1、Linguistic relativity語言相對論,Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, and so they think and speak differently.,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis薩丕爾沃爾夫假說(SWH),Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf,薩丕爾（美國語言學(xué)家）長期研究語言學(xué)和人類文化學(xué)的有關(guān)問題，重視語言和文化、語言和思維的聯(lián)系，提出語言影響人類關(guān)于現(xiàn)實(shí)世界概念系統(tǒng)的形成這一設(shè)想，經(jīng)他的弟子沃爾夫發(fā)展，

2、形成語言相關(guān)性的學(xué)說，被稱為薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說，這一假說成為人類文化語言學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis薩丕爾沃爾夫假說,with their studies of American Indian laguages, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. they believe that languages filters peoples perception and the way t

3、hey categorize their experiences.,strong version and weak version,two different interpretations: the strong version believes that language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior the weak one holds that the former influences the later.,語言決定論,語言決定論即人的思維完全受自己的母語影響，因?yàn)槿酥荒芡ㄟ^自己語言中的范疇和區(qū)別特征來認(rèn)識世界。語言

4、不僅僅指稱獨(dú)立于語言而獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而是實(shí)際上決定著我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 如：漢語詞匯的對稱性特征反應(yīng)在中國人的思維中的對稱性特點(diǎn)； 在堆放并寫有空汽油筒標(biāo)志的倉庫，人們往往因疏于防范而引起火災(zāi)； 換氣扇如果被標(biāo)為吹風(fēng)機(jī)，其被反向安裝的可能性增加。,語言相對論,一種語言系統(tǒng)里的范疇和區(qū)別特征對這一語言系統(tǒng)來說是獨(dú)特的，與其他語言系統(tǒng)不相容。形成思想的過程并不是獨(dú)立的，而是一種獨(dú)特的語法，在不同程度上因語言不同而不同。語言相對論的兩層含義：一是一種文化中的內(nèi)容。只有用該文化中的語言才能得到充分表達(dá)。另一層意思是，發(fā)源于某一文化中的概念，如果用只一種文化中的語言去講，意思就會有所不同，至少在人們心目中喚起的意

5、象不同，思維之間具有相關(guān)性。,齊天大圣,When looking at this word, we will think about the famoud monkey. What will the westerners think about?,the Great Sage Equalling Heaven,or,people trend to sort out and distinguish experiences differently accordingly to the semantic categories provided by their different codes in

6、their culture,example: snow in Eskimo and English,For Eskimos, Snow is importment and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. qanik（雪花），qaniit（飄落著的雪），qanipalaat（雪花聚成的如羽毛般的雪團(tuán)），qannirsuq（飄雪的天氣），qana(下落的雪)，pipsirpoq(低吹雪)，pokatok(粒狀),In English-speaking cultures, snow

7、is far less importment and the simple word snow usuallt suffices the need. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrasescan be made up to meet these needs: corn snow(變成顆粒狀的積雪),fine powder snow(細(xì)粉雪),drifting snow(低吹雪),Two Important Insights,There is nowadays a recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think. More than in