FastReading SkimmingandScanning P77andP112 BookII 110wpm slowreader 240wpm oralreader 400wpm auditory聽覺的reader 1000wpm visualreader Fastreadinginvolvesthreemajorareas prehension 2 recognitionofnewwordsand3 flexibility靈活性inreadingspeed Thebestwaytoimproveyourfastreadingabilityis ofcourse toread Trainingthevisualsysteminconjunctionwithanalysis criticismandsynthesis綜合分析isthekeytoreadingimprovement Efficientreadingrequirestheuseofvariousproblem solvingskills suchasskimming略讀readingandscanning快讀reading detailedreadingandguessingunknownwordsandsoon Skimming Skimming understandingthemainideaofthematerialpartialreadingusedforlightreadingorreviewingfastestspeedComparatively相對的 比較的lowerlevelofcomprehensionselectivelyomittingpartsofthematerialrememberingasmanydetailsaspossible Howtoskim Readthefirstoneortwoparagraphs usu Entirely完全地 soastogetanoverallpictureofthematerial introduction Readthekeysentences usu thefirstandthelast oftheparagraphsinthemiddle whiledoingthis trytoremembersomeimportantwordsrelatedtothetopic Readtheconcludingparagraphs usu entirely soastofindtheconclusion summary Introductionoftopic subjectmatter writingpurpose etc Illustration supportingdetails conclusionthatechoestheintroduction Usetheskillofrecognizingtypesofparagraphsinordertosavetimewhensummarizingthemainideaefficiently Ifthemainideaisnotsummarizedinanyonesentence trytodetectitfromseveralsentences Takeadvantageoftypographical印刷上 排字上details suchbolded facedwords italicizedwords titlesandsubtitles footnotes etc Payattentiontowordsandphraseswhichindicatelogicalrelationship邏輯關系inthecontext e g Adversativeconjunctions轉折連詞andcoordinatingconjunctions并列連詞 SkimmingExercises Theconceptofanationalparkdiffersfromnationtonation InAustralia theUnitedStatesandJapanthelandinnationalparksisgovernment ownedandthemanagementoftheseparksisdecidedbygovernmentpolicy Activitiessuchashousingorindustrywithintheparksarediscouraged InBritain nationalparksarequitedifferent ParkssuchastheLakeDistrict DartMoorandExmoreincludetownsandvillageswherelargenumbersofpeoplelive Muchofthelandinthesenationalparksisprivatelyowned buttherearestrictcontrolsonitsuse andontheappearanceofthelandscapeandbuildings someofwhich includingwholevillages areheritageitems ThisstyleofnationalparkiswellsuitedtothescenicareasofBritainwherehumaninfluencessuchashouses farmsandfieldsarepartofthebeauty andcombinewithnaturalscenerytoproduceanoverallattractiveness InAfricaandSouthernAsia largenationalparkshavebeensetuptopreserveanimalsinparticular Thelandwithinthesenationalparksisownedbythegovernment buttherearemanyprivatedevelopments suchashotelsandshops forthevisitorswhocometoseetheanimals Thispassagemainlydiscusses a Thepurposeofnationalparksb Nationalparksindifferentnationsc Thelocationsofnationalparksd Theconceptofnationalparks Para 1 theconceptofanationalparkdiffersfromnationtonation Para 1 Australia theUnitedStatesandJapanPara 2 BritainPara 3 AfricaandSouthernAsia Theaveragehumanspends1 3ofhisorherlifetimesleeping Imaginehowmuchpeoplecouldaccomplishiftheyspentlesstimesleeping Formanyhighschoolstudents gettingenoughrestisnotapriority ANationalSleepFoundationsurveyconfirmsthatteensarestayinguptoolateatnight usuallygetting7hoursofsleepinsteadoftherecommended9hours Althoughteenagers internalclocksarepartiallytoblamefornotsleepingearlier manystudentslosesleepbecauseofschool Schoolsshouldallowstudentsampletimeforsleep takingjobs sports andotherextracurricularactivitiesintoconsideration Studentswhoareextremelybusyandlosesleepasaresultshouldnothavetodroptheiractivitiesinordertogetmorerest Withcollegesbecomingincreasinglycompetitive itisunreasonableforstudentstobeforcedtochoosebetweensleepingandexcelling