外文翻譯施工質(zhì)量控制、安全和成本控制工程管理專業(yè)畢業(yè)外文翻譯（房地產(chǎn)）QUALITYCONTROL、SAFETYDURINGCONSTRUCTIONANDCOSTCONTROLQUALITYANDSAFETYCONCERNSINCONSTRUCTIONQUALITYCONTROLANDSAFETYREPRESENTINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTCONCERNSFORPROJECTMANAGERSDEFECTSORFAILURESINCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESCANRESULTINVERYLARGECOSTSEVENWITHMINORDEFECTS,RECONSTRUCTIONMAYBEREQUIREDANDFACILITYOPERATIONSIMPAIREDINCREASEDCOSTSANDDELAYSARETHERESULTINTHEWORSECASE,FAILURESMAYCAUSEPERSONALINJURIESORFATALITIESACCIDENTSDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSCANSIMILARLYRESULTINPERSONALINJURIESANDLARGECOSTSINDIRECTCOSTSOFINSURANCE,INSPECTIONANDREGULATIONAREINCREASINGRAPIDLYDUETOTHESEINCREASEDDIRECTCOSTSGOODPROJECTMANAGERSTRYTOENSURETHATTHEJOBISDONERIGHTTHEFIRSTTIMEANDTHATNOMAJORACCIDENTSOCCURSONTHEPROJECTASWITHCOSTCONTROL,THEMOSTIMPORTANTDECISIONSREGARDINGTHEQUALITYOFACOMPLETEDFACILITYAREMADEDURINGTHEDESIGNANDPLANNINGSTAGESRATHERTHANDURINGCONSTRUCTIONITISDURINGTHESEPRELIMINARYSTAGESTHATCOMPONENTCONFIGURATIONS,MATERIALSPECIFICATIONSANDFUNCTIONALPERFORMANCEAREDECIDEDQUALITYCONTROLDURINGCONSTRUCTIONCONSISTSLARGELYOFINSURINGCONFORMANCETOTHESEORIGINALDESIGNANDPLANNINGDECISIONSWHILECONFORMANCETOEXISTINGDESIGNDECISIONSISTHEPRIMARYFOCUSOFQUALITYCONTROL,THESEAREEXCEPTIONSTOTHISRULEFIRST,UNFORESEENCIRCUMSTANCES,INCORRECTDESIGNDECISIONSORCHANGESDESIREDBYANOWNERINTHEFACILITYFUNCTIONMAYREQUIREREEVALUATIONOFDESIGNDECISIONSDURINGTHECOURSEOFCONSTRUCTIONWHILETHESECHANGESMAYBEMOTIVATEDBYTHECONCERNFORQUALITY,THEYREPRESENTOCCASIONSFORREDESIGNWITHALLTHEATTENDANTOBJECTIVESANDCONSTRAINTSASASECONDCASE,SOMEDESIGNSRELYUPONINFORMEDANDAPPROPRIATEDECISIONMAKINGDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSITSELFFOREXAMPLE,SOMETUNNELINGMETHODSMAKEDECISIONSABOUTTHEAMOUNTOFSHORINGREQUIREDATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSBASEDUPONOBSERVATIONOFSOILCONDITIONSDURINGTHETUNNELINGPROCESSSINCESUCHDECISIONSAREBASEDONBETTERINFORMATIONCONCERNINGACTUALSITECONDITIONS,THEFACILITYDESIGNMAYBEMORECOSTEFFECTIVEASARESULTANYSPECIALCASEOFREDESIGNDURINGCONSTRUCTIONREQUIRESTHEVARIOUSCONSIDERATIONSDISCUSSEDWITHTHEATTENTIONTOCONFORMANCEASTHEMEASUREOFQUALITYDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESS,THESPECIFICATIONOFQUALITYREQUIREMENTSINTHEDESIGNANDCONTRACTDOCUMENTATIONBECOMESEXTREMELYIMPORTANTQUALITYREQUIREMENTSSHOULDBECLEARANDVERIFIABLE,SOTHATALLPARTIESINTHEPROJECTCANUNDERSTANDTHEREQUIREMENTSFORCONFORMANCESAFETYDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTISALSOINFLUENCEDINLARGEPARTBYDECISIONSMADEDURINGTHEPLANNINGANDDESIGNPROCESSSOMEDESIGNSORCONSTRUCTIONPLANSAREINHERENTLYDIFFICULTANDDANGEROUSTOIMPLEMENT,WHEREASOTHER,COMPARABLEPLANSMAYCONSIDERABLYREDUCETHEPOSSIBILITYOFACCIDENTSFOREXAMPLE,CLEARSEPARATIONOFTRAFFICFROMCONSTRUCTIONZONESDURINGROADWAYREHABILITATIONCANGREATLYREDUCETHEPOSSIBILITYOFACCIDENTALCOLLISIONSBEYONDTHESEDESIGNDECISIONS,SAFETYLARGELYDEPENDSUPONEDUCATION,VIGILANCEANDCOOPERATIONDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSWORKERSSHOULDBECONSTANTLYALERTTOTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFACCIDENTSANDAVOIDTAKENUNNECESSARYRISKSTOTALQUALITYCONTROLQUALITYCONTROLINCONSTRUCTIONTYPICALLYINVOLVESINSURINGCOMPLIANCEWITHMINIMUMSTANDARDSOFMATERIALANDWORKMANSHIPINORDERTOINSURETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEFACILITYACCORDINGTOTHEDESIGNTHESEMINIMUMSTANDARDSARECONTAINEDINTHESPECIFICATIONSFORTHEPURPOSEOFINSURINGCOMPLIANCE,RANDOMSAMPLESANDSTATISTICALMETHODSARECOMMONLYUSEDASTHEBASISFORACCEPTINGORREJECTINGWORKCOMPLETEDANDBATCHESOFMATERIALSREJECTIONOFABATCHISBASEDONNONCONFORMANCEORVIOLATIONOFTHERELEVANTDESIGNSPECIFICATIONSANIMPLICITASSUMPTIONINTHESETRADITIONALQUALITYCONTROLPRACTICESISTHENOTIONOFANACCEPTABLEQUALITYLEVELWHICHISAALLOWABLEFRACTIONOFDEFECTIVEITEMSMATERIALSOBTAINEDFROMSUPPLIERSORWORKPERFORMEDBYANORGANIZATIONISINSPECTEDANDPASSEDASACCEPTABLEIFTHEESTIMATEDDEFECTIVEPERCENTAGEISWITHINTHEACCEPTABLEQUALITYLEVELPROBLEMSWITHMATERIALSORGOODSARECORRECTEDAFTERDELIVERYOFTHEPRODUCTINCONTRASTTOTHISTRADITIONALAPPROACHOFQUALITYCONTROLISTHEGOALOFTOTALQUALITYCONTROLINTHISSYSTEM,NODEFECTIVEITEMSAREALLOWEDANYWHEREINTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSWHILETHEZERODEFECTSGOALCANNEVERBEPERMANENTLYOBTAINED,ITPROVIDESAGOALSOTHATANORGANIZATIONISNEVERSATISFIEDWITHITSQUALITYCONTROLPROGRAMEVENIFDEFECTSAREREDUCEDBYSUBSTANTIALAMOUNTSYEARAFTERYEARTHISCONCEPTANDAPPROACHTOQUALITYCONTROLWASFIRSTDEVELOPEDINMANUFACTURINGFIRMSINJAPANANDEUROPE,BUTHASSINCESPREADTOMANYCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESTOTALQUALITYCONTROLISACOMMITMENTTOQUALITYEXPRESSEDINALLPARTSOFANORGANIZATIONANDTYPICALLYINVOLVESMANYELEMENTSDESIGNREVIEWSTOINSURESAFEANDEFFECTIVECONSTRUCTIONPROCEDURESAREAMAJORELEMENTOTHERELEMENTSINCLUDEEXTENSIVETRAININGFORPERSONNEL,SHIFTINGTHERESPONSIBILITYFORDETECTINGDEFECTSFROMQUALITYCONTROLINSPECTORSTOWORKERS,ANDCONTINUALLYMAINTAININGEQUIPMENTWORKERSINVOLVEMENTINIMPROVEDQUALITYCONTROLISOFTENFORMALIZEDINQUALITYCIRCLESINWHICHGROUPSOFWORKERSMEETREGULARLYTOMAKESUGGESTIONSFORQUALITYIMPROVEMENTMATERIALSUPPLIERSAREALSOREQUIREDTOINSUREZERODEFECTSINDELIVEREDGOODSINITIALLY,ALLMATERIALSFROMASUPPLIERAREINSPECTEDANDBATCHESOFGOODSWITHANYDEFECTIVEITEMSARERETURNEDSUPPLIERSWITHGOODRECORDSCANBECERTIFIEDANDNOTSUBJECTTOCOMPLETEINSPECTIONSUBSEQUENTLYTHETRADITIONALMICROECONOMICVIEWOFQUALITYCONTROLISTHATTHEREISAN“OPTIMUM”PROPORTIONOFDEFECTIVEITEMSTRYINGTOACHIEVEGREATERQUALITYTHANTHISOPTIMUMWOULDSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASECOSTSOFINSPECTIONANDREDUCEWORKERPRODUCTIVITYHOWEVER,MANYCOMPANIESHAVEFOUNDTHATCOMMITMENTTOTOTALQUALITYCONTROLHASSUBSTANTIALECONOMICBENEFITSTHATHADBEENUNAPPRECIATEDINTRADITIONALAPPROACHESEXPENSESASSOCIATEDWITHINVENTORY,REWORK,SCRAPANDWARRANTIESWEREREDUCEDWORKERENTHUSIASMANDCOMMITMENTIMPROVEDCUSTOMERSOFTENAPPRECIATEDHIGHERQUALITYWORKANDWOULDPAYAPREMIUMFORGOODQUALITYASARESULT,IMPROVEDQUALITYCONTROLBECAMEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESOFCOURSE,TOTALQUALITYCONTROLISDIFFICULTTOAPPLY,PARTICULARINCONSTRUCTIONTHEUNIQUENATUREOFEACHFACILITY,THEVARIABILITYINTHEWORKFORCE,THEMULTITUDEOFSUBCONTRACTORSANDTHECOSTOFMARKINGNECESSARYINVESTMENTSINEDUCATIONANDPROCEDURESMAKEPROGRAMSOFTOTALQUALITYCONTROLINCONSTRUCTIONDIFFICULTNEVERTHELESS,ACOMMITMENTTOIMPROVEDQUALITYEVENWITHOUTENDORSINGTHEGOALOFZERODEFECTSCANPAYREALDIVIDENDSTOORGANIZATIONSSAFETYCONSTRUCTIONISARELATIVELYHAZARDOUSUNDERTAKINGTHESEARESIGNIFICANTLYMOREINJURIESANDLOSTWORKDAYSDUETOINJURIESORILLNESSESINCONSTRUCTIONTHANINVIRTUALLYANYOTHERINDUSTRYTHESEWORKRELATEDINJURIESANDILLNESSESAREEXCEEDINGLYCOSTLYTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYCOSTEFFECTIVENESSPROJECTESTIMATEDTHATACCIDENTSCOST89BILLIONORNEARLYSEVENPERCENTOFTHE137BILLIONIN1979DOLLARSSPENTANNUALLYFORINDUSTRIAL,UTILITYANDCOMMERCIALCONSTRUCTIONINTHEUNITEDSTATESINCLUDEDINTHISTOTALAREDIRECTCOSTSMEDICALCOSTS,PREMIUMSFORWORKERSCOMPENSATIONBENEFITS,LIABILITYANDPROPERTYLOSSESASWELLASINDIRECTCOSTSREDUCEDWORKERPRODUCTIVITY,DELAYSINPROJECTS,ADMINISTRATIVETIME,ANDDAMAGETOEQUIPMENTANDTHEFACILITYINCONTRASTTOMOSTINDUSTRIALACCIDENTS,INNOCENTBYSTANDERSMAYALSOBEINJUREDBYCONSTRUCTIONHAVERESULTEDINFATALITIESTOPASSERBYSPRUDENTPROJECTMANAGERSANDOWNERSWOULDLIKETOREDUCEACCIDENTS,INJURIESANDILLNESSESASMUCHASPOSSIBLEASWITHALLTHEOTHERCOSTSOFCONSTRUCTION,ITISAMISTAKEFOROWNERSTOIGNOREASIGNIFICANTCATEGORYOFCOSTSSUCHASINJURYANDILLNESSWHILECONTRACTORSMAYPAYINSURANCEPREMIUMSDIRECTLY,THESECOSTSAREREFLECTEDINBIDPRICESORCONTRACTAMOUNTSDELAYSCAUSEDBYINJURIESANDILLNESSESCANPRESENTSIGNIFICANTOPPORTUNITYCOSTSTOOWNERSINTHELONGRUN,THEOWNERSOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESMUSTPAYALLTHECOSTSOFCONSTRUCTIONFORTHECASEOFINJURIESANDILLNESSES,THISGENERALPRINCIPLEMIGHTBESLIGHTLYQUALIFIEDSINCESIGNIFICANTCOSTSAREBORNEBYWORKERSTHEMSELVESORSOCIETYATLARGEHOWEVER,COURTJUDGMENTSANDINSURANCEPAYMENTSCOMPENSATEFORINDIVIDUALLOSSESANDULTIMATELYBORNEBYTHEOWNERSVARIOUSMEASURESAREAVAILABLETOIMPROVEJOBSITESAFETYINCONSTRUCTIONSEVERALOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTOCCURBEFORECONSTRUCTIONISUNDERTAKENTHESEINCLUDEDESIGN,CHOICEOFTECHNOLOGYANDEDUCATIONBYALTERINGFACILITYDESIGNS,PARTICULARSTRUCTURESCANBESAFERORMOREHAZARDOUSTOCONSTRUCTFOREXAMPLE,PARAPETSCANBEDESIGNEDTOAPPROPRIATEHEIGHTSFORCONSTRUCTIONWORKERSAFETY,RATHERTHANTHEMINIMUMHEIGHTREQUIREDBYBUILDINGCODESCHOICEOFTECHNOLOGYCANALSOBECRITICALINDETERMININGTHESAFETYOFAJOBSITESAFEGUARDSBUILTINTOMACHINERYCANNOTIFYOPERATORSOFPROBLEMSORPREVENTINJURIESFOREXAMPLE,SIMPLESWITCHESCANPREVENTEQUIPMENTFROMBEINGOPERATINGWHENPROTECTIVESHIELDSARENOTINPLACEWITHTHEAVAILABILITYOFONBOARDELECTRONICSINCLUDINGCOMPUTERCHIPSANDSENSORS,THEPOSSIBILITIESFORSOPHISTICATEDMACHINECONTROLLERSANDMONITORSHASGREATLYEXPANDEDFORCONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENTANDTOOLSMATERIALANDWORKPROCESSCHOICESALSOINFLUENCETHESAFETYOFCONSTRUCTIONFOREXAMPLE,SUBSTITUTIONOFALTERNATIVEMATERIALFORASBESTOSCANREDUCEORELIMINATETHEPROSPECTSOFLONGTERMILLNESSESSUCHASASBESTOSISEDUCATINGWORKERSANDMANAGERSINPROPERPROCEDURESANDHAZARDSCANHAVEADIRECTIMPACTONJOBSITESAFETYTHEREALIZATIONOFTHELARGECOSTSINVOLVEDINCONSTRUCTIONINJURIESANDILLNESSESPROVIDESACONSIDERABLEMOTIVATIONFORAWARENESSANDEDUCATIONREGULARSAFETYINSPECTIONSANDSAFETYMEETINGSHAVEBECOMESTANDARDPRACTICESONMOSTJOBSITESPREQUALIFICATIONOFCONTRACTORSANDSUBCONTRACTORSWITHREGARDTOSAFETYISANOTHERIMPORTANTAVENUEFORSAFETYIMPROVEMENTIFCONTRACTORSAREONLYINVITEDTOBIDORENTERNEGOTIATIONSIFTHEYHAVEANACCEPTABLERECORDOFSAFETYASWELLASQUALITYPERFORMANCE,THENADIRECTINCENTIVEISPROVIDEDTOINSUREADEQUATESAFETYONTHEPARTOFCONTRACTORSDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSITSELF,THEMOSTIMPORTANTSAFETYRELATEDMEASURESARETOINSUREVIGILANCEANDCOOPERATIONONTHEPARTOFMANAGERS,INSPECTORSANDWORKERSVIGILANCEINVOLVESCONSIDERINGTHERISKSOFDIFFERENTWORKINGPRACTICESINALSOINVOLVESMAINTAININGTEMPORARYPHYSICALSAFEGUARDSSUCHASBARRICADERS,BRACES,GUILTINESS,RAILINGS,TOEBOARDSANDTHELIKESETSOFSTANDARDPRACTICESAREALSOIMPORTANT,SUCHASREQUIRINGHARDHATSONSITEREQUIRINGEYEPROTECTIONONSITEREQUIRINGHEARINGPROTECTIONNEARLOUDEQUIPMENTINSURINGSAFETYSHOESFORWORKERSPROVIDINGFIRSTAIDSUPPLIESANDTRAINEDPERSONNELONSITEWHILEELIMINATINGACCIDENTSANDWORKRELATEDILLNESSESISAWORTHWHILEGOAL,ITWILLNEVERBEATTAINEDCONSTRUCTIONHASANUMBEROFCHARACTERISTICSMAKINGITINHERENTLYHAZARDOUSLARGEFORCESAREINVOLVEDINMANYOPERATIONSTHEJOBSITEISCONTINUALLYCHANGINGASCONSTRUCTIONPROCEEDSWORKERSDONOTHAVEFIXEDWORKSITESANDMUSTMOVEAROUNDASTRUCTUREUNDERCONSTRUCTIONTHETENUREOFAWORKERONASITEISSHORT,SOTHEWORKERSFAMILIARITYANDTHEEMPLOYEREMPLOYEESRELATIONSHIPARELESSSETTLEDTHANINMANUFACTURINGSETTINGSDESPITETHESEPECULIARITIESA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