1、第十二單元 常用文體翻譯,(科技翻譯),Internet最初的中譯名多達(dá)十幾種，分為音譯和意譯兩種。其中意譯名主要在“國際”、“全球”、“電腦”、“計(jì)算機(jī)”、“資訊”、“交互”、“互聯(lián)”、“網(wǎng)路”這些詞語的范圍內(nèi)加以選取和組配，多則9個(gè)漢字，少則3個(gè)漢字，但無論如何選配均有其不足之處。因?yàn)镮nternet是指由美國國防部ARPA網(wǎng)演變而來的采用TCP/IP協(xié)議的一種互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，是多種互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中的一種。因此Internet為專指性專有名詞，而internet為泛指性普通名詞，泛指各種互聯(lián)的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。所以將Internet翻譯為上述泛指性譯名是不妥的。音譯主要有“英特網(wǎng)”和“因特網(wǎng)”兩種?！坝⑻鼐W(wǎng)”本

2、可繼續(xù)采用，但按照新華社的外國人名、地名音譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)in為“因”，ing為“英”；此外，不采用“英特網(wǎng)”的另一個(gè)主要原因是為了避免與英特爾公司的“英特網(wǎng)”相混淆。全國科學(xué)技術(shù)名詞審定委員會(huì)經(jīng)過長期的審議于1997年7 月發(fā)布了推薦名“因特網(wǎng)”。 （吳同， 1998）,12.1科技文體的范疇,科技英語（English for science and technology）現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為一種獨(dú)立的文體。其具體內(nèi)容包括：“一、科技著述、科技論文和報(bào)告、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告和方案；二、各類科技情報(bào)和文字資料；三、科技實(shí)用手冊(cè)；四、有關(guān)科技問題的會(huì)談、會(huì)議、交談的用語；五、有關(guān)科技的影片、錄像等有聲資料的解說詞等?！?1

3、22科技英語的特點(diǎn),任何作品均有其特定的文體，原文文體不同，翻譯方法也隨之而異。科技英語亦不例外。因此，要做好該類文體的翻譯實(shí)踐，就必須了解科技英語的特點(diǎn)。試比較下面兩個(gè)例子的文體特點(diǎn)： 例1 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have

4、looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. （from Jennie Gerhardt）,參考譯文那婦人生著一副綿軟多肉的體格，一張?zhí)孤书_誠的面容，一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順眼睛，里邊隱藏著無窮的心事，只有那些對(duì)于凄惶無告的窮苦人面目作過同情觀察的人才看得出來。 上面51個(gè)詞的片斷,就運(yùn)用了10個(gè)形容詞,占五分之一。 and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress 是非常優(yōu)美生動(dòng)的文學(xué)語

5、言，譯文保持了這一風(fēng)格。,例2 The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2. The full scale reading of the meter alone may be 15 volts. With the multiplier 250 volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier an

6、d 15volts across the meter. 從上面的這段科技文章，不難看出其文體與前面的文藝小說迥然不同?？傮w而言，科技文體嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)周密，概念準(zhǔn)確，邏輯性強(qiáng)，行文簡練，重點(diǎn)突出，句式嚴(yán)整，少有變化。那么，科技英語的語言特色在翻譯過程中如何處理，這是進(jìn)行英漢科技翻譯時(shí)需要探討的問題。本章主要從語法和句法方面就科技英語的特點(diǎn)及其翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題予以介紹。,12.2.1 多名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominalization） 漢語使用動(dòng)詞較多，而英語中的名詞使用率較高。再加上科技文體要求行文簡潔、表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容確切、信息量大、強(qiáng)調(diào)存在的事實(shí)而非某一行為，所以使用的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)就更多了。 Archimed

7、es first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 參考譯文 阿基米德最先發(fā)現(xiàn)固體排水的原理。分析 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，一方面簡化了同位語從句，另一方面強(qiáng)調(diào)displacement 這一事實(shí)。,The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 參考譯文 地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。 分析 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the r

