.,初中英語基礎(chǔ)語法,.,一、詞類,名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞,.,1.名詞,名詞(n.)：表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.,.,1.1名詞的分類,英語名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。1）專有名詞:是國名、地名、人名、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如：Beijing,Tom,thePeoplesRepublicofChina(中華人民共和國),.,1.1名詞的分類,2）普通名詞：是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞。如：pupil,family,man,foot,sadness,hope,friendship,.,1.1名詞的分類,普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞:是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞如:box,child,orange；不可數(shù)名詞：是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water,news,oil,population,information.,.,1.2名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化,1.可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)：規(guī)則變化/不規(guī)則變化（1）規(guī)則變化形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。,.,1)一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps,book-books,truth-truths,.,2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esbus-buses,class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes,.,3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities,baby-babies,.,練一練,lemon-_beach-_class-_fox-_library-_butterfly-_baby-_day-_pencil-_watch-_,lemons,beaches,classes,foxes,libraries,butterflies,babies,watches,days,pencils,.,survey-subway-apartment-identity-parcel-fee-track-,surveys,subways,apartments,identities,parcels,fees,tracks,.,1.-CanIhelpyou?-Three_(doll),please.2.Ilike_(strawberry)becausetheyaresweetandjuicy.3.Idontlike_(fly)becausetheyareuglyanddirty.4.Theycomefromdifferent_(country).,dolls,strawberries,flies,countries,.,4)以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞一般變-f或-fe為v再加-esleaf-leavesthief-thievesknife-kniveswife-wiveshalf-halves,.,5)有些以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞直接加-schief-chiefsroof-roofs,.,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,radio-radios,zoo-zoos,.,6)以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-es，以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-spotato-potatoestomato-tomatoesradio-radios,zoo-zoos*piano-pianosphoto-photos,.,一般情況在詞尾加-s,map-maps,book-books,truth-truths,以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es,bus-buses,class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes,以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es,party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities,baby-babies,以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞一般變-f或-fe為v再加-es,leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves,有些以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞直接加-s,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-es，以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,piano-pianos,radio-radios,zoo-zoos,.,綜合挑戰(zhàn)，你敢接嗎？planebrushchurchpianoshelfthiefradiosubwaytomatophotooxherolaundry,s,es,es,s,-shelves,-thieves,s,s,es,s,es,es,-laundries,.,游戲規(guī)則：1.游戲分為必答題和搶答題，答題者舉手示意。2.最先舉手者獲得答題權(quán)，答對該組加一分，答錯(cuò)不扣分，兩輪答題結(jié)束后，得分最高組獲勝。3.獲勝組可要求其他組的任意兩人課后準(zhǔn)備英語繞口令或笑話，下節(jié)課當(dāng)眾講給大家聽。4.答題者在答題前需說：Iam./Mynameis.,.,要求：不得翻閱筆記，各組互相監(jiān)督，發(fā)現(xiàn)一次扣1分。答題者一旦說出可，不得更改，更改無效！必答題：每組輪流答題，限時(shí)5秒。答不上來則下一組回答，答對組加分。示范：cat-cats答題者說出名詞復(fù)數(shù)后要拼寫正確，否則不計(jì)分,.,需要記分員和主持人一名要求：1.記分員和主持人要本著公平公正的原則，不得有人和私心，其他組成員發(fā)現(xiàn)有不公平現(xiàn)象，經(jīng)大家同意，給記分員和主持人所在組減分。2.記分員和主持人若想?yún)⑴c游戲，可與本組人員交換,.,bus,buses,.,potato,potatoes,.,boy,boys,.,family,families,.,zoo,zoos,.,country,countries,.,watch,watches,.,tomato,tomatoes,.,chief,chiefs,.,knife,knives,.,city,cities,.,brush,brushes,.,radio,radios,.,potato,potatoes,.,roof,roofs,.,shelf,shelves,.,strawberry,strawberries,.,leaf,leaves,.,I,we,.,his,them,.,eraser,erasers,.,hero,heroes,.,dish,dishes,.,day,days,.,搶答題：答題者舉手示意，最先舉手者獲得答題權(quán)，有擾亂秩序現(xiàn)象記分員可酌情減分！注：單詞前有+的，答題者說出單詞意思，加0.5分。,.,+puppy,puppies,.,+ox,oxes,.,story,stories,.,+wolf,wolves,.,+fly,flies,.,+diary,diaries,.,+item,items,.,+highway,highways,.,+beach,beaches,.,+overcoat,overcoats,.,student,students,.,+curtain,curtains,.,piano,pianos,.,peach,peaches,.,答題者能準(zhǔn)確說出句子意思，可加1分,.,LilyandLucyaremy_(classmate).,classmates,.,Howmany_(subway)arethereinShenZhen?,subways,.,The_(leaf)turngreeninspring.,leaves,.,Thereare_(photo)onthewall.Theyareverybeautiful.,photos,.,1.2名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化,（2）不規(guī)則變化形式1）單復(fù)數(shù)同形：,sheep-sheep,fish-fish,Chinese,Japanese,.,fish-fishes,fish（不可數(shù)）,fish-fish,.,2)元音字母oo變?yōu)閑e,tooth,-teeth,foot,-feet,.,3)變man為men,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen,.,4)其他形式,child,mouse,-mice,-children,.,.,注意：1.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)異義,glass,glasses,paper,papers,.,2.有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,clothes,trousers,.,不可數(shù)名詞,water,rice,bread,.,注：不可數(shù)名詞要表示數(shù)量，需借助量詞一瓶水：一碗米飯：一杯咖啡：,abottleofwater,abowlofrice,acupofcoffee,.,man_woman_chi