1、八年級上英語語法總結張 貴一、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級1) 單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構成。great (原級) greater(比較級) greatest(最高級)2) 以 -e 結尾的單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -r 和 -st 構成。wide (原級) wider (比較級) widest (最高級)3)少數(shù)以-y, -er, -ow, -ble結尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構成。clever(原級) cleverer(比較級) cleverest(最高級)4) 以 -y 結尾,但 -y 前是輔

2、音字母的形容詞的比較級和最高級是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 構成.happy (原形) happier (比較級) happiest (最高級)5) 以一個輔音字母結尾其前面的元音字母發(fā)短元音的形容詞的比較級和最高級是雙寫該輔音字母然后再加 -er和-est。big (原級) bigger (比較級) biggest (最高級)6) 雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級需用more 和 most 加在形容詞前面來構成。beautiful (原級)? difficult (原級)more beautiful (比較級) more difficult (比較級)most beaut

3、iful (最高級) most difficult (最高級)不規(guī)則變化原級 比較級 最高級good better bestmany more mostmuch more mostbad worse worstlittle less leastill worse worstfar farther(further) farthest(furthest)deep deeper deepesttall taller tallest形容詞比較級的用法:形容詞的比較級用于兩個人或事物的比較,其結構形式如下:主語+謂語(系動詞)+ 形容詞比較級+than+ 對比成分。 也就是, 含有形容詞比較級的主句+t

4、han+從句。注意從句常常省去意義上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下對比的成分。形容詞最高級的用法:形容詞最高級用于兩個以上的人和物進行比較, 其結構形式為:主語二、句子成分1、主語主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，一般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，不定式等充當。2、謂語謂語說明主語的動作，狀態(tài)或特征。一般可分為兩類：1)，簡單謂語由動詞(或短語動詞)構成?？梢杂胁煌臅r態(tài)，語態(tài)和語氣。2)，復合謂語：情態(tài)動詞+不定式3、表語4、賓語賓語表示動作行為的對象，跟在及物動詞之后，能作賓語的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動詞不定式等。有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語，往往一個指人，一個指物，指人的叫間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。有些

5、及物動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語，意思才完整，賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。5、定語在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。用作定語的主要是形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞等作定語時，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。但副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等作定語時，則放在被修飾的詞之后。6、狀語修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞以及全句的句子成分，叫做狀語。用作狀語的通常是副詞，介詞短語，不定式和從句等。狀語一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾。副詞作狀語時可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。+謂語(系動詞)+the+形容詞最高級+名詞+表示范圍的短語或從句。三、句子類型：1、簡單句的基本形

6、式是由一個主語加一個謂語構成。2、復合句(Complex Sentence)由一個主句(Principal Clause)和一個或一個以上的從句(Subordinate Clause)構成。3、兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用并列連詞連在一起構成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本結構是“簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句”。四、簡單句的五種基本句型基本句型一： S V (主+謂)基本句型二： S V P (主+謂+表)基本句型三： S V O (主+謂+賓)基本句型四： S V o O (主+謂+間賓+直賓)基本句型五： S V O C (主+謂+賓+賓補)五、賓語從句在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為

7、三類:動詞的賓語從句,介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句.1. 由that引導的賓語從句。That只有語法作用，沒有實在的意義，在口語和非正式文體中可以省略。2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當某個成分。if或whether引導的賓語從句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。六、時態(tài)：一. 一般現(xiàn)在時: (1)表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài), 例如:Hes twelve. (2)表示經(jīng)常性的或習慣性的動作,例如:I go to school every day.

8、 (3)表示主語具備的性格和能力, 例如:She likes apple.常與often, usually, sometimes, always, every day等表示經(jīng)常性的或習慣性的時間狀語連用.1. 肯定句結構:(1) 行為動詞:a. 第一、二人稱,復數(shù)人稱: They/We/You+動詞原形. 例如:They go to school every day.b.第三人稱單數(shù): He/She/It+動詞-s/es 例如:Lily often likes singing.(2)系動詞(be): I am. They/We/You are He/She/It is2.否定句結構:(1) 行

9、為動詞:a. 第一、二人稱,復數(shù)人稱: They/We/You+dont+動詞原形. 例如:They dont go to school every day.b.第三人稱單數(shù):He/She/It+doesnt +動詞原形 例如:Lily doesnt like singing.(2)系動詞(be): 在is/am/are后加not 例如:I am not a worker.3. 一般疑問句結構:a. 第一、二人稱,復數(shù)人稱: Do+they/we/you+動詞原形.例如:Do they go to school every day? (Yes, they do. No, they dont.)

10、b.第三人稱單數(shù): Does +he/she/iIt+動詞原形例如: Does Lily often like singing? (Yes, she does. No, she doesnt.)(2)系動詞(be):把is/am/are提在主語前.例如:Are you a worker? (Yes, I am. No, Im not.)二.現(xiàn)在進行時: 表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作或發(fā)生的事情.常與now, look, listen等表示現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)的時間狀語連用.1.肯定句結構: 主語+is/am/are+動詞-ing例如: The boys are playing football now.2.否定

11、句結構: 在is/am/are后加not例如: The boys arent playing football now.3. 一般疑問句結構: 把is/am/are提在主語前.例如: Are the boys playing football now? (Yes, they are. No, they arent.)三.一般過去時:表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài).常與yesterday, last, ago, in1990等表示過去狀態(tài)的時間狀語連用.1. 肯定句結構:(1) 行為動詞: 主語+動詞的過去式例如: The twins went to school two hours a

12、go.(2) 系動詞(be): I/ He/She/It+was They/We/You+were例如: I was at home last night.2.否定句結構:(1) 行為動詞: 主語+didnt+動詞原形例如: The twins didnt go to school two hours ago.(2)系動詞(be): 在was/were后加not例如: I wasnt at home last night.3. 一般疑問句結構:(1) 行為動詞: Did+主語+動詞原形?例如: Did the twins go to school two hours ago?(Yes, the

13、y did. No, they didnt.)(2)系動詞(be): 把was/were提在主語前.例如: Were you at home last night? (Yes, I was. No, I wast.)四.一般將來時: 表示將來某時將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作.常與tomorrow, next等表示將來狀態(tài)的時間狀語連用.1. 肯定句結構:(1)用于書面語: 主語+will+動詞例如: We will come to see you tomorrow(2)用于口語: 主語+am/is/are going to+動詞例如: Tom is going t

14、o see his uncle next Sunday.2.否定句結構:(1)用于書面語: 在will后加not例如: We wont come to see you tomorrow. (will not=wont)(2)用于口語: 在is/am/are后加not.例如: Tom isn going to see his uncle next Sunday.3. 一般疑問句結構:(1)用于書面語: 把will提在主語前.例如: Will you come to see you tomorrow? (Yes, we will. No, we wont.)(2)用于口語: 把is/am/are提

15、在主語前.例如: Is Tom going to see his uncle next Sunday?(Yes, he is. No, he isnt.)五.情態(tài)動詞: can(能，會)， may(可以，可能，也許)， must(必須，一定，應該)have to(必須，不得不)1. 肯定句結構: 主語+can/may/must+動詞例如: I must go now.2.否定句結構: 在can/may/must后加not. 例如: I mustnt go now.3. 一般疑問句結構: 把can/may/must提在主語前.Must you go now? (Yes, I must. No,

16、I neednt.)May I open the window? (Yes, you may. No, you neednt.)六.had better+動詞原形，表示“最好干”，變否定句時在had better后加not.例如:You had better catch a bus.Youd better not catch a bus. (You had= Youd )七.動詞不定式：want /forget /remember /would like /go + to + 動詞原形例如: I want to get back my book.Lucy went to see his mot

17、her last night.九.特殊疑問句的變換：對劃線部分提問時，將劃線部分去掉，剩下部分變一般疑問句語序。(對主語提問例外)例如: My name is Lily. Whats your name?The river is 500 kilometres. Hong long is the river?Unit 1 How often do you exercise?Grammar: 特殊疑問句：wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。特殊疑問句的構成及用法：結構：特殊疑問詞+ 一般疑問句， 即：特殊疑問

18、詞+be/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語/表語（+其他）疑問代詞：1) Who:誰。做主語，用來指人 Who is the boy under the tree?2）Whom 誰，做賓語，用來指人 Whom are you writing to?3) Whose 誰的，用來指所屬關系，如果做定語，一般后接名詞 Whose pen is this?4) Which 哪個，哪些，用來指對人或物在一定范圍之內(nèi)進行選擇 Which grils will in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lilys?5)What什么，通常指物，也可指人，一般用在沒有指出范圍的情況下

