5/7 單元/)五篇課內(nèi)閱讀文章；漢譯英 3 句（或一小段），選自翻譯課本（漢

2、譯英那一章）(5) 寫作（20）：給兩篇文章，長度 1000 字左右，選讀一篇并寫出約 180 字的 summaryUnit 1 translation1. its appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the reasons for the disappointing results of attempts at communications.在這個國際舞臺發(fā)生重大變化的時刻，探討為什么嘗試交流的結(jié)果卻令人失望的原因是必要的，這些原因?qū)嶋H上是

3、跨文化交流中的絆腳石。2. one answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naively assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us to successfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems of mutual concerns, cement business

4、 relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make.為什么誤解或反對會產(chǎn)生呢？這個問題的一個回答就是，大部分的人天真地認為世界上的人有足夠的相似之處，可以讓我們成功地交流信息或感受，解決共同關(guān)注的一些問題，加強商業(yè)關(guān)系，或者只是產(chǎn)生我們所希望產(chǎn)生的印象。3. The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language, and adapt to their environment i

5、s particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar.所有的人都會生兒育女，組成家庭或社會，習得一種語言以及適應(yīng)他們周圍環(huán)境的這種傾向特別具有欺騙性，因為它帶來了一種期望，這種期望就是這些行為的形式以及圍繞這些行動的態(tài)度與價值觀念將是相似的。4. its comforting to believe that “people ar

6、e people” and “deep down we are all alike,” but a determined search for roof of this leads to disappointment.相信“人就是人”和“我們內(nèi)在本質(zhì)是相似的，”這讓人感到心安理得，但是下定決心去尋找證據(jù)卻只會令人失望。5. Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwins theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found th

7、at the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that persons cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emot

8、ion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree.力求證明達爾文關(guān)于面部表情是共同的這一理論的跨文化研究給人極大的希望，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)臉部的某些看得見的形狀，即因憤怒、恐懼、驚訝、悲傷、厭惡、幸福而緊縮的肌肉組合,我們?nèi)?類各成員都是一樣的。但是這似乎無濟于事，只要我們意識到一個人生長的文化決定了這種情感是否會表露或壓抑,決定了在何種場合和多大的程度上會表露或壓抑。6. Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature

9、” that can be used as a basis for automatic第 1 頁 共 24 頁understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.因為似乎沒有普遍的人性可以作為自動理解的基礎(chǔ)，所以我們必須把每交往當作個別案例來處理，尋求任何共同的認知和交流方法并以此作為出發(fā)點。7. The conf

10、idence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing.”相信相似性這種錯誤的觀點比設(shè)想存在差異更讓人覺得舒服，因為后者要求試探性的設(shè)想和行為并且樂意接受由于“不知”而產(chǎn)生的焦慮。8. Only with the as

11、sumption of differences, however, can reactions and interpretations adjusted to fit “whats happening.” Other wise someone is likely to misread signs and judge the scene ethnocentrically.然而，只有設(shè)想存在著差異時，才可能會去調(diào)整反應(yīng)和理解，以適合“眼前發(fā)生的事情?！狈駝t，很可能錯誤地解讀符號和以自我民族為中心去判斷眼前的情形。9. The native inhabitants are likely to lul

12、led into the expectation that, since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language, he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes, thoughts and feelings.本國居民可能會被灌輸有這種期望：既然外國人穿著得體，并且能說一些本國話，那么他或她也有同樣的非語言的準則、想法和感覺。10. A worse language problem is the tenacity with which

13、someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context.更糟糕的問題是死死抱住新語言中一個詞匯或短語的一種意義，而不顧隱含義和語境。11. They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own cultur

14、e.他們只提精出那些適合他們個人認知世界的東西，然后按照他們自身文化為參考系來加以解釋。12. it is more difficult to note correctly the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further fromawareness , such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality.更困難的是如何正確理解那些遠未意識到的其他文化中含蓄的準則，例如對時空關(guān)系的處理和尊重禮

