1、2010年英語真題Section Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following textChoose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called

2、the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very3of being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose becau

3、se of the4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not6 what was done in the experiment;7something was changed, productivity rose. A(n)8 that they were being experimented upon seem

4、ed to be9 to alter workers behavior10 itself.After several decades, the same data were11to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store.12 the descriptions on record, no systematic13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns o

5、ut that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to14 interpretations of what happened.15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and17 to rise for the next couple of days.18，a comparison with d

6、ata for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers19to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before20a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. A affected B achie

7、ved C extracted D restored2. A at B up C with D off3. A truth B sight C act D proof4. A controversialB perplexing C mischievousD ambiguous5. A requirements B explanationsC accounts D assessments6. A conclude B matter C indicate D work7. A as far as B for fear thatC in case thatD so long as8. A aware

8、ness B expectationC sentiment D illusion9. A suitable B excessive C enough D abundant10.A about B for C on D by11.A compared B shown C subjected D conveyed12.A Contrary to B Consistent withC Parallel withD Peculiar to13.A evidence B guidance C implication D source14.A disputable B enlighteningC reli

9、able D misleading15.A In contrast B For example C In consequenceD As usual16.A duly B accidentallyC unpredictablyD suddenly17.A failed B ceased C started D continued18.A Therefore B FurthermoreC However D Meanwhile19.A attempted B tended C chose D intended20.A breaking B climbing C surpassing D hitt

10、ingSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four textsAnswer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in Englishlanguage newspapers during the past quarter century, pe

11、rhaps the most farreaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when highquality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity newspapers. Yet

12、a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in generalcirculation dailies.We

13、are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirtcheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those faroff

14、days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they w

15、ere about. These men believed in journalism as a calling , and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by wri

16、ters who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he wa

17、s also one of Englands foremost classicalmusic critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a bestseller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown sa

18、ve to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradi

19、tion in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from bigcity newspapers.B Englishlanguage newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C highquality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the s

20、uitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals

21、.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputatio

22、n as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent

23、 Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “oneclick” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lift

24、ing a box.Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on businessmethod patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said

25、 it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on businessmethod cl

26、aims would be a dramatic aboutface, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the socalled State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings, init

27、ially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court

28、filing that it had been issued more than 300 businessmethod patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the pract

29、ice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether i

30、t should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld

31、for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the antipatent trend at the Supreme Court”, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Businessmethod patents have recently aroused concern because ofA the

32、ir limited value to businesses.B their connection with asset allocation.C the possible restriction on their granting. D the controversy over their authorization.27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisions.B It involves a very big business tran

33、saction.C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit. D It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “aboutface” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably meansA loss of goodwill.C change of attitude.B increase of hostility.D enhancement of dignity.29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that

34、 businessmethod patentsA are immune to legal challenges.B are often unnecessarily issued.C lower the esteem for patent holders. D increase the incidence of risks.30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A A looming threat to businessmethod patents.B Protection for businessmethod p

35、atent holders.C A legal case regarding businessmethod patents. D A prevailing trend against businessmethod patents.Text 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called infl

36、uentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausiblesounding but largely untested theory called the “twostep flow of communication”: In

37、formation flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the twostep flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudde

38、n and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the i

39、dea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required at all.The researchers argument stems from

40、 a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is preci

41、sely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the twostepflow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in

42、turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change wont propagate very far o

43、r affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tenden

44、cy to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point,

45、 the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epidemics.B discuss influentials function in spreading ideas.C exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics. D describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the “twostepflow theory”A serves a

46、s a solution to marketing problems.B has helped explain certain prevalent trends.C has won support from influentials. D requires solid evidence for its validity.33. What the researchers have observed recently shows thatA the power of influence goes with social interactions.B interpersonal links can

47、be enhanced through the media.C influentials have more channels to reach the public. D most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the network of social influence.B have little contact with the source of inf

48、luence.C are influenced and then influence others. D are influenced by the initial influential.35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?A The eagerness to be accepted.B The impulse to influence others.C The readiness to be influenced. D The inclination to rely on others.

49、Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standardsetters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair. These rules say they must value some

50、assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standardsetters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being

51、compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to va

52、lue illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on longterm assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by

53、management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy,

54、a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losse

55、s, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will n

56、ot sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standardsetters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in