Chapter 4 THE URINARY SYSTEM,INTRODUCTION (概述) THE KIDNEY (腎) THE URETERS (輸尿管) THE URINARY BLADDER (膀胱) THE URETHRA (尿道),A. Composition (組成) 1. Kidney (腎 ) 2. Ureter (輸尿管） 3. Urinary bladder (膀胱) 4. Urethra (尿道 ),Section 1 Introduction,B. Functions (功能) 1. To excrete the waste products (排除廢物). urea(尿素), uric acid (尿酸), some inorganic salts (無(wú)機(jī)物), water (水) 2. To regulate the composition of the internal environment (調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)環(huán)境成分). 3. To regulate the acid-base balance (調(diào)節(jié)酸堿平衡). 4. Endocrine function (kidney) (內(nèi)分泌功能).,Introduction,Section 2 The Kidney,A. External Feature (外形) 1. Extremities (端): superior & inferior 2. Surfaces (面): anterior & posterior 3. Borders (緣): 1) lateral 2) medial a. renal hilum（腎門） b. renal sinus (腎竇),The Kidney, B. Internal structure (內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)) 1. Renal cortex (腎皮質(zhì)) nephritis 腎炎 2. Renal medulla (腎髓質(zhì)) 1) renal columns (腎柱) 2) renal pyramids (腎錐體) 3) renal papillae (腎乳頭),The Kidney,3. Renal sinus (腎竇) 1) minor renal calices (calyx) (腎小盞) 2) major renal calices (腎大盞) 3) renal pelvis (腎盂) pyelitis 腎盂炎 hydronephrosis 腎盂積水 pyelblithiasis 腎盂結(jié)石,4. Renal segment (腎段),The Kidney,posterior,inferior,Ant. superior,Ant. inferior,inferior,superior,superior,C. Coverings of the Kidney (腎的被膜) 1. Fibrous capsule (纖維囊) 2. Adipose capsule (脂肪囊) renal capsule block 腎囊封閉 3. Renal fascia (腎筋膜) 1) anterior layer (前層) 2) posterior layer (后層) nephroptosia腎下垂,The Kidney,The Kidney,D. Relations of the Kidney (腎的毗鄰),Anterior,Posterior,sp,dc,st,si,li,R11,R12,ta,pm,ql,di,si,R12,The Kidney,A. Division (分部) 1. abdominal part (腹部) ureteral twist 輸尿管扭轉(zhuǎn) ureter cyst 輸尿管囊腫 2. pelvic part (盆部) 3. intramural part (壁內(nèi)部),Section 3 The Ureter,The Ureter,B. Constrictions of the Ureter (狹窄) 1. Superior (上) 2. Middle (中) crosses iliac a. (髂動(dòng)脈) 3. Inferior (下) ureterolith (ureter stone) 輸尿管結(jié)石,Section 4 The Urinary Bladder,A. Divisions (分部) 1. Apex of bladder (膀胱尖) 2. Body of bladder (膀胱體),3. Neck of bladder (膀胱頸): internal urethral sphincter (尿道內(nèi)括約肌) 4. Fundus of bladder (膀胱底),The Urinary Bladder,B. Internal structure (內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)) 1. Trigone of bladder (膀胱三角) 1) ureteric orifices (輸尿管口),2) internal urethra orifice (尿道內(nèi)口) 3) vesical uvula (膀胱垂) 2. Interureteric fold (輸尿管間襞),M,F,The Urinary Bladder,The Urinary Bladder,3. Detrusor of bladder (膀胱逼尿肌) cystoscopy 膀胱鏡檢查 cystitis 膀胱炎 cystolith (vesical calculus) 膀胱結(jié)石,Section 5 The Female Urethra