15、節(jié)的點點滴滴。13. If the label “inscrutable” has preceded the Japanese guest, it is thus we explain the Japanese constant and inappropriate smile.如果我們對日本人先有了“難以理解的”成見，那么我們就會如此地解釋始終掛在日本人臉上的不合時宜的微笑。14. The stereotype that Arabs are “inflammable” may cause the US students to keep their distance or even alert

16、authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle East gathers.阿拉伯人“易激動的”程式化形象，會導(dǎo)致美國學生與他們保持距離，或是當一群活潑的熱鬧的來自中東地區(qū)的人們聚集在一起時，美國學生甚至會提醒當局當心。A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to “bargain” may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an inte

17、rnational student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.如果一位教授認為來自印度尼西亞、墨西哥和一些其他國家的每名學生都“愛討價還價”，那 么可能會不公平地把這些國際學生的遲疑或請求理解為他們試圖利用優(yōu)待。15. Stereotypes help do what Ernest Becker says the anxiety-prone human race must doreduce the threat of the unknown by making the world predictable.程式化思維有助于做到歐

18、尼斯特貝克爾所說的易焦慮的人類必須做到的事情，即通過使世界第 2 頁 共 24 頁變得可預(yù)知來減少未知的威脅。16. They are also sustained and fed by the tendency to perceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the image held.有選擇地認知那些符合已有形象的新信息的傾向，也維持并加強了這些程式化思維。17. Fresh from a conference in Tokyo where Japanese professor

19、s had emphasized the preference of the people of Japan for simple natural settings of rocks, moss, and water and misty landscapes, I visited the Katsura imperial gardens in Kyoto.在東京剛剛結(jié)束的一場研討會上，日本教授強調(diào)了日本人民對于簡樸、自然的事物懷有的一種偏愛，比如巖石、苔蘚、流水，以及霧氣迷蒙的景觀。之后我參觀了位于京都的 katsura 帝國花園。18. I winced at his bewildered

20、expression, realizing that had I come before attending the conference, I, also evaluating the weather as “not very good,” would have shared the groups inference that he could not be serious.我卻對他迷惑的表情大為一怔，猛然意識到要不是我之前出席過那場研討會，不然也肯定也會認為今天這多云的天氣不那么好，從而也會和團里其他美國游客一樣，認同了這位導(dǎo)游的“幽默感”。19. Communication cutoff

21、 caused by immediate evaluation is heightened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed. Look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair understanding.一旦深深地牽涉到感受

22、和情緒時，直接評價導(dǎo)致的交流中止就會更加突出；而正是此時最需要通過聆聽去進行理解。不應(yīng)該通過價值判斷的重重密障，而應(yīng)該感同身受地去觀察和聆聽，不然只會妨礙我們?nèi)ス睦斫狻?0. Moderate arousal and positive attitudes prepare one to meet challenges with energy, but high arousal, caused by buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the bodys energy reserve quickly and defense must b

23、e used whether or not the person wills it.適度的興奮和積極的態(tài)度可以使人滿懷精力去應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)，但是由于適度的壓力不斷積累造成高度的興奮，就會很快耗盡身體儲備的能量；不論這個人是否愿意，必然會產(chǎn)生防備心理。21. If the stay in a foreign country is prolonged and the newcomer cannot let down his or her high alert level, the “culture shock” phenomenon occurs.如果長期呆在國外，并且又不能降低自己的戒備心理，就難免會

24、產(chǎn)生“文化休克 ”現(xiàn)象。22. The foreign members of dyads are even more threatened. They feel strange and vulnerable, helpless to cope with messages that swamp them.倆者之中國外人感到更大的威脅。他們感到陌生，易受傷害，對于鋪頭蓋腦而來的大量信息，措手無策。23. Their self-esteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal i

25、nto their won reference group or into themselves, screening out or misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile.除非他們采取防衛(wèi)措施，比如回到他們自己的群體或自我當中，剔除或忽視這種刺激，或者變得具有攻擊性或抱有敵意，否則他們的自尊所受到傷害會達到不可忍受的地步。24. He must be able to feel his way into intimate contact with these alien values, attitudes, and fe

