1、語(yǔ)法15種類型的謂語(yǔ)1326 在一個(gè)完整的句子中，主語(yǔ)之外的部分稱為謂語(yǔ)，共有5種類型的謂語(yǔ)。第一類包含一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞（）：He cameMy wife cried第二類包含一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞及其賓語(yǔ)（TVO）：John likes meHis uncle wrote letters第三類包含一個(gè)雙賓動(dòng)詞、一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)和一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)（DV+IO+DO）：They teach me EnglishI bought Mary sugar第四類包含一個(gè)系動(dòng)詞及主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（LVC）：He is a teacherShe looks sad第五類包含一個(gè)賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（FVOC）：We made hi

2、m kingShe left the house dirty 1基本成分1302 根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)，句子可以分為5類：a主語(yǔ) 不及物動(dòng)詞John came（S） （IV）b主語(yǔ) 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ)John likes oranges（S） （TV） （O）c主語(yǔ) 雙賓動(dòng)詞 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)John gave Mary books（S） （DV） （IO） （DO）d主語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞 主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)John is happy（S） （LV） （SC）e主語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)John makes Mary angry（S） （FV） （O） （OC）主語(yǔ)、不及物動(dòng)詞、及物動(dòng)詞、雙賓動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓

3、語(yǔ)及補(bǔ)語(yǔ)可以稱為基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一個(gè)成分刪除，都會(huì)成為病句。從上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含2個(gè)基本成分，至多4個(gè)基本成分。 2附屬成分1303 基本成分可以加修飾語(yǔ)：1）定語(yǔ)（即用來(lái)修飾名詞的單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句）或2）狀語(yǔ)（即用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句）。下面例句中，修飾語(yǔ)為斜體字，被修飾的詞為黑體字：1）Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyJohn likes oranges imported from the USJohn gave Mary many books，which are ful

4、l of illustrations2）John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry這類句子，即使把修飾語(yǔ)去掉，結(jié)構(gòu)仍是完整的。這種修飾語(yǔ)，可能在意思上很重要，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上不影響句子的完整性，因此稱作附屬成分。 3獨(dú)立成分1304 句中還有一類成分，可以去掉，不影響句子的完整性，并和句子的其他詞沒有語(yǔ)法的關(guān)系，可以稱作獨(dú)立成分。Oh！What is that！（驚嘆詞）He has，alas，failed againCome

5、here，John（呼語(yǔ)）Roll on，Ocean，roll on 4省略成分1305 此外還有一類被省略的成分，雖然未說(shuō)出來(lái)，卻在句中表示一定的意思：（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs 5連接成分1306 最后還有連接成分，它實(shí)際上是一個(gè)并列連詞，用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)平行的詞、短語(yǔ)和分句。1307 ，一個(gè)完整的句子（從句或分句）必須包含2個(gè)到4個(gè)基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個(gè)或更多其他的句子成分。1解析That指示形容詞，修飾單數(shù)名

6、詞boy。boy普通名詞，陽(yáng)性，單數(shù)，主格，為動(dòng)詞shook的主語(yǔ)。shook及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式。his物主代詞，陽(yáng)性，單數(shù)，第三人稱，所有格，修飾名詞head。head普通名詞，中性，單數(shù)，賓格，shook的賓語(yǔ)。2分析3圖解ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6004T1.bmp解析對(duì)詞的分類處理過(guò)多，不甚有用。分析說(shuō)明了句中詞之間的關(guān)系，但有時(shí)顯得很復(fù)雜。圖解最有用，因?yàn)樗宰詈?jiǎn)單明了的方式說(shuō)明了詞與詞之間的關(guān)系，這種關(guān)系有時(shí)會(huì)把讀者弄糊涂。14個(gè)基本成分的圖解辦法1309 5類基本句及4種基本成分可以用下面的方式加以圖解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F600

7、4T2.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T1.bmp一個(gè)詞的特定地位意味著它的特定作用。和橫線交叉的左邊豎線把主語(yǔ)S（在左面）和動(dòng)詞V（在右面）分開。斜線表示它右面的詞為主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。另一豎線表示右面的詞為賓語(yǔ)O。2附屬成分的圖解辦法1310 主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞。賓語(yǔ)及補(bǔ)語(yǔ)這4種基本成分都放在橫線的上方，附屬成分，如形容詞、副詞及起相同作用的其他詞語(yǔ)，都放在橫線的下方，緊挨在它們所修飾詞的下面：My father left yesterdayewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T2.bmpSome people write commercial l

8、etters skillfullyewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T3.bmpSome naughty little children broke his expensive spectacles purposelyewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T4.bmpA downright bad man is very often a wonderfully successful manewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T1.bmpThe old man opposite the street visited his childr

9、en in Francein 1968ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T2.bmp 3成語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)名詞等的圖解辦法1311 應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，一個(gè)空位通常只容一個(gè)詞（類），但成語(yǔ)由幾個(gè)詞構(gòu)成卻起一個(gè)詞（類）的作用。因此有必要把構(gòu)成成語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)詞放在一個(gè)空位中，因?yàn)槌烧Z(yǔ)表示一個(gè)單一的意思，不宜分割成幾個(gè)詞（類）：The Minister of Economics paid attention to the inflationewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T3.bmp助動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和主要?jiǎng)釉~放在一起：She has been raising her child

10、ren for the last ten yearsewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T4.bmp介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或名詞從句，在用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用一個(gè) 來(lái)進(jìn)行圖解，不僅表示其內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)，還表示它作為一個(gè)詞和其他詞的關(guān)系：He is in a bad temperewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6007T1.bmp注意，這個(gè)句子有3個(gè)基本成分：主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。第三部分in a bad temper的圖解，不僅說(shuō)明了這 4個(gè)詞之間的關(guān)系，還通過(guò)使用 說(shuō)明它作為一個(gè)單一詞類和其他詞之間的關(guān)系，即起形容詞的作用，作為系動(dòng)詞is的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。在

11、下面圖解中，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)占了2個(gè)空位，這樣容易引起誤會(huì)，因?yàn)槿藗儠?huì)以為這個(gè)句子包含4個(gè)基本成分：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6007T2.bmpTo tell lies is not always successfulewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6007T3.bmp上面圖解中to tell lies這個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)，一方面表明了to tell 是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，lies是它的賓語(yǔ)，另一方面說(shuō)明整個(gè)短語(yǔ)起名詞作用，只占一個(gè)空，作為句子的主語(yǔ)。如果用下面圖解，就會(huì)引起誤會(huì)：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T1.bmpHe likes play

12、ing tennis in the morningewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T2.bmp注意上面動(dòng)名詞playing tennis in the morning的圖解，一方面說(shuō)明playing為及物動(dòng)詞，tennis為其賓語(yǔ)，而in the morning為其修飾語(yǔ)，另一方面說(shuō)明這個(gè)短語(yǔ)起名詞作用，用作及物動(dòng)詞（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）like的賓語(yǔ)。He washes before taking dinnerewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T3.bmp注意，talking dinner這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，通過(guò)使用 ，表明為一個(gè)單一詞類，起名詞作用，用作介詞

13、before的賓語(yǔ)。如作下面圖解則會(huì)引起誤會(huì)：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T4.bmpknow that you speak English wellewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T5.bmp注意that引起的從句的圖解，一方面表明了這5個(gè)詞之間的關(guān)系（that為連詞，主語(yǔ)為you，speak為及物動(dòng)詞，賓語(yǔ)為english，well為speak的修飾語(yǔ)），另一方面說(shuō)明整個(gè)從句起一個(gè)單一詞即名詞的作用，用作及物動(dòng)詞，know的賓語(yǔ)。that上下的兩條模線表明它是一個(gè)連詞。 4其他規(guī)則1312 在圖解中省略的詞應(yīng)用圓括號(hào)標(biāo)出：He has w