Thewriterisconcernedabout a sleeptimeoftheaveragehumanb thepriorityofsleepc teenagers internalclocksd teensandtheirsleep Para 1 highschoolstudents teens teenagers sleeping sleepPara 2 Schoolsshouldallowstudentsmuchtimeforsleep Para 3 Studentsshouldhaveenoughsleepandexcelatthesametime ThetemperatureoftheSunisover5 000degreesFahrenheitatthesurface butitrisestoperhapsmorethan16milliondegreesatthecenter TheSunissomuchhotterthantheEarththatmattercanexistonlyasagas exceptatthecore InthecoreoftheSun thepressuresaresogreatagainstthegasesthat despitethehightemperature theremaybeasolidcore However noonereallyknows sincethecenteroftheSuncanneverbedirectlyobserved SolarastronomersdoknowthattheSunisdividedintofivelayersorzones StartingattheoutsideandgoingdownintotheSun thezonesarethecorona chromosphere photosphere convectionzone andfinallythecore ThefirstthreezonesareregardedastheSun satmosphere ButsincetheSunhasnosolidsurface itishardtotellwheretheatmosphereendsandthemainbodyoftheSunbegins Thesecondparagraphmainlydealswith a thedivisionbetweenatmosphereandtheSun smainbodyb thestudyoftheatmospherec thestudyofthesund thestructureoftheSun Para 1 ThetemperatureoftheSunPara 2 theSunisdividedintofivelayersorzones Stutteringiscausedbypoorconnectionsbetweentwoareasinthelefthemisphereofthebrain Germanresearcherssaidrecently Althoughscientistsknewthatstuttering theinvoluntaryrepetitionofconsonants soundsorwords hadageneticlink howandwhyitoccurshasremainedamystery Germanscientists usingmagneticresonance 共振 imaging MRI tolookintothebrainsofpeoplewhostutter haveuncoverednewclues Fibersbetweenthespeechareaandlanguageplanningareaofthebrainseemtobedisrupted saidDr ChristianBusheloftheUniversityofHamburg Thedisturbedtiminginthespeech relatedareasinthebraincausesthedifficultythatusuallybeginsbetweentheagesofthreeandfiveandaffectsupto7percentofchildrenandonepercentofadult Thislastparagraphmainlydiscusses a whatstutteringisb causesofstutteringc solutiontostutteringd peopleliabletostuttering Para 1 IntroducingthatGermanresearchers recentfindingsaboutthecauseofstuttering Para 2 researchquestionsParas 3 4 detailsoftheirfindings 21 可編輯 Scanning Scanning UsedforlookingforspecificinformationPurposefulnessAccuracy Howtoscan keepinmindexactlywhatitisyouaresearchingfor letyoureyesrunrapidlyoverseverallinesofprintatatime payattentiontothewordingoftheinformationthatmaybedifferentfromthewordingofwhatyouwant wordclassandwordassociation Ifthematerialisfamiliarorrelativelybrief youmaybeabletoscantheentirebodyofthetextinasinglesearch Ifthematerialislengthyordifficult apreliminary準備 開始skimmingtofindthepartofthetextinwhichtoscanforparticularinformationwillbemorehelpful ScanningExercises ScanningExercise1 EyeMovements Readacrosstheline fromlefttoright asfastasyoucanandcirclethewordsthatarethesameastheunderlinedword fatfarfatfatherfuturespeakspellspokespeaksspeakherehearheardherehimtelephonetalktelephonetypetalkfiftyfifteenfiftyfivefourChinaChinesechairChinacamepeoplepersonpeopleprivatepullterribletelltypetypicalpencilhandsomehandhandlehandsomehurtstreetstrongstopstarestreet ScanningExercise2 Scanningforinformation HereisaTableofContentsfromabeginner sbookinEnglishasaSecondLanguage Lookatitandanswerthequestions Whatunittellsyouaboutmeat fruitandvegetables Whatunittellsyouabouthats coatsanddresses Whatunittellsyouabouttelevisions calculatorsandcars Whatunittellsyouaboutbrothers sistersandcousins WhatunittellsyouaboutJanuary FebruaryandMarch TableofContentsUnit1SayHello 3Unit2TheClothesYouWear 12Unit3TheJobsYouDo 24Unit4TheFoodsYouEat 38Unit5ThePeopleinYourFamily 44Unit6TheRoomsinYourHouse 60Unit7TheDaysoftheWeek 68Unit8TheWeather 