26、elings.他必須能夠通過摸索與這些完全陌生的價值，態(tài)度和情感緊密相融。UNIT 3 translations第 3 頁 共 24 頁1.Whether you realize it or not, your stepfamily has likely assumed a specific integration style. By that, I mean a set of assumptions about how your stepfamily “ought” to come together. I like to use cooking as an analogy to identi

27、fy some integration styles that stepfamilies attempt to utilize. Lets start with the ones that generally dont work.翻譯： 不管你是否意識到，你的再婚家庭都可能呈現(xiàn)出一種特定的整合形式。關(guān)于怎么樣讓你的家庭融合，這里有一整套假設(shè)，就此而言，我喜歡用烹飪來類比一些再婚家庭的融合方式，這些融合方式是再婚家庭常常采用的。現(xiàn)在我們就從那些沒什么作用的融合方式開始吧。2.This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped togethe

28、r into one smooth mixture.翻譯：這種心態(tài)認為所有的原料都通過攪拌能均勻的混合在一起。3.Rarely can it be said that a stepfamily becomes “one” in a relational sense.翻譯：從關(guān)系層面來說，一個繼親家庭很少可能成為一個“整體”。4.It quite normal for a stepparent to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another while experiencing a distant

29、relationship with an older child.翻譯：一位繼父（或繼母）與某個繼子之間建立親密的親情，同時卻疏遠了和年紀較大的孩子之間的關(guān)系，這很正常。5.These stepfamilies chop up one anothers history and attempt to instantly combine all ingredients with rapid speed.翻譯：這些再婚家庭強行切斷了每個人的歷史，試圖讓所有的原料快速的結(jié)合在一起。6.Coming to accept your familys unique challenges and opportu

30、nities is a tremendous first step to finding creative solutions to your dilemmas. If you refuse to admit a difference, you inadvertently shut off your ability to learn new, more effective ways of relating.翻譯：試著接受你的家庭所面臨的機遇與挑戰(zhàn)，這是具有重要意義的第一步，你可以找到具有創(chuàng)意的方法走出困境。如果你拒絕承認你的家庭與眾不同，那么在無意中你就關(guān)上了協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系之門， 不能通過這扇門了解

31、新穎而有效率的方法來協(xié)調(diào)家庭成員之間的關(guān)系。7.Whats your style? So if all of these integration styles are generally not helpful, what style should be used? I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style time and low heat make for an effective combination. Ingredients are thrown together in the sam

32、e pot, but each is left intact, giving affirmation to its unique origin and characteristics. Slowly and with much attention, the low level heat brings ingredients into contact with one another. As the juices begin to flow together imperfections are purified, and the beneficial, desirable qualities o

33、f each ingredient are added to the taste. The result is a dish of delectable flavor made up of different ingredients that give of themselves to produce a wondrous creation.翻譯：你用的是什么融合方式呢？如果以上所有的融合方式都沒什么作用，那么應(yīng)該使用什么樣的融合方式？我推薦慢燉鍋的烹飪方式。使用這種方式的家庭懂得時間和慢火有助于有效的融合。 原料都被扔在一個鍋里，但它們都保持完整，各自的獨特來源和特性都得到了肯定。在細心的照

34、料下，較低的溫度慢慢地使原料間相互融合。當湯汁融為一體時，瑕疵都已被剔除，每種原料中有益而又合意的功效都已入味。結(jié)果，一道美味的菜肴誕生了，這道菜肴中的每種原料都各盡其用，從而創(chuàng)造出了這道完美的菜肴。8.As a Crockpot stepfather, you dont worry excessively about why youre not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter. Slowly-cooking stepparents understand the cardinal rule of relationship d

35、evelopment with stepchildren: let the stepchild set the pace for the relationship. If the child is receiving of you, then openly return the childs affections.翻譯：作為一個繼父，你不用過分擔心你為什么不能很快和你的十幾歲的繼女建立親情聯(lián)系。耐心烹飪型繼父母知道和繼子女發(fā)展關(guān)系的核心法則：讓繼子女掌握建立關(guān)系的節(jié)奏。如果孩子接受了你，那么大膽的對孩子回應(yīng)吧。9.They want their children to refer to the