14、alked fifty milesewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T1.bmpCome hereewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T2.bmpWhat（=The thing which）I know is unimportantewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T3.bmp問號(hào)及驚嘆號(hào)放在正橫線右邊末尾，在圖解中大寫字母保持不變：Can he come？What a trip we have had！ ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T4.bmp只要句子的意思保持不變，詞語(yǔ)位置的任何變動(dòng)都不影響圖解。H

15、e left for France yesterday和Yesterday he left for France圖解的方式一樣：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T1.bmp同樣，I sing this song specially for you和Specially for you I sing this song圖解的方式一樣：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T2.bmpMy happy days are gone！和 Gone are my happy days！也如此：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T3.bmp某個(gè)

16、特殊的句子，根據(jù)不同的理解可有不同的圖解方式。例如在 He is out of temper中，out of temper可看作是成語(yǔ)，是一個(gè)整體，這時(shí)圖解方式如下：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T4.bmp如果把它看作介詞短語(yǔ)，包含2個(gè)成分，則可作如下圖解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T5.bmp在Walking along the street，John met Mary這個(gè)句子中，Walking along the street可以看作定語(yǔ)，這時(shí)可以按下面方式圖解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T1.bmp如

17、果把它看作狀語(yǔ)，圖解會(huì)是下面這個(gè)方式：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T2.bmp還有一些其他規(guī)則，說(shuō)明如下：在主要橫線左端下方的豎線來(lái)表示它后面或下面的詞和全句有關(guān)，可以是一個(gè)句子修飾語(yǔ)或是一個(gè)把這個(gè)句子和另一句子連接起來(lái)的并列連詞：Luckily，I found the lost ringewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T3.bmpIn at word，I can do no moreewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T4.bmpI study music and my wife does houseworkewc MV

18、IMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T5.bmpHe is a great politician；besides，he is an artistewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6012T1.bmpHe worked very hard；on the other hand，his children played all dayewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6012T2.bmpIndeed he knows his fault，but he refuses to own itewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6012T3.bmp最后，注意以后

19、各節(jié)中，凡有星號(hào)的例句，都將在各句型講完之后加以圖解。名詞（或代詞） 1314 Books are good companionsLondon is populous如果由名詞表示的主語(yǔ)受到強(qiáng)調(diào)或有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)，它可以由一個(gè)代詞代替，本身則移到句子末尾：He is a nice fellow，your uncleIt is truly long，that bridge across the Yellow RiverThey have gone away，those rascalsThere it stood a monument of all agesIt is funny the way（t

20、hat）he teaches his children（主語(yǔ)可以跟一定語(yǔ)從句）It astonishes me the number of the wives he hasIt is inscrutable the rumour that is spreadingewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6014T1.bmp表示它上面的整個(gè)詞組和它前面的詞指的是同一東西。名詞成語(yǔ) 1315 “Crocodile tears”means pretended sorrowThe dog star is the largest fixed starA“field piece”means a c

21、annonThe river bed is muddyI wore a sun hatHe is a paper tiger and who is afraid of him？（名詞+名詞）His maiden speech is wonderfulA leap year comes every fourth yearHis untimely end is beyond beliefA wet blanket and a queer fish are coming toward usIs a heavy hand enough to suppress the revolt？（形容詞+名詞）To

22、day is All FoolsDayA cats paw may be a scapegoatThis printers ink is poor“Mans estate”means the age of manhood（名詞所有格+名詞）An apple of discord was thrown among themA Jack of all trades may be a good-fornothingA fish out of water will die soonHere is a case in pointA friend at court will help me（名詞+介詞+名

