1、“嵌入式”計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)概念江西理工大學(xué)信息工程學(xué)院吳君欽嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng):半導(dǎo)體電路和計(jì)算機(jī)交叉ARM 角色與地位：交叉學(xué)科ARM is at the epicentre of this exciting combinationComputing計(jì)算Semiconductor半導(dǎo)體Enabling SOCRe-usable System IP Physical IPSystem design toolsSoftware8-bit32-bit migrationWireless “Lightly” embedded “Deeply” embeddedLow-power 現(xiàn)實(shí)中的嵌入式系統(tǒng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)

2、也無(wú)處不在, 嵌入式系統(tǒng)在很多產(chǎn)業(yè)中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用并逐步改變著這些產(chǎn)業(yè)，包括:(1)工業(yè)自動(dòng)化(3) 運(yùn)輸(5) 醫(yī)療保健(2) 國(guó)防(4) 航天領(lǐng)域嵌入式系統(tǒng)。在日常生活中，人們使用各種嵌入式系統(tǒng)，但未必知道它們。事實(shí)上，幾乎所有帶有一點(diǎn)“智能”的家電（全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)、電腦電飯煲）都是嵌入式系統(tǒng)。嵌入式系統(tǒng)廣泛的適應(yīng)能力和多樣性，使得視聽(tīng)、工作場(chǎng)所甚至健身設(shè)備中到處都有嵌入式系統(tǒng)。 嵌入式系統(tǒng)的定義目前，對(duì)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的定義多種多樣，但沒(méi)有一種定義是全面的。下面給出兩種比較合理定義：從技術(shù)的角度定義：以應(yīng)用為中心、以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)、軟件硬件可裁剪、適應(yīng)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)(對(duì)功能、可靠性、成本、體積、功

3、耗)嚴(yán)格要求的專用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。從系統(tǒng)的角度定義：嵌入式系統(tǒng)是設(shè)計(jì)完成復(fù)雜功能的硬件和軟件，并與應(yīng)用對(duì)象緊密耦合在一起的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。嵌入式系統(tǒng)，是更大對(duì)象系統(tǒng)中的一個(gè)完整的部分，所以稱為嵌入的系統(tǒng)。大的對(duì)象系統(tǒng)可以嵌入多個(gè)嵌入式 系統(tǒng)。嵌入式系統(tǒng)示例汽車控制系統(tǒng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)示例汽車控制系統(tǒng)后車門控制系統(tǒng)前車門控制系統(tǒng)尾燈控制系統(tǒng)發(fā)動(dòng)器控制系統(tǒng)所有的控制系統(tǒng)都是一個(gè)完整的嵌入式系統(tǒng)馬達(dá)控制器車燈控制座椅系統(tǒng)二、嵌入式發(fā)展歷程與產(chǎn)業(yè)模式兩個(gè)起源：(1)誕生于微型機(jī)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)(2)單片機(jī)的獨(dú)立發(fā)展的道路兩種應(yīng)用模式：(1)(2)計(jì)算機(jī)嵌入式應(yīng)用模式現(xiàn)代電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用模式嵌入式系統(tǒng)種類：MCU 、DSP

4、、CPU、FPGA（含軟/硬IP-CORE)、多處理器SOC等高性能CPU/MCU(ARMMIPS/PowerPC/8051等) IP（知識(shí)庫(kù))是SoC設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)元件MemoryMemoryMicro- processorMixed Signal/AnalogStandard CellsMemoryI/O Cells半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)的分化1980s1990sToday1970sIP Driven DesignFab EquipmentManufacturingIPEDADesignFabless SemisManufacturingEDADesign & DistributionASICVendor

5、sASICVendorSystem ManufacturerVertical SuppliersFully Vertically Integrated嵌入式系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)模式：IP為發(fā)端，形成扇型產(chǎn)業(yè)模式PC行業(yè)是一個(gè)高度壟斷行業(yè)，wintel聯(lián)盟幾乎把所由工作都做完了，嵌入式應(yīng)用千差萬(wàn)別，軟件硬件都不可能由少數(shù)公司所壟斷，意味著工作機(jī)會(huì)高性能CPU是各種智能設(shè)備的心臟嵌入式系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)滲透到我們生活的每個(gè)角落ARM公司是IP(知識(shí)庫(kù))授權(quán)推廣最成功的公司芯片設(shè)計(jì)公司系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)公司IP供應(yīng)商Intel, TI, Freescale Qualcomm, Datang, HED OKI, Sharp,

6、NECetcMotorola, Nokia, Sony, Samsung Lenovo, TCL, Haier, Canon, Sanyo ZTE, HuaWei, UTStarcometcARM 商業(yè)模式Business Development / Segment MarketingProduct eg chipIPOEMCustomerARMPartnerLicense feeUnit priceRoyaltyARM creates IP through design activityOEM builds ARM core-based product from Partner into e

7、nd- systemproductPartner combines ARM IP and Partner IP/ technologyinto productARM首推最新商業(yè)模式 The most popular CPU in the world!32 位 CPU 發(fā)展浪潮：取代位機(jī)高端 Continued downward pressure on cost Application requirements driving higher- performance MCU Engineers need faster and easier developmentDemand accelerati