8、otation of the earth on its own axis 使復(fù)合句簡化成簡單句，而且使表達(dá)的概念更加確切嚴(yán)密。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.參考譯文 電視通過無線電波發(fā)射和接受活動(dòng)物體的圖像。分析 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀事實(shí)，而譯文的謂語動(dòng)詞則著重其發(fā)射和接受的能力。,12.2.2 廣泛使用

9、被動(dòng)態(tài) 在英語中，相對(duì)比較正式的文體中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用率要比普通文體高。科技活動(dòng)是相當(dāng)嚴(yán)肅的事情，所以用于描述和記錄科技活動(dòng)的科技文章在語氣上就比較正式。再加上為了體現(xiàn)科學(xué)研究的客觀性，就更離不開被動(dòng)語態(tài)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，科技英語中的謂語至少三分之一是被動(dòng)態(tài)。在英譯漢的時(shí)候，為表現(xiàn)科技文章的上述特點(diǎn)，在翻譯時(shí)最好也是翻譯成無主語結(jié)構(gòu)或被動(dòng)意義的句子。具體翻譯技巧參見第四單元句子翻譯中關(guān)于被動(dòng)句的翻譯。試看以下的幾個(gè)例子：,Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 參考譯文應(yīng)當(dāng)注意機(jī)器的工作溫度。 而很少說：You

10、 must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine. 參考譯文你應(yīng)當(dāng)注意機(jī)器的工作溫度。 此外，科技文章將主要信息前置，放在主語部分。這也是廣泛使用被動(dòng)態(tài)的另一個(gè)原因。試觀察并比較下列兩段短文的主語:,Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to stor

11、e electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads. 參考譯文電能可儲(chǔ)存在由一絕緣介質(zhì)隔開的兩塊金屬極板內(nèi)。這樣的裝置稱之為電容器，其儲(chǔ)存電能的能力稱為電容。電容的測量單位是法拉。 這一段短文中各句的主語分別為：Electrical energy Such a device Its ability to store electrical energy It (Capacitance ) 它們都包含了較多的信息，并且處于句首的位置，非常醒目。4個(gè)主語完全不同，避免了單調(diào)重復(fù)，前后連貫，自然流暢。足見被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可收簡潔客觀之效。,12.

12、2.3 多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以較好地表現(xiàn)文章內(nèi)容的無時(shí)間性，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來描述和記錄科技文章中的科學(xué)定義、定理、公式，可以給人以精確無誤的不受時(shí)間限制的印象，以排除受制于時(shí)間牽連的誤解，使文章內(nèi)容顯得更客觀準(zhǔn)確。在翻譯成漢語時(shí)也應(yīng)該突出這種“無時(shí)間性”的特征。試看下列兩個(gè)例子：,There are a number of methods of joining metal articles together, depending on the type of the metal and the strength of the joint which is required. Solder

13、ing gives a satisfactory joint for light articles of steel, copper or brass, but the strength of a soldered joint is rather less than a joint which is brazed, riveted or welded. These methods of joining metal are normally adopted for strong permanent joints. 參考譯文把金屬連接在一起的方法很多，因金屬的類型和所需接縫的強(qiáng)度不同而異。軟釬焊焊

14、接薄鋼件、薄銅件和薄黃銅件，其接縫合乎要求，但其強(qiáng)度比硬釬焊鉚接或焊接接縫要低得多。這三種連接金屬的方法通常用于高強(qiáng)度的永久性焊接。,The elimination of the errors of these types is a major problem in the design of physical experiments. A few possible lines of attack on this problem are indicated below, but the devising of experiments to investigate a particular po

15、int, to the exclusion of disturbing factors, is the most exacting of experimental physicist. 參考譯文消除這幾種誤差，是設(shè)計(jì)物理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的重要問題。下面敘述了解決這個(gè)問題的幾種可行辦法，不過，要排除各個(gè)干擾因素設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案來，去對(duì)特定的問題加以研究，卻是實(shí)驗(yàn)物理學(xué)家一項(xiàng)最艱巨的任務(wù)。,上述兩例英語原文所有的時(shí)態(tài)都是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，其目的就是為了體現(xiàn)“無時(shí)間性”，漢語譯文也較好地體現(xiàn)了科學(xué)事實(shí)不受時(shí)間限制的特點(diǎn)。 12.2.4 大量非限定動(dòng)詞 英語中的非限定性動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和不定式三種?？萍嘉?/p>