23、詞）The ins and outs of this scandal interested usThe long and short of the story is thisThe ups and downs of life are familiar to my uncle（名詞+and +名詞）Guangdong Province is in the south of ChinaStratford-on- Avon is the birthplace of ShakespeareThe Ministry of Education has issued an important ordinan

24、ce（專有名詞短語(yǔ)）其他例子：A curtain lecture，elbow room，an insect bite，fairy tales The Almighty Dollar，the Dark Continent，the black market，a dark room，a golden wedding，an aching void，a low diet The bulls eye，a sheeps eye，a fools cap，a sailors home，Achilles heel，Adams apple，the lions share，the kings evilThe age

25、of machinery，the art of God，the man in the street，a bed of roses，a woman of the world，a man of family，a letter of credit，a word of honour，castles in the air，a friend in need，a man about town All beer and skittle，the alpha and beta，the why and where fore the sum and substance，Darby and Joan，David and

26、 Jonathanewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6015T1.bmp代詞 1316 We shall start tomorrowShe likes itMine（= My family）is an unhappy familyHis（=His fate） has been the fate of an unusual artistHers is a car made in Germany（名詞性物主代詞+系動(dòng)詞+名詞）We（= Our class）are full upWe（= Our office）close on Saturday afternoonHe（= His w

27、atch）is too fastWe（ Our things）have been packed（人稱代詞有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示屬于某人的東西）My uncle he（名詞+多余的代詞）wants it donePeople in town they have never seen cows（文化低的人的語(yǔ)言或歌謠中的說(shuō)法）She is a nice girl，MaryThey are very selfish，those people（代詞在前，指同一人或東西的名詞在后，參閱1314節(jié)）It is hot（or cloudy，snowing，raining）（It指天氣）It is spring（or

28、 morning，Sunday，my birthday）；struck three，is growing towards evening（It指時(shí)間）It is ten miles（or a long way）（It指距離）It is I（or me）（It指一個(gè)身份尚不清楚的人）It is all over with himHow is it with him？How goes it？（It 泛指一般情況）It is my sister（主語(yǔ)受到強(qiáng)調(diào)）that（or who） studied English at AAASchool when she was seventeen（用It is

29、that這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以對(duì)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。My sister studied at AAASchool when she was seventeen是原來(lái)的句子，對(duì)主語(yǔ)加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)可改為上面形式。）It is English（賓語(yǔ)受到強(qiáng)調(diào)）that（or which） my sister studied，etcIt is at AAASchool（狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)受到強(qiáng)調(diào)）that（or where）my sister studied English，etcIt is when she was seventeen（狀語(yǔ)從句受到強(qiáng)調(diào)）that my sister studied Eng

30、lish at AAASchoolIt is I that said soIt is waiting for a chance that will not doIt is here（or then，for this reason，with a lightning speed）that he married herIt was after seeing her that he became crazyWho is it that you want？What is it that he is looking for？ It is only arithmetic that he is afraid

31、ofIt is only her idols that she pays attention toIt is not his children that he cares about，but his businessIt is a good horse that never stumbles（= No horse is so good as to never stumble）（這類常在諺語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)的句子，結(jié)構(gòu)雖和上面句子相同，意思卻不一樣。）It is a silly fish that is caught twice（= no fish is so silly as to be caught

32、twice） It is an ill bird that fouls his own nest（= No bird is so ill as to foul his own nest）注：It可以代表一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞、不定式或從句?？蓞㈤?3181322。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6017T1.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6018T1.bmpIt表示 the thing，that引起的從句可以看做定語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)It。that起從屬連詞和代詞的作用，圖解記號(hào)異于并列連詞。the+形容詞（或分詞） 1317 The brave deserve the f

33、airThe young are to be educatedThere are the dying and the dead，the slain and the van guished（復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)）The beautiful and the good is our idealThe middle or the thick of the forest has many animals in itThe accused（or The deceased）is a rich manThe French is different in character from the English（單數(shù)主語(yǔ)）ew

34、c MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6018T2.bmp不定式 1318 作主語(yǔ)的不定式常常由it代替，本身放到句末作為it的同位語(yǔ)：To live in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive to live in Tokyo To go out of town every weekend became our customIt became our custom to go out of town every weekendTo have broken his leg is his bad luckIt is hi

35、s bad luck to have broken his legTo be happy requires（or needs，wants）no great fortuneIt requires no great fortune to be happyTo be rich or to be poor makes a lot of differenceIt makes a lot of difference to be rich or to be poorTo raise the fund，to set up the building，to employ workers，all these tak

36、e timeThe story makes me sick to repeatTo repeat the story makes me sickIt makes me sick to repeat the story（這三句意思相同，卻有不同的主語(yǔ)。）This theory takes much time to understandTo understand this theory takes much timeIt takes much time to understand this theoryTo answer the question you asked in your letter

37、is easyIt is easy to answer the question you asked in your letterThe question you asked in your letter，it is easy to answer（這三句意思相同，可比較其主語(yǔ)。）To handle a wife who comes of a rich family seems difficultIt seems difficult to handle a wife who comes of a rich familyA wife who comes of a rich family，it se

38、ems difficult to handle不定式可以有一個(gè)意義上的主語(yǔ)：For John to live in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive for John to live in TokyoFor a commoner to marry a noblemans daughter does not astonish meIt does not astonish me for a commoner to marry a noblemans daughterFor politicians to talk about

39、peace is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperanceIt is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperance，for politicians to talk about peace下面句子中的不定式?jīng)]有意義上的主語(yǔ)。 for you，of you等和 it is有關(guān)，起補(bǔ)語(yǔ)作用：It is for（or up to）you to say yes or no（To say yes or no is foror up to you）It is easier for you to s

40、peak to the boss than for me（=To speak to the boss is easier for you than for me） It is very kind of you to do so（=To do so is very kind of you）It is natural in Mary to love JohnIt is inconvenient to her to wait so longIt is up to you to apologizeewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6020T1.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE

41、, !4F6021T1.bmp注意意義上的主語(yǔ) for John是如何圖解的。動(dòng)名詞 1319 和不定式一樣，作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞也可以用it代替：Living in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive living in Tokyo Crying over spilt milk is no useIt is no use crying over spilt milkThere is no climbing up the cliff（= Climbing up the cliff is impossible）There is n

42、o denying the fact（=Denying the fact is impossible）Johns（or His）living in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive Johns（or his）living in Tokyo（動(dòng)名詞這里有意義上的主語(yǔ)）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6022T1.bmp注意動(dòng)名詞意義上主語(yǔ)Johns如何圖解的。that引起的從句 1320 由 that引起的主語(yǔ)從句?？捎?it代替，而本身則移到句尾，作為it的同位語(yǔ)：That he had succeede

43、d pleased me very muchIt pleased me very much that he had succeededThat he was killed is a serious matterIt is a serious matter that he was killedThat he has done his best is clearIt is clear（that）he has done his best（如果句子不長(zhǎng)，that可以省略。）The fact（or The circumstance）that he was killed was a serious mat

44、ter（that引起的從句前面?？煞?the fact或the circumstance）It is clear（or likely，certain）that he likes his jobIt would be better that he give up smoking（=He had better give up smoking）It is rumoured（or said，learned，denied）that the premier decides to resignIt is a pity that he should die so youngIt happened（or cha

45、nced，came about，developed，turned out）that the detective himself was the thief It came about that we had not enough money to pay the billIt seems（or appears，occurs） to me that she is a poetIt struck me that I could be a lawyerHe is poor，but it does not follow that he will cheat anyoneIt is not that A

46、 is an upright man，but that he has no chance to do evilIt may be that B is too hungry to do any good，but it cannot be that he is willing to do any evilIt is（high） time that we startedHow is it that you know so much？How comes it（about） that you know so much？How come（=why） you know so much？（It is）Some

