第一篇FordAbandonsElectricVehiclesTheFordmotorcompanysabandonmentofelectriccarseffectivelysignalstheendoftheroadforthetechnology，analystssayGeneralMotors。andHondaceasedproductionofbatterypoweredcarsin1999,tofocusonfuelcellandhybridelectricgasolineengines,whicharemoreattractivetotheconsumerFordhasnowannounceditwilldothesameThreeyearsagothecompanyintroducedtheThinkCitytwoseatercarandagolfcartcalledtheTHINK,orThinkNeighborIthopedtosell5，000carseachyearand10，000cartsButalackofdemandmeansonlyaboutl，000ofthecarshavebeenproduced，andlessthan1。700cartshavebeensoldsofarin2002“Thebottomlineiswedontbelievethatthisisthefutureofenvironmenttransportforthemassmarket”TimHolmesofFordEuropesaidonFriday“Wefeelwehavegivenelectricourbestshot”TheThinkCityhasarangeofonlyabout53milesanduptoasix-hourbatteryrechargetimeGeneralMotorsEVIelectricvehiclealsohadalimitedrange。ofabout100milesTheveryexpensivebatteriesalsomeanelectriccarscostmuchmorethanpetrol-poweredalternativesAnelectricToyotRAV4EVvehiclecostsover$42，000intheUS,comparedwithjust$17，000forthepetrolversionToyotaandNissanarenowtheonlymajorautomanufacturerstoproduceelectricvehicles“ThereisafeelingthatbatteryelectrichasbeengivenitschanceFordnowhastomoveonwithitshybridprogram“，andthatiswhatwewillbejudgingthemon，”RogerHigman，aseniortransportcampaigneratUKFriendsoftheEarth，toldtheEnvironmentNewsServiceHybridcarsintroducedbyToyotaandHondainthepastfewyearshavesoldwellHybridenginesOfferGreatermileagethanpetrolonlyengines,andthebatteriesrechargethemselves.Fordsaysitthinkssuchvehicleswillhelpitmeetplannednewguidelines“onvehicleemissions”intheU.S.However,itisnotyetclearexactlywhatthoseguidelineswillpermitInJune，GeneralMotorsandDaimlerChryslerwonacourtinjunction，delayingbytwoyearsCalifornianlegislationrequiringcarmakerstooffer100，000zero-emissionandotherlowemissionvehiclesinthestateby2003Carmanufacturershopethelegislationwillberewrittentoallowformorelow-emission，ratherthanzeroemission，vehicles1WhathavetheFordmotorcompanyGeneralMotorsandHondadoneconcerningelectriccars?A)TheyhavestartedtoproduceelectriccarsB)TheyhavedoneextensiveresearchonelectricCarsCTheyhavegivenupproducingelectriccarsD)TheyhaveproducedthousandsofelectricCars2AccordingtoTimHolmesofFordEurope，battery-poweredcarsA)willbethemaintransportationvehiclesinthefutureB)willnotbethemaintransportationvehiclesinthefutureC)willbegoodtotheenvironmentinthefutureD)willreplacepetrolpoweredvehiclesinthefuture3.Whichautomanufacturersarestillproducingelectricvehicles?A)ToyotaandNissanB)GeneralMotorsandHondaC)FordandToyotaD)HondaandToyota4Accordingtotheeighthparagraph，hybridcarsA)offerfewermileagethanpetroldrivencarsB)runfasterthanpetroldrivencarsC)runmoremilesthanpetroldrivencarsD)offermorebatteriesthanpetroldrivencars5Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthehopeofcarmanufacturersaccordingtothelastparagraph?A)Low-emissioncarsshouldbebannedB)Onlyzero-emissioncarsareallowedtorunonmotorwaysC)ThelegislationwillencouragecarmakerstoproducemoreelectriccarsD)Thelegislationwillallowmore10wemissiontobeproduced2011年新增第二篇WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeakaDecadeEarlierThanSomePredictInafindingthatmayspeedeffortstoconserveoil,scientistsinKuwaitpredictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014.ThispredictionisalmostadecadeearlierthansomeotherpredictionsTheirstudyisinACSEnergyFuels1IbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthatrapidgrowthinglobaloilconsumptionhassparkedagrowinginterestinpredictingpeakoilPeakoilisthepointwhereoilproductionreachesamaximumandthendeclines.Scientistshavedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispoint,andsomeputthedateat2020orlater.OneofthemostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbertmodel2.Itassumesthatglobaloilproductionwillfollowabellshapedcurve3.Arelatedconceptisthat4ofPeakOil.ThetermPealOilindicatesthemomentinwhichworldwideproductionWillpeak,afterwardstostartonirreversibledeclineTheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoilproductionwouldpeakintheUnitedStatesin1970.ThemodelhassincegainedinpopularityandhasbeenusedtoforecastoilproductionworldwideHowever,recentstudiesshowthatthemodelisinsufficienttoaccountfor5morecomplexoilproductioncyclesofsomecountriesThosecyclescanbeheavilyinfluencedbytechnologychanges,politics,andotherfactors,thescientistssay.ThenewstudydescribesdevelopmentofanewversionoftheHubbertmodelthatprovidesamorerealisticandaccurateoilproductionforecastUsingthenewmodel,thescientistsevaluatedtheoilproductiontrendsof47majoroil-producingcountries,whichsupplymostoftheworldsconventionalcrudeoil6Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2014,yearsearlierthananticipated.Thescientistsalsoshowedthattheworldsoilreserves7arebeingreducedatarateof2.1percentayear.Thenewmodelcouldhelpinformenergy-relateddecisionsandpublicpolicydebate,theysuggest.詞匯：Conservev保護(hù)，保存crudeoil原油sparkv閃耀；激發(fā)；鼓舞curven曲線irreversibleadj不可逆的，不可改變的insufficientadj.充分的，不足的注釋：1ACSEnergy&Fuels：ACS是AmericanChemicalSociety(美國(guó)化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì))的縮寫(xiě)。該學(xué)會(huì)成立于l876年，現(xiàn)已成為世界最大的科技協(xié)會(huì)。多年來(lái)，ACS一直致力于為全球化學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)及個(gè)人提供高品質(zhì)的文獻(xiàn)資訊及服務(wù)。ACS出版的期刊有34種，這些期刊在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中是被引用次數(shù)最多的化學(xué)期刊，EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2theHubbertmodel：赫伯特模型是美國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)家MKingHubbert于1956年創(chuàng)建的，這是一個(gè)隨時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)的模型，Hubbert將其引入油氣田開(kāi)發(fā)，經(jīng)推導(dǎo)使其成為一個(gè)可以預(yù)測(cè)油氣田累積產(chǎn)量、瞬時(shí)產(chǎn)量、年產(chǎn)量和可采儲(chǔ)量等多項(xiàng)開(kāi)發(fā)指標(biāo)的多功能預(yù)測(cè)模型。3abellshapedcurve：鐘形曲線4thatofpeakoil：that指代concept。5accountfor：說(shuō)明，解釋6conventionalcrudeoil：常規(guī)原油7oilreserves：石油儲(chǔ)量。通常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式reserves。練習(xí)：1Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothewordsparkedappearinginparagraph2?AflashedBstimulatedCchangedDended2Thetermabellshapedcurveappearinginparagraph2indicatesthatglobaloilproductionwillAtaketheshapeofaflatcurveBkeepgrowingCkeepdecliningDstarttodeclineafterglobaloilproductionpeaks3WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheHubbertmodel?AItsuccessfullypredictedthatoilproductionpeakedintheUSinl970BIthasbeenusedtopredictoilproductioninmanycountriesCItisinsufficienttoexplainoilproductioncyclesinsomecountriesDItprovidesaveryrealisticandaccurateoilproduction4Whatisthemajorachievementofthenewstudymentionedinthelastparagraph?AItpredictsglobaloilproductionwillpeakin2014BItpredictsoilproductionwilldeclinein47countriesCItconfirmsfurthertheeffectivenessoftheHubbertmodelDItdiscoversanewtrendofWorldwideoilproduction5WhodevelopthenewversionoftheHubbertmodel?AAmericanscientistsBKuwaitiscientistsCBritishscientistsDScientistsof47majoroil-producingcountries答案與題解：1Bspark一詞做及物動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)有發(fā)動(dòng)、激發(fā)的意思，在此意為stimulated，即引發(fā)，這個(gè)句子的意思是：全球石油消費(fèi)的快速增長(zhǎng)已引發(fā)了對(duì)石油峰值預(yù)測(cè)的興趣。2D此句接下來(lái)的句子中所提到的arelatedconcept即是與abellshapedcurve相關(guān)的概念，也就是說(shuō)，接下來(lái)的這個(gè)句子對(duì)abellshapedcurve做了解釋，即世界石油生產(chǎn)達(dá)到最大峰值后將下降。3D文章的第三段告訴我們，Hubbert預(yù)測(cè)模型精確地預(yù)測(cè)到美國(guó)石油生產(chǎn)于1970年將達(dá)到峰值。這一模型自受到公認(rèn)后，已用于預(yù)測(cè)世界石油生產(chǎn)。