16、章行文簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，為此，往往使用分詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句。這樣可縮短句子，又比較醒目。劉宓慶在文體與翻譯中認(rèn)為，由于該類結(jié)構(gòu)多出現(xiàn)在長句中，因此在翻譯時(shí)，應(yīng)該化長為短，分層處理。具體的翻譯方法有以下幾種：,1. 譯成動(dòng)詞并列式分句 The solar wind grossly distorts the earths magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 參考譯文太陽風(fēng)使地球磁場的形狀發(fā)生很大的變化，將它向外牽拉，扯出一條長尾。,2. 譯成復(fù)合式分句 Long regarded by elementary particle ph

17、ysicists as a costly nuisance, synchrotron radiation is now recognized as a valuable research tool. 參考譯文同步加速器輻射長期被基本粒子物理學(xué)家當(dāng)作是一種費(fèi)錢的廢物，現(xiàn)在人們卻認(rèn)識(shí)到，它是寶貴的研究工具。,3. 譯成包孕式 Using a computer, we composed a series of synthetic songs by shuffling natural syllables into different patterns. 參考譯文我們用計(jì)算機(jī)把音節(jié)組織成種種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)模

18、式從而合成了一系列曲子。,4. 譯成外位句 To signal the presence of a hunting hawk, the chaffinch becomes a ventriloquist, “throwing” its voice so that the hawk can not find it. 參考譯文為了通知同伴有惡鷹到來，蒼頭雀變成了口技表演家。它把叫聲“拋”得老遠(yuǎn)，既警告了同伴，又讓老鷹找不到它。,5. 譯成前置無主句 Using this reasoning, we can estimate the number of the detectable civiliza

19、tion in our galaxy. 參考譯文 根據(jù)這種推理，我們可以估計(jì)出銀河系中可探測到的文明世界的數(shù)目。,6. 譯成定語 Bred in the areas around the equator, this protozoan proves very inactive out of the tropical zone. 參考譯文 這種在赤道周圍繁殖原生物，在熱帶地區(qū)以外的地方是極不活躍的。,12.2.5 后置修飾語頻繁 大量使用后置定語也是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一。常見的后置定語結(jié)構(gòu)有以下五種：1. 介詞短語 The forces due to friction are called fri

20、ctional forces. 參考譯文由于摩擦而產(chǎn)生的力稱之為摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued. 參考譯文征集論文的通知現(xiàn)正陸續(xù)發(fā)出。,2. 形容詞及形容詞短語。 In this country the only fuel available is coal. 參考譯文該國唯一可用的燃料是煤。 In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 參考譯文熱能在輻射時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換成性質(zhì)與光相似的輻射能。,3. 副詞 Th

21、e air outside pressed the side in. 參考譯文外面的空氣將桶壁壓得凹進(jìn)去了。 The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 參考譯文向上的力與向下的力相等，所以氣球就保持在這一高度。,4. 過去分詞。 The results obtained must be checked. 參考譯文結(jié)果必須加以校核。 The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted. 參考譯文產(chǎn)生的熱量等于

22、消耗了的電能。,5. 定語從句 During construction, problems often arise which require design changes. 參考譯文在施工過程中，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)需要改變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的問題。 The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them. 參考譯文分子相互間都存在著力的作用，該力的大小取決于它們之間的距離。,Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes ev

23、ery day to which we pay little attention. (定語從句to which we pay little attention 修飾的是changes，這是一種分隔定語從句。) 參考譯文我們幾乎沒有注意的很奇異的物質(zhì)變化每天都在眼前發(fā)生著。 To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission. 參考譯文制造原子彈，我們必須用鈾235，因?yàn)樵撯櫟乃性佣紩?huì)裂變。,12.2.6 多長句 相對(duì)而言，英語中的長句要比漢語多