36、ir new stepparent with a term of endearment.第 4 頁 共 24 頁翻譯：他們希望孩子們對繼父母使用親昵的話語。10.Crockpot stepfamilies recognize the emotional and psychological attachment children have to biological parents and dont force them to change those attachments.翻譯：慢燉鍋式的再婚家庭知道孩子們對親生父母有感情和心理上的依戀，他們不勉強孩子們改變這種依戀。11.Such a mi

37、ni-family activity helps children get uninterrupted time with their biological parent and siblings, honoring their need for attention from the ones they love most. It also affirms to children that they have not completely lost access to their parent.翻譯：這樣的小型家庭聚會使孩子們能和親生父母以及兄弟姐妹呆在一起而不被打擾，使他們從最愛的人那里得到

38、關(guān)注。同時，這也使孩子們認識到他們并沒有和親生父母失去聯(lián)系。Unit 4 translation1. Recent trends in investment in governmental human capital investment are favorable but the investment proportion is still low by world standards rising to 3.1% in 2001.最近政府對人力資本的投資有加大的趨勢，但較之 2001 年全世界高達 3.1%的標準，則投資比例仍然偏低。2. However, evidence indicat

39、es that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is very high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economics development in China.然而，有證據(jù)表明教育和技能培訓(xùn)投資的真實回報率非常高，而扭曲當前政策的癥結(jié)在于投資的嚴重失衡，影響了中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的速度。3. When economists first began to meas

40、ure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital.當經(jīng)濟學家開始測定經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的因素時，從前被認為是無法解釋的剩余因素被認定為人力資本。4. The term “human capital” suggests to some a depersonalization of individuals and is associated inthe popular mid with a dehu

41、manizing society that equates men with machines.“人力資本”這一術(shù)語令人想起個人人性之喪失，在公眾的腦海里聯(lián)想到將人與機器等同的喪失人性的社會。5. Great skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities. It helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more produ

42、ctive opportunities, and even to realize that those opportunities exist.技能廣還便于勞動者在出現(xiàn)新的機會時跨工種、跨行業(yè)、跨地區(qū)流動，有助于人們重新分配人力資本和實物資本的資源，向效益更高的機會傾斜，甚至預(yù)見這種機會的存在。6. By world standards, the percent of college-educated workers is still low and there is substantial regional variability so that the educational infras

43、tructure for modern growth is needed.按世界標準，受過大學教育的勞動者的比例仍然偏低，且存在著巨大的地區(qū)差異，因此，需要有適合現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的教育基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。7. An investment strategy that emphasizes physical capital over human capital fails to capture the benefits that can arise from a more balanced investment strategy.強調(diào)實物資本而忽視人力資本的投資策略，不可能獲得更均衡的投資策略能夠產(chǎn)生出的收益。8.

44、 The impact of education on total factor productivity in regions in china shows that the recent policy of promoting investment in noncoastal areas of china was thwarted by low level of education in the noncoastal regions. An imbalanced investment strategy reduces the return on physical capital.第 5 頁

45、 共 24 頁教育事業(yè)對中國各地區(qū)全要素生產(chǎn)力所造成的影響證明：中國內(nèi)地教育水平的低下，防礙了政府最近對內(nèi)地加大投資的政策的實施。不均衡的投資策略會降低實物資本的回報。9. When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in china, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment both human and physical

46、 capitalpromote the highest rate of growth.當我們思考在中國的適當投資策略以及各地區(qū)發(fā)展的時候，十分重要的是要知道，優(yōu)化人力資本和實物資本投資組合將推動最高速度的發(fā)展。10. By equalizing returns across assets and across markets in different regions of the country, greater national wealth and long run social equality will be produced.通過平衡中國不同地區(qū)的各種資產(chǎn)和市場之間的回報，就會創(chuàng)造出

47、更大的國家財富，實現(xiàn)長遠的社會平等。11. The place of a persons birth is one of the most important determinants of that persons adult skill level. This is a powerful source of inequality in Chinese society across people at a point in time and across generations.出身地是決定一個人成年后的技能水平的最重要的因素，這是中國社會同代人和隔代人之間不平等的重要根源。12. The