74Unit9ThePlacesYouGo 83Unit10TheMachinesYouUse 92Unit11TheSortsYouPlay 104Unit12ThePartsofBody 114 ScanningExercise3 Scanningforinformation Lookoverthebusschedulequickly andthenanswerthequestions 1 ThefirstbusfromYorktown Departingtimeis a 11 00a m b 4 00p m c 6 00a m 2 ThebustripfromYorktowntoBoxfordis a twohoursb onehourc threehours3 ThefirstbusfromBoxfordtoYorktownisat a 1 20p m b 8 30a m c 6 00a m 4 Thereare morningbustripstoBoxford a oneb twoc three5 Thepriceofaone wayticketfromBoxfordtoYorktownis a 5 00b 10 00c 15 00BusScheduleHudsonBusCompanyYORKTOWN BOXFORDTIMEOFTIMEOFDEPARTINGDEPARTUREARRIVINGARRIVALYOURTOWN6 00a m BOXFORD8 00a m BOXFORD8 30a m YORKTOWN10 30a m YORKTOWN11 00a m BOXFORD1 00p m BOXFORD1 30p m YORKTOWN3 30p m YORKTOWN4 00p m BOXFORD6 00p m Skimmingvs Scanning Findingawordinthedictionary Locatingacertainstreetortownonamap Findingacertaintrain sdeparturetimeinatraintimetable Lookingfornewsofaspecificathlete meeting ortrafficaccidentinthenewspaper Findingthesubject author ortitleyouwantinthelibrary scardcatalogorontheshelf Locatinginformationinabookindexortableofcontents Rereadingmaterialyouhavealreadystudied Lookingoverandsortoutyourmail Flippingthroughanewbookormagazine Keepinginformedinageneralwayaboutthenews Skimming generalScanning specific SpeedReading VisualSpan Thevisualspan視覺廣度orattentionwindowistheareathatthebrainhasselectedtoanalyzewithfulldetailduringafixation 注視Theeyeshavethecapacitytoperceive看見withsufficientdetailtextinanareaofroughly30characterswideby10lineshigh Howeverasreadingisnotonlyseeing thislargespancannotbeexploited開發(fā) Fortheaveragereadervisualspancorrespondstooneword whileforthegoodreaderitisaboutfivewordsatatime Groupingwords Mostpeoplereadonewordatatime sayingthewordtothemselves Thisisaslowwayofdoingthetask especiallywhenyourmindiscapableofprocessinginformationatamuchhigherrate LookatgroupsofwordsOneoftheprimarytricksinspeed readingistolookatphrasesandgroupsofwordsinsteadofindividualwords Insteadofreadingword by word youreadinchunks大量的ofinformation Youdon thavetosaythewordtounderstandwhatitmeans Thedogisgoingtothestoretoeatbacon Thedogisgoingtothestoretoeatbacon Bybreakingthissentencedowninthoselocations youcanreaditmuchfastersinceyouonlyhavetostopandprocessfivetimes withchunking asopposedtotentimes word by word PracticewithnewspaperTryreadingseveralwords aphrase orevenasentenceatatime Agoodwaytopracticethisistoreadnewspaperarticlesbyscanningdownthecolumn專欄 列 digestingallthewordsacross insteadofreadingeachwordatatime Anewspapercolumnusuallyhas4or5wordsperline andyoushouldbeabletoprocessallofthematonce Thismethodisoneofthebestforgettingusedtoreadingphasesinsteadofwords Justpracticingreadingthiswayshouldnoticeablyincreaseyourspeed BritishGasisatyourserviceallwinter Theweatherforecastsaysthatcoldweatheriscoming Afalloffivedegreescentigradecancausea20 increaseintheuseofgas sotheengineersatBritishGassentouttheweatherinformationtotheircompressorstation Thelocalworkersturnonthejetengines whichincreasetheflowofgasthroughthepipelines So withplanningandtheskillsofitsengineeringforce BritishGasmeetsthechangingdemandsthattheBritishclimatemakes Partsofthecountrymaybecutoffbysnow butthegasneverfails BritishGasis atyourservice allwinter Theweatherforecastsays thatcoldweatheriscoming Afalloffivedegreescentigrade cancausea20 increase intheuseofgas sotheengineersatBritishGas sentouttheweatherinformation totheircompressorstation Thelocalworkers turnonthejetengines whichincreasetheflowofgas throughthepipelines So withplanningandtheskills ofitsengineeringforce BritishGasmeets thechangingdemands thattheBritishclimatemakes Partsofthecountry maybecutoffbysnow butthegasn