47、（Little，No）wonder（that） he failed（在用 wonder作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，it is可以省略。）（It was）A wonder（that） he did not fallWhat wonder （was it） that he falled？（= It was natural that he failed）It is said（or denied，rumoured）that the Mayor fell in love with MaryThe Mayor，it is said（or denied，rumoured），fell in love with Mary（這兩句

48、意思幾乎相同，但在第二句中不能用 that。）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6024T1.bmp由that引起的從句用作名詞及主語(yǔ)。注意連詞that的圖解方式。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6024T2.bmp疑問詞引起的從句 1321 由疑問詞引起的從句，和that引起的從句一樣，可以由it代替：How he could do it seemed a mysteryIt seemed a mystery how he could do itWhere he had escaped puzzled meIt puzzled me where he had e

49、scapedWhat is it to me who he is？ It does not matter when you get married，butewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T1.bmp連接詞how和副詞how都在這個(gè)圖解中表示出來(lái)，但一個(gè)需加括號(hào)。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T2.bmp疑問詞+不定式 1322 疑問詞引起的不定式，和連接詞引起的從句一樣，也可以用it代替：How to escape seems to be a problemIt seems to be a problem，how to escapeWhat t

50、o say puzzles meIt puzzles me what to sayWhether or not to follow the policy depends upon circumstancesIt depends upon circumstanceswhether or not to follow the policyewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T3.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6026T1.bmp術(shù)語(yǔ)和引語(yǔ) 1323 On is a prepositionBuy means“get by paying a price”“Lo

51、ok before you leap is a famous proverb“Honesty is the best policy”is a saying often ridiculed by people介詞短語(yǔ) 1324 From seven to seven is our store hoursFrom infancy to manhood is an important periodFrom here to there is a short distanceGood in the saddle is good for everything（這樣的短語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)很少）省略 1325 （Y

52、ou）Sit down，please（You）Wait a minute（Do you） Like it？ （You had）Better say no（Are you）Feeling any better？（It）Seems to be impossible（作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有些代詞有時(shí)省略。）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6027T1.bmp15種類型的謂語(yǔ)1326 在一個(gè)完整的句子中，主語(yǔ)之外的部分稱為謂語(yǔ)，共有5種類型的謂語(yǔ)。第一類包含一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞（）：He cameMy wife cried第二類包含一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞及其賓語(yǔ)（TVO）：John likes meHis un

53、cle wrote letters第三類包含一個(gè)雙賓動(dòng)詞、一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)和一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)（DV+IO+DO）：They teach me EnglishI bought Mary sugar第四類包含一個(gè)系動(dòng)詞及主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（LVC）：He is a teacherShe looks sad第五類包含一個(gè)賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（FVOC）：We made him kingShe left the house dirty 2動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)形式1327 不過(guò)動(dòng)詞、賓語(yǔ)及補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的意義還應(yīng)當(dāng)廣一些，上面例句中的及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞或其他動(dòng)詞都是一個(gè)單詞，但有時(shí)可以是一個(gè)起同樣作用的短語(yǔ)或成語(yǔ)。例如“及物動(dòng)詞+名詞

54、”可以看作是一種不及物動(dòng)詞：He lost heart（他灰心了。）This habit has struck root（這種習(xí)慣已根深蒂固）下面句子中的動(dòng)詞成語(yǔ)則可以看作是一種及物動(dòng)詞：I looked for my lost dictionary（我在找我弄失的字典。）He paid attention to his lesson（他很注意他的功課。）He gave up drinking（他戒酒了。）He is afraid of blood（他怕血。）He cant get along with anyone（他和誰(shuí)都處不好。）下面句中的動(dòng)詞成語(yǔ)可以看作一種賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：I waited for him to come（我等他來(lái)。）詳見 11821206節(jié)。 3賓語(yǔ)的9種形式1328 此外，也不只是名詞或代