24、。由于科技領(lǐng)域中的概念相對(duì)復(fù)雜，在論述時(shí)為使之意義完整，邏輯嚴(yán)密，科技英語中往往出現(xiàn)許多長句。有的長句多達(dá)七八十個(gè)詞。而漢語的句子相對(duì)于英語而言要短，所以英語中的長句在翻譯成漢語時(shí)，在保證準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)原文的意思和邏輯的前提下，往往將其拆分成幾個(gè)短句。作為英語文體中的一種，科技英語中長句的翻譯技巧可以參照本書第四單元句子翻譯中關(guān)于長句的翻譯方法。試看以下例子：,The area rule concept, the supercritical airfoil, and the engine installation configurations that provide favorable inter

25、ference which are presently being applied to military aircraft and fuel efficient transport aircraft were evolved through wind tunnel experiments. 參考譯文面積率概念、超臨界翼型、可提供有利干擾的動(dòng)力裝置布局等，都是通過風(fēng)洞實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)展起來的。后者現(xiàn)正應(yīng)用于軍用飛機(jī)及低油耗運(yùn)輸機(jī)上。 上述例子的原句是一個(gè)多達(dá)幾十個(gè)單詞的復(fù)合句，在譯成漢語時(shí)均被拆分為兩個(gè)句子。,科技英語作為英語文體中的一種，也具有普通英語的一些普遍特點(diǎn)，因此，普通英語的一些翻譯技巧和策略

26、也適用于科技英語的翻譯。另一方面，掌握了科技英語的上述基本特點(diǎn)，可以幫助譯者更有效而且準(zhǔn)確的將科技文獻(xiàn)譯成漢語。當(dāng)然，上述各特點(diǎn)有時(shí)候會(huì)集中出現(xiàn)在同一句子或意群中，在翻譯的時(shí)候要靈活應(yīng)用。,課內(nèi)練習(xí),1.試翻譯劃線部分 Washington US instruments aboard Russian and US satellites have detected a “hole” in the ozone layer over Antarctica nearly as deep as the record reported in 1993 and as large as the North A

27、merican continent in surface area. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said preliminary satellite data indicate that the size of the Antarctic ozone hole is about as large as those that occurred during the last tw

28、o years, covering an area of 24 million square kilometers. The largest hole ever observed was on September 27, 1992, when it was measured to cover a surface area of 24.4 million square kilometers. This years ozone hole is also nearly as deep as the record hole measured in October 1993.,Ozone, a mole

29、cule made up of three atoms of oxygen, collects in a thin layer in the upper atmosphere and absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The term “ozone hole” is used to describe a large area of intense ozone depletion that occurs over Antarctica during late August through early October and t

30、ypically breaks up in late November. Scientists have determined that chlorine products from human activities, such as electronics and refrigeration uses, are a primary cause for the formation of the ozone hole. The latest Antarctic ozone levels were measured by NASAs Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

31、, also know as TOMS, aboard the Russian Meteor-3 satellite, which has been measuring ozone since its launch in 1991 and has become the primary source of NASAs ozone data.,參考譯文,臭氧是一種由三個(gè)氧原子組成的分子，它在上層大氣中聚集成一薄層，吸收來自太陽的有害的紫外線輻射?！俺粞蹩斩础币辉~是用以指南極上空的臭氧大面積銳減的現(xiàn)象，在每年8月底發(fā)生，一直持續(xù)到10月初，一般說來，到11月底就停止了。 科學(xué)家們確認(rèn)，人類活動(dòng)所生產(chǎn)

32、的含氯產(chǎn)品，如電子儀器和制冷設(shè)備，是造成臭氧空洞的主要原因。,2. 翻譯賞析 以下是第三屆韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)的參賽原文。這是一片優(yōu)美的科普散文，如果時(shí)間允許，大家不妨練練筆，然后再參照其后的翻譯提示和參考譯文，通過對(duì)比來發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的不足與長處。 原文： The Color of the Sky By Alfred Russel Wallace If we look at the sky on a perfectly fine summers day we shall find that the blue color is the most pure and intense overhead, an

33、d when looking high up in a direction opposite the sun. Near the horizon it is always less bright, while in the region immediately around the sun it is more or less yellow. The reason of this is that near the horizon we look through a very great thickness of the lower atmosphere, which is full of th