19、What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?疑問副詞：When:何時，詢問時間 When will she come back?Where何地，詢問地點， Where do you come from?Why為什么，詢問原因， Why are you late for school?How 如何，詢問手段、方式、工具以及程度等 How do you usually go to school?How old多大，詢問年齡，How old is Jims little brother?How many/much多少，詢問數(shù)量 Ho

20、w many birds are there in the tree?How far多遠，詢問距離， How far is it form your home to school?How long多長，多久，詢問時間的長度或距離 How long will you stay in Beijing?How often多長時間按一次，詢問頻率 How often do you go to see your grandparents?How soon多久，詢問時間 How soon will you come back?頻率副詞：表示動作發(fā)生的頻率，never, sometimes, often,

21、usually, always. Unit 2 Whats the matter with you? Grammar:1. 用have 來描述身體不適 have/have got a +疾病名字；得了病 2.情態(tài)動詞should,情態(tài)動詞should,can, may, must沒有人稱和時態(tài)的變化，后接動詞原形Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?Grammar:現(xiàn)在進行時表將來 一般將來時表示將要做某事或計劃打算做某事要用到句型“be+doing”其中be是助動詞，它有人稱和單復數(shù)的變化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是現(xiàn)在進

22、行時的形式，但用于表示將來。用進行時表將來，常用于表示即將來臨的未來預定要做的事情，一般指個人計劃要做的事。用于此情況的動詞一般是表示位置轉移的動詞，如，go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。一肯定句中，結構為“be+doing.”I am going shopping this afternoon.二否定句是在be之后加not. Im not going to shopping this afternoon.三一般疑問句是將be置于句首 Are you going shopping this afternoon?Yes, I am/ we are. No

23、, Im not./ We arent.四特殊疑問句“疑問詞+一般疑問句語序。”What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping? Who are you going there with? Where is she going?Unit 4 How do you get to school?Grammar: How引導的特殊疑問句：是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等詞開頭的疑問句。How does he get to shool?- He takes t

24、he train to get to shool.How long does it take to walk? -It takes about 35 minutes to walk. How far is it from your home to school? Its four miles from my home to school.How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks.How much is this coat? This

25、 coat is 200 yuan.特殊疑問句的簡略結構：how about?+ 名詞或動詞-ing形式，用于提出建議、請求或征求意見、詢問消息等。如：How about playing tennis? Unit 5 Can you come to my party?Grammar:情態(tài)動詞can及邀請句式及其問答情態(tài)動詞can的用法：Can 是最長用的情態(tài)動詞，其后跟動詞原形，can的否定形式為cannot，cant.can表“能力”，意思是：能，會 I can paly basketball,but I cant swim.can表示能力時可和be able to 互換，be able t

26、o有更多的時態(tài)，常被用來表示can所 不能表示的將來或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months.表示“可能性”，意思是：可以，可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.表示允許，意思是可以能夠 You can have the book when I have finished it.表示“驚訝、不相信等（用于疑問句、否定句或感嘆句中”。意思是“會、可能?！盩his cant be true. Can it be true?如何發(fā)出、接受和謝

27、絕別人的邀請表達邀請的常用句型：Can you come to? Could you come to?Would you like to come to?Do you want to come to?接受邀請的常用句型：Sure. Certainly. OK. Id love to.謝絕邀請的常用句型：Im sorry, I cant. I have toIm afraid I cant. I have toI dont think I can. I have toUnit 6 Im more outgoing than my sister.Grammar:形容詞的比較級規(guī)則變化、不規(guī)則變化（

28、課本P93）than 是比較級中最常見的標志詞，意思是“比”。用于引出比較的對象。1.He draws better than me.2.Youre older than I am. You are older than me.形容詞比較級前，有時可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等詞來修飾。Much 和far表示“得多”,much better好得多，a little, a bit表示稍微，一些，一點。a little shorter, 稍微矮點；even表示“甚至，更加，還要”even bigger還要大些，three times表

