Unit 9 Are Dreams as Vital as Sleep?,III Text Comprehension 3.1 Comprehension Questions 3.2 Text Analysis,Navigation Guide,I Related Information 1.1 Dream History 1.2 Types of Dream,II Difficult Points 2.1 Key Words 2.2 Key Points,Objectives,Aware some famous theories of dreams. Understanding “Dreams”: its movement.,Dream History,Dream interpretations dates back to 3000-4000 B.C. Back in the Greek and Roman era, dream interpreters accompanied military leaders into battle.,Dreams were also seen as prophetic. Dreaming can be seen as an actual place that your spirit and soul leaves every night to go and visit.,Types of Dreams,Daydream Lucid Dream Recurring Dream Nightmare,Daydream,an average of 70-120 minutes a day. a level of consciousness between sleep and wakefulness It occurs during our waking hours when we let our imagination carry us away. the meanings to your nightly dream symbols are also applicable to your daydreams.,Lucid dreaming takes place when you are in the middle of a dream and you recognize that it is a dream. recurring dream Dream that has been made for several times,II. Difficult Points,Key Words Key Points,Key Words,Psychiatrist: Specialist in study and treatment of mental illness,Neuropsychologist: Scientists who studies the relationship between the brain and nervous system and behavior.,Key Points,Muscular Tone,Key Points,Sigmund Freuds Human Mind,Sigmund Freud,6 May 1856 23 September 1939 an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient, technically referred to as an “analysand“, and a psychoanalyst. Freud redefined sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life,Pavlov(1849-1936),The Russian scientist studying the mechanisms underlying the digestive system in mammals. awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. turned to studying the laws on the formation of conditioned reflexes, a topic on which he worked until his death in 1936.,While-reading,Read the passage within twenty minutes Do exercises A, B, D,III. Text Comprehension,III. Text Comprehension,Comprehension Questions Structure Analysis,Comprehension Questions,1. What are the three basic physiological criteria for dreaming? 2. What are the amount of dream of new-born infants, adults, birds and reptiles and amphibians? 3. what are the two principal characteristics of dreaming activity? 4. When may sleepwalking occur? 5. what do you think the importance of studying dreams is? 6. What is the hypothesis directing our study?,Disappearance of muscular tone Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Characteristic brain waves,The Amount of Dream,Newborn infants: 50% Adult: 20% Birds: 0.5% Reptile and amphibian: 0,Two principal characteristics of dreaming activity,First, rapid eye movement, which we call phase phenomenon Second, the blocking of muscular tone, which is called a tonic phenomenon,Sleepwalking,Not during dream periods but in the half awake,The importance of studying dreams,To studying dreams is to study one of the brains most mysterious functions, to know an important physiological role and to define what that role is. Probably, studying dreams can also help us explain certain mental illnesses and many other things.,The hypothesis,Dreaming activity is inseparable from other activities of the nervous system. There are no separate states of waking, sleeping, dreaming.,Outline,Part I (paras 1-20) The exploration to dreams and its findings: (three basic physiological criteria for dreaming and pinpointing the centers responsible for the two principal characteristics of dreaming activity) Part II (paras 21-26) Cats in a state of hallucination Part III (paras 27-36) Dreaming can be regulated at will,Are Dreams as Vital as Sleep,Part 2 (22-26) Cat in a state of hallucination,hallucination 幻覺 blockade 封鎖 cosmic 宇宙的,What other related respects are referred after the discovery of the centers? 1. Sleepwalking 2. The influence of weightlessness on astronauts,Are Dreams as Vital as Sleep,Part 3 (27-35) dreaming can be regulated at will,precursor 先質(zhì) depriveof 剝奪 molecule 分子 instantaneous 即時的，瞬間的 deform 使變形，毀壞形狀或外觀 trituration 咀嚼,What is the hypothesis Dr. Jouvet has arrived at from the experiments? What is the limitation of this hypothesis?,Dreaming activity is inseparable from other activities of the nervous system.,It fails to explain why this function suddenly appears in the evolution of species with the bird, to be magnified in a kind of explosion with the mammals.,Are Dreams as Vital as Sleep,Part 1 (1-21),psychiatrist精神病專家，精神科醫(yī)生 biochemist 生物化學(xué)家 Freud 弗洛伊德 Pavlov 巴甫洛夫（條件反射經(jīng)典實驗） muscular tone 肌肉緊張性 electrode 電極 physiological 生理學(xué)的 neurophysiologist 神經(jīng)生理學(xué)家,whisker (long stiff hairs growing near the mouth of a cat, rat, etc) reptile (cold-blooded, egg-laying animals) amphibian (animals able to live both in land and in water) physiological 生理學(xué)的 electroencephalogram (EEG) 腦電圖