34、e larger dust particles reflecting white light, and this dilutes the pure blue of the higher atmosphere seen beyond.,And in the vicinity of the sun a good deal of the blue light is reflected back into space by the finer dust, thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which reaches us reflected chiefly f

35、rom the coarse dust of the lower atmosphere. At sunset and sunrise, however, this last effect is greatly intensified, owing to the great thickness of the strata of air through which the light reaches us. The enormous amount of this dust is well shown by the fact that only then can we look full at th

36、e sun, even when the whole sky is free from clouds and there is no apparent mist. But the suns rays then reach us after having passed, first, through an enormous thickness of the higher strata of the air, the minute dust of which reflects most of the blue rays away from us, leaving the complementary

37、 yellow light to pass on.,Then, the somewhat coarser dust reflects the green rays, leaving a more orange-colored light to pass on; and finally some of the yellow is reflected, leaving almost pure red. But owing to the constant presence of air currents, arranging both the dust and vapor in strata of

38、varying extent and density, and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degrees, we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of an

39、 uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of natures kaleidoscopic color painting.,With every change in the altitude of the sun the display changes its character; and most of all when it has sunk below the horizon, and owing to the favorable

40、 angels a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us. Especially when there is a certain amount of cloud is this the case. These, so long as the sun is above the horizon, intercept much of the light and color; but when the great luminary has passed away from our direct vision, his l

41、ight shines more directly on the undersides of all clouds and air strata of different densities; a new and more brilliant light flushes the western sky, and a display of gorgeous ever-changing tints occurs which are at once the delight of the beholder and the despair of the artist. And all this unsu

42、rpassable glory we owe to dust!,參考譯文: 天空的色彩 艾爾弗雷德拉塞爾華萊士 晴空萬里的夏日，如果我們觀察一下天空，且背向太陽極目遠(yuǎn)望，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)頭頂上空的藍(lán)色最為純凈濃郁?？拷爝叺牡胤缴释容^暗淡，而太陽周圍的地方則略呈黃色。這是因?yàn)槲覀兿蛱爝呁r(shí)目光要穿過一層極厚的低空大氣層。低空大氣層中所布滿的顆粒較大的塵埃會(huì)反射白光，這就沖淡了高空大氣層中純凈的藍(lán)色。在太陽附近，大量的藍(lán)光被細(xì)微的塵埃反射回天空，所以，由低空大氣層粗粒塵埃反射到地面的光線便帶有淺黃色。,在日出日落時(shí)，由于光線到達(dá)地面需要穿過厚厚的大氣層，這種反射效果大大增強(qiáng)了。只有在這種時(shí)候我們

43、才可以直視太陽，即使是萬里長空沒有一點(diǎn)云彩，沒有一絲霧靄。這就充分顯示了低空中塵埃的數(shù)量之大。但是，太陽的光線在到達(dá)地面之前首先要穿過厚度極大的高空大氣層，其中的細(xì)微塵埃把大部分的藍(lán)色光反射掉了，僅讓屬于互補(bǔ)色的黃色光繼續(xù)通行。接著，粗粒塵埃又將綠色光反射掉，讓偏橙色的光繼續(xù)通行；最后，部分黃色也被反射掉了，剩下的幾乎是純紅色。,不過，由于不斷出現(xiàn)氣流，把塵埃與水汽廣度不均、密度各異地分層排列，加上高低空常有云層，不同程度地吸收并反射陽光，我們這才看到各種奇異的色調(diào)斑駁陸離，諸多絢麗的色彩變化萬千。任何人只要有幸將西天的景致一覽無余，只要有心觀看大自然不時(shí)展現(xiàn)的那一幅幅瞬息萬變的彩畫，都會(huì)為之

44、贊不絕口，喜不自勝。隨著夕陽緩緩西墜，這種景觀也不斷變幻，尤其是在太陽沉入地平線之后，由于角度更加適宜，五顏六色的光都反射到地面上來。,若有些許云霧，情況更是如此。本來，只要太陽還在地平線以上，云霧便截住了不少陽光和色彩。而今太陽已從我們的視野消失，陽光便會(huì)更直接地照射到密度各異的重重云靄與大霧的底部；一片嶄新和更加燦爛的陽光染紅了西天，呈現(xiàn)出一幅色彩絢麗、變化萬千的景觀。觀賞者固然賞心悅目，丹青手則只好自嘆莫如。而我們之所以能領(lǐng)略如此無與倫比的美景，全應(yīng)歸功于塵埃。,1) 這是一篇優(yōu)美的科普散文，作者是英國著名博物學(xué)家。整篇散文前后意義連貫，層層深入：從人們熟悉的自然現(xiàn)象引出科學(xué)道理，由這些

45、科學(xué)道理又引出日出日落時(shí)的天空景色的緣由，然后通過科學(xué)知識(shí)的介紹與景物描寫的交替發(fā)展，自然地過渡到全文的高潮夕陽西下時(shí)天空的色彩。本文的描寫部分寫得凝重華美，運(yùn)用了大量的長句，同時(shí)也充分體現(xiàn)了英語用以名詞來表達(dá)行為概念，使文章愈顯華麗的特點(diǎn)。仔細(xì)分析本文中的長句，體會(huì)英語獨(dú)到的優(yōu)美，會(huì)對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)大有裨益。,2) If we look at the sky on a perfectly fine summers day we shall find that the blue color is the most pure and intense overhead, and when looking

46、 high up in a direction opposite the sun. 晴空萬里的夏日，如果我們觀察一下天空，且背向太陽極目遠(yuǎn)望，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)頭頂上空的藍(lán)色最為純凈濃郁。原句句尾由when引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語實(shí)際上是“條件狀語”，故漢譯時(shí)將其移到句首的條件狀語之后與之并列。,3) Near the horizon it is always less bright, while in the region immediately around the sun it is more or less yellow. 靠近天邊的地方，色彩往往比較暗淡，而太陽周圍的地方則略呈黃色。該句漢譯時(shí)將代詞

47、it譯成了“色彩”，與全文內(nèi)容吻合；將副詞always譯成了“往往”而不是“總是”，以免給人一種“一成不變”的感覺。,4) The reason of this is that near the horizon we look through a very great thickness of the lower atmosphere, which is full of the larger dust particles reflecting white light, and this dilutes the pure blue of the higher atmosphere seen be

48、yond. 這是因?yàn)槲覀兿蛱爝呁r(shí)目光要穿過一層極厚的低空大氣層。低空大氣層中布滿的顆粒較大的塵埃會(huì)反射白光，這就沖淡了高空大氣層中純凈的藍(lán)色。該句漢譯時(shí)增譯了“我們向天邊望去時(shí)”，是重復(fù)前面一句的內(nèi)容；將we look through譯成“目光要穿過”，we改譯成“目光”。原句末尾and this dilutes the pure blue中this指前面由that引導(dǎo)的表語從句，不指前面的非限定性定語從句。,5) And in the vicinity of the sun a good deal of the blue light is reflected back into spac

49、e by the finer dust, thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which reaches us reflected chiefly from the coarse dust of the lower atmosphere. 在太陽附近，大量的藍(lán)光被細(xì)微的塵埃反射回天空，所以，由低空大氣層粗粒塵埃反射到地面的光線便帶有淺黃色。原句中thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which 結(jié)構(gòu)直譯為“因而使照射到地面的光線呈淺黃色”，其中that為指示代詞，指代the light，后面的reflected部分是

50、過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾that。,6) At sunset and sunrise, however, this last effect is greatly intensified, owing to the great thickness of the strata of air through which the light reaches us. 在日出日落時(shí)，由于光線到達(dá)地面需要穿過厚厚的大氣層，這種反射效果大大增強(qiáng)了。注意該句漢譯時(shí)將句尾的原因狀語移至主句前面，使之更符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。,7) The enormous amount of this dust is well s

