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附錄：ManualTransmissionsMarshallBrainTheearliestformofamanualtransmissionisthoughttohavebeeninventedbyLouis-RenPanhardandEmileLevassorinthelate19thcenturyAmanualtransmission，alsoknownasamanualgearboxorstandardtransmission，itisatypeoftransmissionusedinmotorvehicleapplicationsItgenerallyusesadriver-operatedclutch，typicallyoperatedbyapedalorlever，forregulatingtorquetransferfromtheinternalcombustionenginetothetransmissionAconventionalmanualtransmissionisfrequentlythebaseequipmentinacar，otheroptionsincludeautomatedtransmissionssuchasanautomatictransmission，asemi-automatictransmission，oracontinuouslyvariabletransmission(CVT)Manualtransmissionsoftenfeatureadriver-operatedclutchandamovablegearstickMostautomobilemanualtransmissionsallowthedrivertoselectanyforwardgearratioatanytime，butsome，suchasthosecommonlymountedonmotorcyclesandsometypesofracingcars，onlyallowthedrivertoselectthenext-higherornext-lowergearThistypeoftransmissionissometimescalledasequentialmanualtransmissionSequentialtransmissionsarecommonlyusedinautoracingfortheirabilitytomakequickshiftsManualtransmissionsarecharacterizedbygearratiosthatareselectablebylockingselectedgearpairstotheoutputshaftinsidethetransmissionConversely，mostautomatictransmissionsfeatureisplanetarygearingcontrolledbybrakebandsand/orclutchpackstoselectgearratioAutomatictransmissionsthatallowthedrivertomanuallyselectthecurrentgeararecalledManumaticsAmanual-styletransmissionoperatedbycomputerisoftencalledanautomatedtransmissionratherthananautomaticContemporaryautomobilemanualtransmissionstypicallyusefourtosixforwardgearsandonereversegear，althoughautomobilemanualtransmissionshavebeenbuiltwithasfewastwoandasmanyaseightgearsTransmissionforheavytrucksandotherheavyequipmentusuallyhaveatleast9gearssothetransmissioncanofferbothawiderangeofgearsandclosegearratiostokeeptheenginerunninginthepowerbandAnyenginehasaredline-amaximumrpmvalueabovewhichtheenginecannotgowithoutexplodingEngineshavenarrowrpmrangeswherehorsepowerandtorqueareattheirmaximumForexample，anenginemightproduceitsmaximumhorsepowerat5，500rpmThetransmissionallowsthegearratiobetweentheengineandthedrivewheelstochangeasthecarspeedsupandslowsdownYoushiftgearssotheenginecanstaybelowtheredlineandneartheRPMbandofitsbestperformanceMercedes-BenzActros,manualtransmissionIdeally，thetransmissionwouldbesoflexibleinitsratiosthattheenginecouldalwaysrunatitssingle，best-performancerpmvalueThatistheideabehindthecontinuouslyvariabletransmission(CVT)ContinuouslyVariableTransmissionsACVThasanearlyinfiniterangeofgearratiosInthepast，cvtscouldnotcompetewithfour-speedandfive-speedtransmissionsintermsofcost，sizeandreliability，soyoudidntseetheminproductionautomobiles，Thesedays，improvementsindesignhavemadecvtsmorecommonTheToyotaPriusisahybridcarthatusesaCVTThetransmissionisconnectedtotheenginethroughtheclutchTheinputshaftofthetransmissionthereforeturnsatthesamerpmastheengineMercedes-Benz,six-speedmanualtransmission,graphicillustrationAfive-speedtransmissionappliesoneoffivedifferentgearratiostotheinputshafttoproduceadifferentrpmvalueattheoutputshaftHerearesometypicalgearratios：GearRatioRPMatTransmissionOutputShaftwithEngineat3,000rpm1st2.315:11,2952nd1.568:11,9133rd1.195:12,5104th1.000:13,0005th0.915:13,278AVerySimpleTransmissionTounderstandthebasicideabehindastandardtransmission，thediagrambelowshowsaverysimpletwo-speedtransmissioninneutral：Letslookateachofthepartsinthisdiagramtounderstandhowtheyfittogether：ThegreenshaftcomesfromtheenginethroughtheclutchThegreenshaftandgreengearareconnectedasasingleunit(TheclutchisadevicethatletsyouconnectanddisconnecttheengineandthetransmissionWhenyoupushintheclutchpedal，theengineandthetransmissionaredisconnectedsotheenginecanrunevenifthecarisstandingstillWhenyoureleasetheclutchpedal，theengineandthegreenshaftaredirectlyconnectedtooneanotherThegreenshaftandgearturnatthesamerpmastheengine)TheredshaftandgearsarecalledthelayshaftThesearealsoconnectedasasinglepiece，soallofthegearsonthelayshaftandthelayshaftitselfspinasoneunit.Thegreenshaftandtheredshaftaredirectlyconnectedthroughtheirmeshedgearssothatifthegreenshaftisspinning，soistheredshaftInthisway，thelayshaftreceivesitspowerdirectlyfromtheenginewhenevertheclutchisengagedTheyellowshaftisasplinedshaftthatconnectsdirectlytothedriveshaftthroughthedifferentialtothedrivewheelsofthecarIfthewheelsarespinning，theyellowshaftisspinningThebluegearsrideonbearings，sotheyspinontheyellowshaft.Iftheengineisoffbutthecariscoasting，theyellowshaftcanturninsidethebluegearswhilethebluegearsandthelayshaftaremotionlessThepurposeofthecollaristoconnectoneofthetwobluegearstotheyellowdriveshaft.Thecollaris

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