Bevelgearofthelatestdevelopmentsinmeasurementtechnology1OverviewBevelgeardrivemechanisminthecar,helicopter,machinetoolsandelectrictoolsmanufacturingindustry,hasbeenwidelyused.Theuseofdifferentperformanceofthebevelgearsarealsodifferentqualityrequirements,canbesummarizedincluding:agoodcontactarea,canbeareliabletorquetransmissionpower；goodmatchgeometry,asmoothtransferofthemovement,inordertoensureuniformload,transmissionsmooth,vibrationsmall,noiselow.Factoriesareusuallysmalldevicesanddual-spotdetectionofrollingcontacttestertocontrolthequalityofbevelgear,butinrealityitisverydifficulttodetermineaccuratelytheperformanceofthebevelgear.Bevelgearandtheprecisionofmeasurementofcylindricalgearssimilar,cangenerallybeclassifiedintothreetypes:CoordinateGeometryAnalysisofmeasurementtype.Thatis,thebevelgearasageometricentity,itsgeometricelements,respectively,thegeometricprecisionofindividualmeasurements；GearMeasuringCenteristhemainmeasuringinstruments.Comprehensiveengagementmeasurementaccuracy.Thatis,thebevelgeartransmissionasacomponent,theaccuracyoftheirtransmission,contactspots,acomprehensivemeasurementofthevibrationnoise.Themeasuringinstrumentsaremainlyone-sidedmeshingbevelgeartester,bevelgearmeshingtwo-sidedbevelgearmeasuringandinspectionmachinerolling.BevelGeartheoverallmeasurementerror.Itwillbevelgeartransmissionasafunctionfortherealizationofthegeometricentities,orbycoordinatemeasuringmethodinaccordancewiththegeometricprecisionofasinglemeasurementtomeasuretheoverallerrorofbevelgears,bevelgearstoachieveasingletransmissionerrorandthegeometricprecisionoftheintrinsiclinkbetweenthequalityoftheanalysis；orbymatingsinglemeasurement,theuseofmeshpointscanmeasurementofbevelgearsfortheoverallerrorofmeasurement,hasbeenintegratedbevelgearmovementaccuracy,contactspots,aswellasthegeometricprecisionoftheindividual.Therefore,theoverallerrorofmeasurementofbevelgearisameasurementofthefirsttwomethodsofintegrationanddevelopment.Withthecoordinatemeasuringtechnology,computercontrolandmeasurementtechnology,inrecentyears,theoverallerrorofmeasurementofbevelgeartechnologyresearchdevelopmentsoon.GearMeasuringCenterasaresultofmulti-cylindercoordinates,suchasmulti-functionmeasurementinstrumentperformance,data-processingcapacity,bevelgear-typecoordinatesofanalyticgeometrymeasurementtechnology,hasbeenthedevelopmentofasinglegeometricerrorofmeasurementtotheoverallerrorofmeasurementofbevelgear,improvedconegeardesign,processing,qualitytestingtodeterminetheaccuracyandtheuseoftheforecastperformanceofthebevelgear,suchasthelevelofmanufacturingtechnology.ByChinasowndevelopment,basedonthecontrolpointmovement-geometricmeasurementprincipleononesideofthebevelgearmeshingpointscanningtechnologyandtechnologydevelopmentbasedontheoverallerrorofthebevelgearmeasuringinstrument,itismoretowardstheproductionofthefirstline,sothatChinaBevelGearmeasurementtheory,thepracticalapplicationofmeasurementtechnologyhasbeenfurtherimprovedanddeveloped.2.themainbevelgearprecisionmeasurementmethodandapparatus2.1Coordinate-stylegeometricmeasurementandanalysisequipmentMachineryExhibitionintoastraightbevelgear-typecoordinatemeasuringinstrumentthereearlierproductstorepresentedKP42-type,butthecomplexstructureofhighaccuracy.Since1990,bothbeforeandafter,CNCGearMeasuringCentertothemarket,coordinatesarcbevelgear-typegeometryofmeasurementerroristherapiddevelopmentandpopularizationandapplication.Todaysmarket,GearMeasuringCenterfromabroad,whetheritisKlingbergGermanysP63,ortheUnitedStatesGleason/martheGMX275,M&MsSigma3,havebeenmeasuredwiththefunctionofbevelgear.TheseinstrumentshavereachedVDI/VDElevelprovidedaspacemeasuringuncertaintyformorethan2microns；bevelgearonthegeometricerrorofasingletest,suchaspitchdeviation(includingsinglepitchdeviation,thecumulativepitchdeviation,totalcumulativepitchdeviation),toothprofiledeviations(includingatotaldeviationoftoothprofile,theshapeoftoothprofileerror,toothprofiletiltdeviation)andteethtotheerror(includingtheteethtothetotaldeviation,deviationoftheshapeofteethtotheteethtotiltdeviation)andoutputdeviationofthree-dimensionalshapeoftoothsurfacemorphologymap.2.2Integratedsingle-sidedmeshrollingtestmeasurementmethodandapparatusSingle-sidedbevelgearmeshingscrolldetectionmethodshavebeenusedinproductionformanyyears.N0.513GleasonintheUnitedStatesrollingtestmachineasanexample,inthemeasuredsingle-sidedbevelgearpairmeshing,thesimulationofitswork,andtoacertaindegreeofspeedandload,adjusttheV/H,forcoloredcontactarea(spot)testingtodeterminethebevelgearpairundertestcontactconditions；throughtheuseofaccelerationsensors,pickupofvibrationandnoisemeasuredonthetoothscanfrequencyharmonicdetection.Thismethodisquasi-dynamicmeasurementmethod,whichbevelgearfortheaccuracyofdetectionisfarfromcompleteoraccurateenough.Opticalencoderusedasthebasepointofview,tocutbevelgearsfortheaccuracyofdetectionoftheintegratedsingle-sidedmeshingbevelgeartester,suchasGermanysKlingbergPSKE900,becauseasingletestitems,inparticular,itisdifficultforthebasisoftestresultsBevelGearMachineparametersadjustedtogiveguidance,toimproveprocessingqualitybevelgears.Lesscost-effectiveandthereforenotmuchusedinproduction.Gleasonhasintroducedinrecentyears,thePhoenix500HCTCNCbevelgearinspectionmachineisrollingwitharollingtestatthesametimeandone-sidedmatingtestermeasurementfunction,measurementofboththetangentialbevelgearintegratederror,whilethenumberofmeasuringconegearcontactarea,three-dimensionalstructureofthenoiseanalysis.Theadvancedmodels,suchproductsrepresentthecontemporarylevelofdevelopment,althoughexpensive,butthereareindividualusersathome.KlingbergalsosimilarGKC60,suchasOrionHoleT50CNCbevelgearinspectionmachine.2.3MeasurementerroroverallandequipmentTheoverallerrorofmeasurementofbevelgearisrotatinginthesameangledisplacementcoordinatesoftheorderwillbebasedonthemeshingbevelgeartoothsurfaceoftheworkofthedetectionpointmeasuredbythegeometricerrorofalltheindividualintegratedintoabevelgearoverallerrormap,andonthisbasis,bevelgearsforthecompletionofasinglegeometricprecision,andaccuracyofanintegratedcampaignbevelgearanalysisofcontactstatedeputymeasurement,theuseofbevelgearstoachievetheperformanceandqualityassessmentandmonitoring.Bevelgearandtheoverallerrorofmeasurementapparatus,thecurrentcanbedividedintothreesecond-class.Aclassofanalyticgeometryforcoordinatemeasurementtype,themethodisdividedintopoint-to-pointmeasurementandpointofscanmeasurements,equipmentusedintwowaysforCNCGearMeasuringCenter,buttheallocationpackagebythemeasurementdifferent；theotherforthemating-typemovementmeasurementgeometry(ie,mesh-typescanmeasurementpoint,themethodforourfirst),theapparatususedforsingle-sidedmeshingbevelgeartester,equippedwithadedicatedmeasurementbevelgearandmeasurementsoftwarepackage.(1)coordinatetheoverallbevelgear-typepoint-to-pointmeasurementerrorGearMeasurementCenterin,alongwiththree-dimensionalmeasurementofbevelgeartoothprofileandtoothtothetwodirections,accordingtoapre-determinedinterval,thedetectionofthemeasuredpointsofthetoothsurface(usuallythe5toothprofile,toothup9atotalof45points)forthegeometryerrorofmeasurementof1.1points.Thismethodcanbeavoidedandthemeasuredthree-dimensionalprobeinthemeasurementoftoothsurfacewhentheimpactoffrictionandthemeasurementresults.Themeasurementmethodisbasedondirectmeasurementprinciple,concretestepsare:firstbevelgearinaccordancewiththeadjustmentofmachineparametersandtoolgeometryparameterstobeprocessedbycalculatingthelargeandsmallbevelgeartoothsurfaceidealgeometricprocessingparameters；thetoothtoothsurfaceasareference,respectively,andtheactualprocess(orafterheattreatment)oflargeandsmallgeartoothsurfacecomparedtotheactualmeasuredtoothsurfaceofthetoothsurfacewithanidealgeometricdeviation.MATCHproceduresthroughtheuseofdedicated,determinedcorrespondingtotheactualmeasuredtoothsurfacemachiningparametersoftheillusion；re-engagementmodelinaccordancewithTCAanalysis,calculatedbythebevelgearpairintegrateddeviationandtangentialcontactconditions,testwhetherornottomeettherequirements.Ifnecessary,the