8、ng for cost- sensitive high-performance solutionHIGH PERFORMANCE“32-bit performance.but not at any price”LOW COSTRevenue ($ Millions)In-Stat/MDR MCU Demands In Applications 2002-2007 (Oct 03)$4,500$4,000$3,500$3,000$2,500$2,000$1,500$1,000$500$08-Bit16-Bit32-Bit20022007Atmel AT91 ARM Microcontroller

9、s20個(gè)元件即可使32-bitsAM7運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來(lái)+=3.3V供電1SOT2 Capacitors1 ResistorPLL FilterOn-chip peripherals- Power-On Reset- 1.8V Voltage regulator- Brown-out detector- Pull-ups- High-current I/Os- Clock outs- Reset out- Slow-clock mode2 Capacitors1 Low Cost CrystalOscillator13 CapacitorsDecouplingcapacitors187/20/20052

10、0 components0 componentsAtmel AT91 ARM Microcontrollers，節(jié)省費(fèi)用!片上元件，縮減元件+ board spacesaving+ board test saving197/20/2005SAM7SOn-chipCost Adder1.8V RegulatorYES$0Pull-Up ResistorsYES$0Multiple Clock GeneratorYES$0Brown-Out DetectorYES$0USB 2.0 Full Speed TransceiverYES$0USB 2.0 Full Speed ControllerYE

11、S$0USB Crystal Oscillator + CrystalYES$0High-current DriversYES$0Slow Clock RC OSCYES$0Watchdog TimerYES$0ISO7816 ControllerYES$0Multi-Channel A/D ConverterYES$0Bidirectional Reset ControllerYES$03 3 4 4 50 0 0 0 02 4 2 4 2Q Q Q Q QRISC嵌入處理器、單片機(jī)、DSP總和每年超300億片。PC等臺(tái)式機(jī)、筆記本、服務(wù)器不到5億臺(tái)。ARM CPU年銷售量45億片 / 年2

12、0億片 /年400350300250200150100500MobileNon-Mobile20102006Q499 Q200 Q400 Q201 Q401 Q202Q402典型嵌入式處理器差異特性典型SOCNew Peripherals(Bluetooth, Wlan)Wireless communicationsAutomotive & IndustrialMemory expansion適應(yīng)不同應(yīng)用，容量大小/IO 腿數(shù)量有區(qū)別，價(jià)格也有很大差異High end TimersPeripherals nice to have DMA, SDram controllerAnalog peri

13、pherals I/O, PLL, A/DCom peripheralsI2C, CAN, SPI, SCI, USB,Ethernet“Standards” peripherals Timer, watchdog, PWM, LCD controller, GPIORAM / EEPROMProgram Memory Flash / ROMCPU + Debug嵌入式系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用調(diào)試數(shù)字機(jī)頂盒應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)軟件調(diào)試軟件開(kāi)發(fā)仿真調(diào)試系統(tǒng)底層開(kāi)發(fā)Initial Debug固件開(kāi)發(fā)Firmware Development嵌入式系統(tǒng): 硬件/軟件復(fù)雜程度1992DTV / DVD example20

14、04大學(xué)在嵌入式系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中承擔(dān)著人才培養(yǎng)的重任參考設(shè)計(jì)芯片邏輯設(shè)計(jì)（Fabless）培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)大學(xué)Foundries開(kāi)發(fā)工具突破IP瓶頸設(shè)計(jì)服務(wù)RTOS和應(yīng)用軟件開(kāi)發(fā)嵌入式處理器-各應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域市場(chǎng)所占份額 （2004）n Set-top-boxn Digital Audion Gamingn DVD8%2%n ABS/Airbag/Safetyn Body & Dashboardn Infotainmentn Powertrainn White goodsn SIMn Financialn Gvt ID/IT security1%n Brown goods (low end)n Industri

15、al control2%1.27Bn Wireless LANn VoIPn Digital Modemsn Home Gatewaysn Voice phonesn Feature phonesn Smart phones / PDAn Bluetooth peripherals7%66%7%7%Ink Printern Hard Disk Drivesn Flash Cardsn Digital Cameran Laser Printer% shown asshipment in Q3n Networked Storagen Digital Video CameraARM 已成為嵌入式開(kāi)發(fā)

16、首選在目前的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)中,你選用的是基于以下哪種架構(gòu)的芯片?SH3/SH4 1%X86 21%Power/Power PC 9%MIPS 6%ARM 63% Source: EDN China 2005 Embeddedsystem survey3C 產(chǎn)品 .Cellular 手機(jī)Car 汽車Color TV 彩電3G智能手機(jī)(iPhone)（ 2009）Biometrics20 GB HDGPS3.5G (HSDPA)WiMax (10 Mbit down)Stereo HeadsetDMB (Digital Mobile Broadcast)Bluetooth/UWBcardNFC /

17、 RFIDTV outPC / Mac512 MB Memory 1 billion transistor chips ARM11 MPcore 1GHz CPU VGA H.264 encode GPU (PSP level performance) 256MB DRAM, 64MB Flash WVGA screen (852x480) 4 mega pixel cameraHigh-End TV: the Centre of Your HomeHomeautomationIn-home securityHD STBMemory cards10 GBTerabyte storage for PVRSmart Cards forprotected contentGaming displaysBluetooth 1 billion transistor chips ARM11 MPcore 1GHz CPU HDTV 1080p / 720i H.264 & VC1 Video Dolby Digital 5.1 Integrated Multiple Digital TunerLocation free TVWireless LCD TVHigh-End