從習(xí)語中看翻譯和文化的關(guān)系以及影響文化的因素TheRelationbetweenTranslationandCulturefromtheAspectofIdiomsandtheFactorswhichInfluencetheCultureAcknowledgmentsThisthesisconcludesmypostgraduatestudyinHenanNormalUniversity.IwouldliketoexpressmysincereappreciationtotheprofessorsintheCollegeofForeignLanguage,whoseprecisenessandstrictnesssetagoodexampleformeinthefutureacademiccareer.Ifeltgratitudeespeciallygoestomysupervisor,GuoYingzhen,whoseilluminatinginstructionandendlessassistancehavegreatlyconducedtotheaccomplishmentofthisthesis.Imalsoverygratefultotheteacherswhohavetaughtmeinvariouswaysduringthecourseofmystudyforthebachelorsdegree.EspeciallyIwouldliketothankProfessorGuoYingzhenandotherprofessorsintheFaultyofForeigninstitutionwhoinspiredmealot.Lastbutnotleast,Icontributethisarticletomydearfamilyfortheirhelpduringmycollegelife.摘要翻譯是一個復(fù)雜的過程,對于文化翻譯尤其如此。一般來說,翻譯涉及語言以及文化。譯者應(yīng)該知道外國文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,譯者應(yīng)連續(xù)比較兩種文化之間的等價獲得意義。翻譯的主要任務(wù)是翻譯源語言到目標(biāo)語言。如何消除不同文化之間的語言障礙,如何傳達(dá)源語言的意義的重點到底是不同國家的人。本文說明了不同文化的影響已經(jīng)在翻譯。文能從不同的方面分析:如思維的差異,心理學(xué)的文化之間的差異,不同的宗教、環(huán)境和生活環(huán)境不同的人,等等。翻譯是一個復(fù)雜的過程,它是關(guān)于文化翻譯尤其如此。一般來說,翻譯涉及語言以及文化。譯者應(yīng)該知道外國文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,譯者應(yīng)連續(xù)比較兩種文化之間的等價獲得意義。翻譯的主要任務(wù)是翻譯源語言到目標(biāo)語言。如何消除不同文化之間的語言障礙,如何傳達(dá)源語言的意義。本文說明了不同文化的影響已經(jīng)在翻譯。文能從不同的方面分析:如思維的差異,心理學(xué)的文化之間的差異,不同的宗教、環(huán)境和生活環(huán)境不同的人,等等。關(guān)鍵字：翻譯；文化意識；文化和思維；文化差別；習(xí)語AbstractTranslationisacomplexprocess,especiallywhenwetranslatetheculturaltext.Generallyspeaking,translationinvolveslanguageaswellasculture.Atranslatorshouldknowforeigncultureaswellasthecultureofhisownpeople.Moreover,atranslatorshouldmakecontinuouscomparisonsbetweenthetwoculturesforgettingtheequivalencemeaning.ThemajortaskoftranslationistotranslatethesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguageHowtogetridofthelanguagebarrierbetweendifferentculture,howtoconveythemeaningofthesourcelanguageexactlyisthefocusofthepeopleindifferentcountries.Thisthesisillustratetheinfluencesofdifferentcultureshaveupontranslation.Wencananalysisitfromdifferentaspects:suchasthedifferenceofthinking,thepsychologyofculture,thedifferencebetweendifferentreligion,theenvironmentandlivingsurroundingsofdifferentpeople,andsoon.KeyWords:translation；theconsciousnessofculture；cultureandthinking；culturaldifference；idiomsTableofContentsAcknowledgmentsI摘要IIAbstractIIITableofContentsIVIntroduction1PARTONETHECONCEPTOFTRANSLATIONANDCULTURE21.1Theconceptoftranslation31.2Theconceptofculture5PARTTWOTHEFACTORSWHICHINFLUENCECULTURE72.1Religion72.2Thepsychologyofculture82.3Thewayofthinking92.4differentwaysoflife102.5Geographicalenvironment142.6Geographicalenvironment15PARTTHREEBETWEENCULTUREANDTRANSLATION16CONSLUSIONS18Bibliography19IntroductionThisarticlecontainstheconceptoftranslationandtheconceptofculture.Theaimoftranslationistomakingcommunication.Humanssocialdevelopmentandprocessneedtranslationandhumanssocialdevelopmentandprogressshouldmakecommunicationbetweendifferentnations,andduringtheprocessofcommunication,translationisindispensable.Translation,asanculturalphenomenon,thinkingactivity,relatedtotheeraandsocialbackgroundallinall.Translationistorenderthemeaningofatextintoanotherlanguageinthewaytheauthorintendedthetext.Translationisanartthatinvolvesthere-creationofaworkinanotherlanguageforreaderswithadifferentbackground.Cultureisaverybroadconcept,togiveitarigorousandprecisedefinitionisaverydifficultthing.Manyphilosophers,sociologists,anthropologists,historiansandlinguistshavebeentryingtodefinetheconceptofculturefromtheperspectiveoftherespectivediscipline.However,sofaritstillhasnothavearecognizedandsatisfactorydefinition.Accordingtostatistics,aboutcultureatleast,ithasmorethantwohundredkindsofdifferentdefinition.Broadlyspeaking,cultureisasocialphenomenon,whichisthecreationoftheproductsforalongtime.Butitisalsoakindofhistoricalphenomenonandisthesocialhistoryremains.Rather,culturereferstoastateornationalhistory,geography,localconditionsandcustoms,traditions,lifestyles,literatureandart,behaviorstandards,wayofthinking,values,etc.Whenwetranslatesomething,thebackgroundofthecultureandthebackgroundofhistoryshouldbeconsidered.Therelationbetweencultureandtranslationisverycloseinagreatextent.Inthiscontext,weanalysisthisproblemfromdifferentaspects:thewayofthinking,thepsychologyofthinking,andthecustomsandhabitsindifferentnations.Ifthebackgroundofcultureandhistoryisignored,thetrulymeaningofthecontextwillbelost.PARTONETHECONCEPTOFTRANSLATIONANDCULTUREOnelinguistinChinahassaid:“whatisthemostdifficultthingduringtheprocessoftranslation,itisthedifferencesbetweentwocultures.”Nidahasmentionedthistoo:“translationisthecommunicationbetweentwodifferentcultures.”Andwecannotignoretheimportanceofthebackgroundofcultureandthebackgroundofhistoryifwewanttotranslateapieceoftextwhichcontainstheinformationaboutcultureorsomethingelse.Whentranslatingsomething,masteringtheknowledgeofcultureandhistoryisindispensable.Therearetoomuchfactorswhichcaninfluencethecultureofthesourcelanguage.ZhuGuangqian,onewriterinmoderntimes,thinkstheassociatemeaningisthemostdifficultthingwhenwetranslateonelanguageintoanotherlanguage.Becauseinthedictionaryyoucannotfindthetrulymeaningunderacertaincontext.Butforliterarystudy,itisoneimportantfactoryoucannotignore.Thisrequiresustoknowthecustomandhabitofthecountrywewanttotranslatethelanguageofit.Orwewillfindwedonotknowhowtotranslatewhenwearegivenapieceoftext.Wecantakeapoemasanexample.Forexamplethepoem:靜夜思“窗前明月光，疑是地上霜。舉頭望明月。低頭思故鄉(xiāng)?！盪singEnglish,wecannotconveytheessenceofthispoemwithoutthebackgroundofoldChineseandthethoughtwhentheauthorwritethispoem.Andtherearesomanyversionsofit.Forinstance:(1)Inthestillofthenight:Idescrybrightmoonlightinfrontofmybed.Isuspectittobehoaryfrostonthefloor.Iwatchthebrightmoon,asItilebackmyhead.Yearn,whilestooping,formyhomelandmore.(2)Atranquilnight:beforemybedIseeasilverlight,Ithinkthegroundiscoveredwithhoarfrost.Raisingmyhead,Ifindthefullmoonbright；andbowingdown,inthoughtofhomeImlost.Andtherearelotsofotherversionstranslatedbyothertranslators.Nomatterwhichversion,theemotionoftheauthormustbeconsidered,ortheywillruintheessenceofthepoem.Tyler,oneanthropologistinEngland,whosebookprimitivecultureraisestheconceptofcultureanddescribesitas“cultureisakindofcomplexabilitiesandhabits,whichincludesknowledge,faith,art,moral,lawandcustom”.Thuswecanknowthewidecoverageofculture,itisacomplexsystem.Language,asacomponentofculture,reflectthephenomenonofaresourcefulculture.Translationissodifficultaslanguagereflecttheculture,whichconveystomuchculturalcontentandlimitedbyculture.Oncelanguageenteredthehumanslifeasatoolofcommunication,theproblemofculturalconnotationandtheabilityofexpresssomethingwillarise.Thisnotonlyrequiresthetranslatormastertheknowledgeofbilingualabilitybutmultilingualability,especiallytheymustknowtheconsciousnessoftwodifferentculture,religiouscultureandthegeographicfeatures,thehistoricalcustomsandtraditions,theprocessofformingculture,etc.Forthesefactors,thelanguageculturesofdifferentnationsreflecttheirownnationalfeaturesandthebackgroundofthenation.1.1TheconceptoftranslationTherearemanydifferentdefinitionsoftranslation,inTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryitmeans“toturnfromonelanguageintoanother”.Orrecreatingaccordingtheoriginaltext.WebstersThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagegivesusthedefinitionoftranslationis“toturnintoonesownoranotherlanguage”.WhilethedefinitioninColumbiaEncyclopediaisthattranslationistheartofrecomposingaworkinanotherlanguagewithoutlosingitsoriginalflavor.“Translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualinanotherlanguage.(J.C.Catford,1994)”.“Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(EugeneNida,1969)”.Translationisanoldandyoungwork,whichcomeintoexistsincetheoldtimesanditbecomessohotinmoderntimes.Translationistheneedofhumansdevelopmentandprogress.Theconceptoftranslationcanbedefinedfromtwoaspects:broadsenseandnarrowsense.Generalizedtranslationrefersto