51、hown by the fact that only then can we look full at the sun, even when the whole sky is free from clouds and there is no apparent mist. 只有在這種時(shí)候我們才可以直視太陽，即使是萬里長空沒有一點(diǎn)云彩，沒有一絲霧靄。這就充分顯示了低空中塵埃的數(shù)量之大。該句漢譯時(shí)采用了拆句譯法，將同為語從句that only then can we look full at the sun譯成獨(dú)立句，并采用變序譯法，將同位語從句和讓步狀語從句移至主句前面。其中的短語look ful

52、l at the sun意為“直視太陽”。,8) But the suns rays then reach us after having passed, first, through an enormous thickness of the higher strata of the air, the minute dust of which reflects most of the blue rays away from us, leaving the complementary yellow light to pass on. 但是，太陽的光線在到達(dá)地面之前首先要穿過厚度極大的高空大氣層，

53、其中的細(xì)微塵埃把大部分的藍(lán)色光反射掉了，僅讓屬于互補(bǔ)色淡黃色光繼續(xù)通行。該句漢譯時(shí)將謂語部分譯成時(shí)間狀語“在到達(dá)地面之前”，而將動(dòng)名詞短語having passed譯成謂語“要穿過”。第一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面由which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句改譯成了并列分句。,9) But owing to the constant presence of air currents, we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant s

54、ource of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of an uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of natures kaleidoscopic color painting. 不過，是由于，我們這才看到各種奇異的色調(diào)斑駁陸離，諸多絢麗的色彩千變?nèi)f化。任何人只要有幸將西天的景致一覽無余，只要有心觀看大自然不時(shí)展現(xiàn)的那一幅幅瞬息萬變的彩畫，都會(huì)為之贊不絕口，喜

55、不自勝。此句漢譯時(shí)采用了拆句譯法，將which引導(dǎo)的定語從句譯成獨(dú)立句，由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句則譯成了條件狀語從句。,10) With every change in the altitude of the sun the display changes its character; and most of all when it has sunk below the horizon, and owing to the favorable angles a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us. 隨著夕陽緩緩西墜

56、，這種景觀也不斷變幻；尤其是在太陽沉入地平線之后，由于角度更加適宜，五顏六色的光都反射到地面上來。原句是個(gè)并列句，第一個(gè)分句的主句是the display changes its character, 第二個(gè)分句的主句是a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us，漢譯時(shí)基本上采用了與原句相同的語序。,11) Especially when there is a certain amount of cloud is this the case. 若有些許云霧，情況更是如此。該句是倒裝句，正常語序應(yīng)為：This is

57、the case especially when 12) These, so long as the sun is above the horizon, which are at once the delight of the beholder and the despair of the artist. 本來，只要太陽還在地平線以上，云霧便截住了不少陽光和色彩。而今太陽已從我們的視野消失，陽光便會(huì)更直接地照射到密度各異的重重云靄與大霧的底部；一片嶄新和更加燦爛的陽光染紅了西天，呈現(xiàn)出一幅色彩絢麗、變化萬千的景觀。觀賞者固然賞心悅目，丹青手則只好自嘆莫如。此句漢譯時(shí)用了拆句譯法，將原句拆成三個(gè)

58、獨(dú)立句。句尾的定語從句中the despair of the artist 指畫家望著美麗的天空，自嘆能力有限，不能繪出所見美景的心情。傅雷在其高老頭重譯本序中寫道：“藝術(shù)的境界無窮，個(gè)人的才力有限：心長力絀，惟有投筆興嘆而已。”這里的despair正是傅雷筆下的“投筆興嘆”之意。,3. 比較與分析：特別注意劃線部分的比較，請(qǐng)指出譯者在翻譯時(shí)采用了怎樣的策略，你對(duì)此有何看法。 原文： Fiber-optic lines will form most of the backbone of the information highway, just as they do for the phone

59、 system today. Fiber-optic cable is made of long, think strands of glass rather than wire, and it transmits information in the form of digitized pulses of laser light rather than the radio waves used by coaxial cable. Because light pulses have shorter wavelengths than radio waves, engineers can cram much more data into fiber-optic lines than into other kinds of cables and wires.,A single fiber, for example, can handle a mind-boggling 5,000 video signals or more than 500,000 voice conversations simultaneously. This huge capacity allows it to transmit all signals digitally. So