2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題12005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1(10points)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,大1家thisislargelybecause,大2家animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare大3家toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,大4家themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,大5家,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,大6家wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof大7家humansmellsevenwhentheseare大8家tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,大9家othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate大10家smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend大11家tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell大12家cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen大13家toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit大14家tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan大15家newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay大16家explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot大17家oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe大18家newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelses.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors大19家forunfamiliarandemergencysignals大20家thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.AalthoughBasCbutDwhile2.AaboveBunlike2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題2CexcludingDbesides3.AlimitedBcommittedCdedicatedDconfined4.AcatchingBignoringCmissingDtracking5.AanywayBthoughCinsteadDtherefore6.AevenifBifonlyConlyifDasif7.AdistinguishingBdiscoveringCdeterminingDdetecting8.AdilutedBdissolvedCdispersedDdiffused2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題39.AwhenBsinceCforDwhereas10.AunusualBparticularCuniqueDtypical11.AsignsBstimuliCmessagesDimpulses12.AatfirstBatallCatlargeDattimes13.AsubjectedBleftCdrawnDexposed14.AineffectiveBincompetentCinefficientDinsufficient15.AintroduceBsummon2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題4CtriggerDcreate16.AstillBalsoCotherwiseDnevertheless17.AsureBsickCawareDtired18.AtolerateBrepelCneglectDnotice19.AavailableBreliableCidentifiableDsuitable20.AsimilartoBsuchasCalongwithDasidefromSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題5Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.BrosnansandDr.deWaalsstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題621.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby_.AposingacontrastBjustifyinganassumptionCmakingacomparisonDexplainingaphenomenon22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraphl)impliesthat_.AmonkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivalsBresentingunfairnessisalsomonkeysnatureCmonkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachotherDnoanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare_.AmoreinclinedtoweighwhattheygetBattentivetoresearchersinstructionsCniceinbothappearanceandtemperamentDmoregenerousthantheirmalecompanions24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys_.AprefergrapestocucumbersBcanbetaughttoexchangethingsCwillnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheatedDareunhappywhenseparatedfromothers25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?AMonkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.BHumanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.CAnimalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.DCooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題7Text2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidntknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarthsatmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanelsreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatitsOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butitsobviousthatamajorityofthepresidentsadvisersstilldonttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwonttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat_.AtherewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeathBthenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題8CpeoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflifeDantismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas_.AaprotectorBajudgeCacriticDaguide28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,Paragraph4)?AEndlessstudieskillaction.BCarefulinvestigationrevealstruth.CPrudentplanninghindersprogress.DExtensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?AOfferaidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.BRaisepublicawarenessofconservation.CPressforfurtherscientificresearch.DTakesomelegislativemeasures.30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause_.AtheybothsufferedfromthegovernmentsnegligenceBalessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformerCtheoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformerDbothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworseText3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnightssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears；bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthem2005年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題9asjust“mentalnoise”-therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemindsemotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“Itsyourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicagosMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudontlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved；thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwrightsclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardh