1、1）主語(yǔ)從句1.定義：用作主語(yǔ)的從句叫做主語(yǔ)從句。2.構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句3.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。（2）從屬連詞whether.如：Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否會(huì)來(lái)這里還不清楚。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞 wh

2、ere，when，how，why.如：What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone.這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰(shuí)也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome.不論誰(shuí)來(lái)都?xì)g迎。Wherever you are is my home my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家我唯一的家。解釋：1.主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。常以it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型有：A.It+be+形容詞（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful

3、，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that從句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她考試成績(jī)會(huì)很好。It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告訴她了。B.It+be+名詞詞組（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that從句。如：Its a pity that we cant go.很遺憾我們不能去。Its no surpri

4、se that our team should have won the game.我們沒(méi)贏這場(chǎng)比賽真意外。C.It+be+過(guò)去分詞（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that從句。如：It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.據(jù)說(shuō)格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.據(jù)報(bào)道中國(guó)又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星

5、。D.It+seem，happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)+that從句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.Alice似乎不來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesnt matter（makes no difference，etc.）+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語(yǔ)從句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.她是否來(lái)這無(wú)關(guān)緊要。It makes no difference where we

6、 shall have the meeting.我們?cè)谀睦镩_(kāi)會(huì)毫無(wú)區(qū)別。F.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？ 他們明天不來(lái)很要緊嗎？G.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：How strange it is that the children

7、 are so quiet！ 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！2.注意連接代詞whoever，whatever，whichever等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的含義。Whoever comes will be welcome.（whoever=the person who）來(lái)的人將受到歡迎。Whatever he did was right.（whatever=the thing that）他所做的事情是正確的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.（whichever=anyone of you who）你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來(lái)將會(huì)得到獎(jiǎng)2）表語(yǔ)從句1.定義：用作

8、表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句。2.構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句3.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。（2）從屬連詞whether，as，as if.如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。The question is whether they will be able to help us.問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。注：從屬連詞if一般不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：A

9、ll this was over twenty years ago，but its as if it was only yesterday.這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。能跟表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be，seem，look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain.看起來(lái)天要下雨了。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.問(wèn)

10、題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。The question is how he did it.問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。解釋：1.連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much.我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?.在一些表示“建議、勸說(shuō)、命令”的名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。should+動(dòng)詞原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we （sh

11、ould）start early tomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。3）賓語(yǔ)從句1.定義：用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。2.構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。3.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：He told us that he felt ill.他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。I know he has returned.我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。注： that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and連接兩個(gè)賓

12、語(yǔ)從句，that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí)，that不能省略。）大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。）對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知，只知道他是南方人。3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.（that從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省略。）我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。4.We decided，in view of his special circumstan

13、ces，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省略。）鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。（2）從屬連詞if/whether.如：I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。I dont know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：Who

14、or what he was，Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about.我不知道他要給我寫(xiě)信說(shuō)什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come.我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。（1）介詞賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。I walked o

15、ver to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如：I dont care （for）who marries him.我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。Be careful （as to）how you do that.你要注意做這件事的方式。解釋：1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將賓語(yǔ)從句

16、后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，只是有點(diǎn)粗心。You may re

17、ly on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：Are you sorry for what youve done？你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎？3.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句，這類形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能確定我該做什么。Im afraid you dont understand wh

18、at I said.恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前沒(méi)看到過(guò)。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。4.連詞whether （or not）或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句

19、如果會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句，意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”；此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。5.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾篒 dont think you are right.我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。I dont bel

20、ieve they have finished their work yet.我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。I dont suppose he cares，does he？ 我想他不在意，是嗎？6.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律：（1）當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。（2）當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。4）同位語(yǔ)從句1.定義：用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。2.用法：同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact，news，id

21、ea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that.如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪兒聽(tīng)說(shuō)我不能來(lái)？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來(lái)了。注：同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連

22、詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not.我不知道他是否來(lái)。連接代詞who，which，what和連接副詞where，when，why，how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.誰(shuí)該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還沒(méi)有決定。It is a

23、question how he did it.那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問(wèn)題。解釋：1.that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句句法功能上that只起連接從句的作用，無(wú)意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。意義上從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。從句起限定作用，是定語(yǔ)如：The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.（同位語(yǔ)從句，that不可省。）李先生將是我們的新英語(yǔ)老師這個(gè)消息是真的。The

24、 news （that）he told me yesterday is true.（定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)，可省。）他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only request that this （should）be settled as soon as possible.這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求：盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。（6）不定式的構(gòu)成1.不定式的構(gòu)成不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)

25、的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do為例）：主動(dòng)式 to do被動(dòng)式 to be done完成式to have done /to have been done進(jìn)行式 to be doing完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing1）不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如：They invited us to go there this summer.他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。2）不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：She seemed to have heard about this matter.她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。I meant to have told you about it，but I happened to have an important thing to do.我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。3）不定式的進(jìn)行式不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如：Its nice of you to be help