第四段說(shuō)，這一模型對(duì)于某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期而言，其計(jì)算尚不充分。這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)的改變、政策和其他因素的很大影響。所以，A、B和C都是對(duì)Hubbert模型的正確說(shuō)明。4A選項(xiàng)8、C和D所述內(nèi)容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家使用新的模型評(píng)估了47個(gè)主要的產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，并預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油生產(chǎn)到2014年將達(dá)最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5B短文第一段的第一個(gè)句子提供了答案。第3篇CitizenScientistsUnderstandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoringkeylifecycle1events-flowering,theappearanceofleaves,thefirstfrogcallsofthespring-allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscantbeeverywheresotheyreturningtonon-scientists,sometimescalledcitizenscientists,forhelp.Climatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomanyplacesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststoobserveallofthem,theyreaskingforyourhelpinobservingsignsofclimatechangeacrosstheworld.Thecitizenscientistmovementencouragesordinarypeopletoobserveaveryspecificresearchinterest-birds,trees,flowersbudding,etc.-andsendtheirobservationstoagiantdatabasetobeobservedbyprofessionalscientists.Thishelpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountofdatathattheywouldneverbeabletogatherontheirown.Muchlikecitizenjournalistshelpinglargepublicationscoverahyper-localbeat2,citizenscientistsarereadyfortheconditionswheretheylive.Allthatsneededtobecomeoneisafewminuteseachdayoreachweektogatherdataandsendit3in.AgroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyearcalledtheNationalPheonology4Network.Phenologyiswhatscientistscallthestudyofthetimingofeventsinnature.Oneofthegroupsfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon-scientistsaliketocollectdataaboutplantfloweringandleafingeveryyear.Theprogram,calledProjectBudBurst,collectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrosstheUnitedStates.Peopleparticipatingintheproject-whichisopentoeveryone-recordtheirobservationsontheProjectBudBurstwebsite.Peopledonthavetobeplantexperts-theyjusthavetolookaroundandseewhatsintheirneighborhood,saysJenniferSchwartz,aneducationconsultantwiththeproject.Aswecollectthisdata,wellbeabletomakeanestimateofhowplantsandeommunities5ofplantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimatechanges.詞匯：Frogn.蛙Ecologistn.生態(tài)學(xué)家Phenologyn.物候?qū)WBudv.發(fā)芽，萌芽；n.芽，花蕾Neighbor(u)rhoodn.近鄰；鄰近地區(qū)Databasen.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)Professionaladj.專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的；n.職業(yè)選手，專業(yè)人員注釋：1.lifecycle：生命周期，即生物發(fā)展過(guò)程的系列變化。2.hyper-localbeat:beat在此做名詞用，意思是：某類新聞報(bào)道，如，abusinessbeat；商業(yè)專題報(bào)道。這是近年來(lái)出現(xiàn)的新詞。Hyper-localbeat即hyper-localnews，指的是被傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)或居民居住區(qū)里發(fā)生的相關(guān)信息報(bào)道。在美國(guó)由此而誕生了hyper-localnewswebsite，專門(mén)對(duì)主流媒體所沒(méi)有覆蓋的地區(qū)所發(fā)生的事件進(jìn)行報(bào)道，其形式多以網(wǎng)民，即短文中所提及的citizenjournalists，上傳所在社區(qū)發(fā)生的事件報(bào)道、照片或視頻為主。這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代產(chǎn)生的又一新生事物。3.data是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常用做單數(shù)，所以這里的代詞是it。另參見(jiàn)最后一段“Aswecollectthisdata,.”。這里的data也用作單數(shù)。4.phenology：物候?qū)W或生物氣候?qū)W，是氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學(xué)的邊緣學(xué)科，主要研究氣候環(huán)境對(duì)生物的影響。5.communities：生態(tài)學(xué)詞匯：生物群落，記載比較相似的環(huán)境條件下在特定自然區(qū)域或環(huán)境中生活和互相影響的一群植物和動(dòng)物。練習(xí)：1.Ecologiststurntonon-scientistcitizensforhelpbecausetheyneedthemA)toprovidetheirpersonallifecycles.B)toobservethelifecycleofplants.C)tocollectdataofthelifecycleoflivin