29、示 “三倍”，如three times bigger than 比大三倍Very絕不可以用來修飾比較級，very,so,too, quite 修飾原級Unit 7 How do you make banana milk shake?Grammar: 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞一可數(shù)名詞英語中的物質名詞大體上可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞指物體的數(shù)量可數(shù)。其單數(shù)形式可在名詞前加a或an,表示一個，如a pear. 其負數(shù)形式要在詞尾加-s,或-es（特殊情況除外），如two bananas, three tomatoes. Many many apples a few students few

30、bags二不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞指物體的數(shù)量不可數(shù)。不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復數(shù)之分，也不能在詞前直接加冠詞a 或an.表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量時可在不可數(shù)名詞前加相應的由量詞構成的短語。如a bag of 2.常見的量詞短語有：a piece of a cup of a teaspoon of a bottle of 3.不可數(shù)名詞還可以用下面的詞表示數(shù)量：much much rain a little little4.既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞又可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有：Lots of= a lot of許多，大量 some一些（用于肯定句）any一些（用于否定句和一般疑問句）Unit 8 How was

31、 your school trip?Grammar:一般過去時：指在過去某一時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過去意義的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday, last year(week,month),two years ago, in2006等。有時也可用when,after,before, as soon as引導的時間狀語從句。該時態(tài)在句中的體現(xiàn)是謂語動詞用過去式。謂語be動詞was/were 否定：wasnt /werent Be動詞句型 一般疑問句：was/were +主語特殊疑問句：疑問詞+was/were+主語陳述句：主語+was/were+(肯定句) 否定句：主語+was

32、nt/werent+行為動詞句型（當句中的動詞為行為動詞時，要借助動詞did構成一般疑問句和否定句）肯定式：主語+動詞過去式否定式：主語+didnt+動詞原形一般疑問句：Did +主語+動詞原形特殊疑問句：Did+主語+動詞原形Unit 9 When was he born?Grammar: 一般過去時的特殊疑問句一般過去時的特殊疑問句的變法同一般現(xiàn)在時一樣，不同之處在于須將be動詞或助動詞改為過去時態(tài)，即“特殊疑問詞+were或was(第三人稱單數(shù))+主語+（表語）+其他成分”或“特殊疑問詞+助動詞did+主語+實義動詞+其他成分?！币詗hen引導的特殊疑問句，對某人的出生年月進行提問，句型

33、是：When was/wereborn? was/were born in +時間When was David beckham born? 大衛(wèi).貝克漢姆是什么時候出生的？He was born in 1975.二以how long 引導的特殊疑問句，對表示某一短時間的狀語進行提問。句型是： How long did + 主語+動詞？How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months.三When did he start hiccupping? 他什么時候開始打嗝？When +did+主語+動詞？U

34、nit 10 Im going to be a basketball player.Grammar:一般將來時 表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。1. be going to + 動詞原形 What are you going to do next Sunday?2. will/shall + 動詞原形 I will go to my hometown next week.3.be +v.ing The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow.4. be

35、 +動詞不定式 You are to be back by 10 oclock.5. be + about + 動詞不定式 The meeting is about to begin.Unit 11 Could you please clean your room?Grammar:情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞，表示說話者對某一動作的看法和態(tài)度，包括可能、懷疑、允許、愿望、必要、猜測等。Can(能、會),may( 可以),must( 必須、一定)等。情態(tài)動詞的特點：(1)情態(tài)動詞有一定詞義，但不能單獨作謂語，必須和另一個動詞原形一起構成謂語，且沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。1. I can speak English

36、. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now. (2)變否定句時，直接在情態(tài)動詞后面加not,無需加助動詞。He cant play the guitar well.He cant answer the question. You mustnt be late.(3)含有情態(tài)動詞的句子變一般疑問句時，須將情態(tài)動詞提前。Can you help me? Must I go there at once?(4)can 可表示能力、允許、可能性、懷疑猜測，意為“能，會，可以?！眂ant, 意為“不能，不會，不可以?！?，還有“不可能”之意。-Can

37、you drive? Sorry, I cant. It cant be true.(5)can 也可表示請求與邀請Can you please sweep the floor? Unit12 Whats the best radio station?Grammar:形容詞/副詞的最高級，用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之間的比較，表示在一群人或事物中，其中一個 “最”見課本p93語法the +最高級 She is the tallest of all her classmates.最高級可被序數(shù)詞以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not qui

38、te,not really, nothing like等修飾。This hat is by far the biggest.表示最高程度的形容詞，excellent, extreme, prefect等沒有最高級也不能用比較級。He is an excellent teacher.形容詞最高級間修飾做表語或介詞并與的名詞代詞是，被修飾的詞往往省略。He is the youngest (boy) in his class.Who/Which +be+最高級，A,B,or C? Who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car? t

39、he +序數(shù)詞+最高級 He is the second tallest student in our class.One of the +最高級+復數(shù)名詞 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.個完整你選擇哪個吧！單項選1、The boy likesquestions.Aask Banswer Cto ask 2、Well try there on time.Ato get Bgetting Cgot3、They hoped their mother soon. Ato see BsawCseeing4、Im glad

40、you again. Ameet Bmet Cto meet 5、He often helps memy bike.Amending Bto mend Cto mended 6、I heard Alicein the next door. AsingsBsang Csing7、The work is easy. Let him-it by himself. Ado Bto do Cdoing8、He saw Dick in and take a book away. Acame Bcoming Ccome 9、Does Jack wanta writer? Abe Bis Cto be10、T

41、he boss had them from morning to night. Aworked Bworking CWork 11、Its timehome. Ato go Bwent Cgoing 12、Tom is kind. He would likeyou. Ato helpBhelp Chelped13、Dont forget your books to school.Abring Bto bring Cbrought14、I dont know . Awhere does he live Bwhat is he doing Cwhere he lives Dwhat he is d

42、ring it15、Ask him how much . Adid it cost Bcost it Cit costed Dit costs16、I wonderused for. Awhat was this room Bwhich was this room Cwhat this room was Dthat this room was17、I really dont know .Awhere he was born Bwhere he is born Cwhere was he born Dwhere is he born 18、We have no iden- Ahow worrie

43、d was he Bhow worried he was Cthat was he worried Dwhat was he worried19、He wanted to knowthere.Ahow long time I had been Bhow long had I been Chow long I had been Dhow long I was20、My mother wants to know- .Ahow is Tom getting along Bhow he is getting along Cwhat is he getting alongDwhat he is gett

44、ing along21、What shall we do- it rains tomorrow? AifBwhen Csince22、The doctor didnt have a rest the operation was over. Abefore Bafter Cuntil23、She didnt go to the cinemashe was very busy.Awhen Buntil CBecause24、His parents didnt send their children to school life was hard. AifBwhile Cbecause25、Fini

45、sh doing your homework you go to bed. Abefore Buntil Cafter26、The film was interesting all of us wanted to see it again.Aas, asBso, that Csuch, that27、he heard a girl crying for help outside, he rushed out of the room. ABefore BAs soon as Cafter28、There arestudents in Class Onein Class Two. Aas many

46、, than Bas much, as Cmore, than Dso many, as29. I was watching TV, my sister was litening to the radio programme. AAfter BWhile CBefore30、Lets wait for him _ he _back. Auntil, will comeBuntil, came Cif, will come Duntil, comes31、Ill remember _her the letter. Agive Bgave Cto give 32、He turned on the

47、radio and stopped _to the radio.AlistenedBto listen Clistening33、He had decided_ it again.AwrittenBwriting Cto write34、Its cold. You need _ warm clothes. Ato wear Bwearing Cwore 35、Mr Black mill agree _there with you. Ato go Bwent Cwill go 36、They were able to _last year. Aswam BswimCswimming37、She

48、is pleased _her friend. Ato meet Bmet Cmeeting 38、They were sorry _ that. Ato hear BheardChearing39、He is sure _tomorrow.Ato come Bwill come Ccoming40、Teacher told us _quiet. Ais BareCto be 41、He will teach me _this year.Ato skateBskating Cskated42、They asked him _any noise.Anot making Bno make Cnot

49、 to make43、Did you hear her _the song in English last night? AsingBsangCto sing Dsings44、The students dont know_next. Ato do what Bwhat to do Cwhat do Ddo what45、The boss made them_ten hours a day.Aworked Bworking Cwork Dto work 46、Id like my good friend_to my home. Acome Bwill come Ccoming Dto come47、Will you help me _this morning? Ado the wash Bto do the wash Cdo the washing Ddoing the washing48、Id love _that film, will it be on tomorrow? Asee Bto see Cseeing Dseen49、He told them _on with the work. Ato goBgoing Cgo Dwent 50、Well try _the work b