48、source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of houkou policy that charges children of interregional migrants above normal fees that are as large as 10% of total family income just for the right to attend school.使這種不平等雪上加霜的是殘存的戶口政策，這種政策向跨區(qū)流動人員的子女征收超出已占家庭總收入的百分之十的正常學費。13. The regional variation

49、 in cross-section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP per capital is fairly clear and precisely estimated.各地區(qū)學生典型的支出相差迥異，顯而易見它與地方人均產(chǎn)值成正比且可精確估算。14. A policy of charging fees for access to education, which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, ca

50、n be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from education.在中學和大學普遍實施的教育收費政策，可能會被證明是一種合理的手段，將稀缺的資源配置給那些可以從教育獲益最多的人。15. There are benefits to education that are not directly captured by individuals; these externalities are likely to be quite large in china.教育的收益

51、有些并不是個人直接獲得的，這些外部性（間接受益？）在中國很有可能是巨大的。16. It is important to evaluate government activity on a quantitative basis, to screen the badinvestments from the good ones and to conduct policy on a factually informed basis.對政府的活動進行量化評估，剔除壞的投資保留好的投資，實事求是地執(zhí)行政策，這是至關(guān)重要的。17. Estimating the rate of return to educa

52、tion in china in the way economists do in western economies, by relating market wages to the level of schooling, one finds that it happened to be about 4% in the 1990s.按照西方國家經(jīng)濟學家將市場工資與受教育程度掛鉤估算方式，估算中國的教育回報率，會發(fā)現(xiàn)回報率在二十世紀 90 年代只是 4%左右。18. So the only thing one can conclude from standard rate of return

53、to education analysis applied to historical Chinese data is that personal incentives to invest in skills are low, although this is changing.因此，從對中國歷史數(shù)據(jù)分析所得取的標準的教育回報率，能夠得到唯一的結(jié)論是，盡管在發(fā)生變化，對技能投資的激勵還不大。第 6 頁 共 24 頁19. An imbalanced policy that seeks to improve productivity in noncoastal regions by encour

54、aging investment in physical capital alone is much less efficient than a policy that invests in a more balanced fashion in both.通過僅僅鼓勵實物資本投資來提高內(nèi)地地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)力的不均衡政策，比起在兩方面更均衡投資的政策效率要低得多。20. A free market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets an

55、d product markets in China would go a long way toward promoting skill formation.一個自由的市場會使得像越來越多地主宰中國資本市場和產(chǎn)品市場的那樣一種激勵機制發(fā)揮作用，大大地促進技能培訓(xùn)。21. Opening the labor market might risk some increase inequality in wages at least in the short run, as the wages of skilled workers are bid up.開放勞動市場后，由于技工的工資要求提高，至少短

56、期內(nèi)可能有加大工資差距的風險。22. China should rely on personal incentives to encourage schools to perform well as students shop among them.隨著學生擇校入學，中國應(yīng)該依賴個人激勵機制去鼓勵學校提高教學。23. However, the 5% - 10% increase in the cost of schooling as a fraction of household income for the children of migrants currently reduces soc

57、ial mobility and perpetuates intergenerational poverty.然而，農(nóng)民工子弟上學的成本占家庭收入比例的增加達 5%到 10%，目前減少了社會的流動性，使代代貧困現(xiàn)象永久存在。24. A policy fostering human capital and more open migration would serve to offset the rise in inequality produced by more open wage setting.提高人力資本，鼓勵更開放的人口流動政策有助于抵消由于更開放的工資制定標準帶來的不平等的擴大。U

58、nit 5 translation1. In addition to being the majority among the poor, they are often denied the most basic rights and access to critical resources such as land, inheritance or credit.除了占貧困人口中的大多數(shù)之外，婦女還常常被拒絕給予基本權(quán)利，無法獲取諸如土地、繼承權(quán)、信用貸款等必要的資源。2. The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty among women including energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disaste