翻譯Currentdrivelineconcepts1.EnginedevelopmentsGasolineandDieselenginesarethedominantdriveunitsoftoday.Hybridconceptsandfuelcellshavesofaronlyconqueredmarketnichesorhavenotyetdevelopedbeyondthedesignstage.Newinjectiontechnologies,suchaspumpnozzleandcommonrail,arenowcommonforDieselengines.Thisresultedinsignificantfuelsavingsandimproveddrivingdynamicsduetoraisedtorqueandperformance.Presently,multi-pointinjectionisthedominantmethodforgasengineconcepts.Increasinglystringentemissionlaws,therequirementsoftheEuropeanParliamentandthevoluntarycommitmentoftheEuropeanautomobileindustrytoreducetheaverageCO2emissionofnewlyregisteredpassengercarsby25%bytheyear2008comparedtotheyear1995,willrequiresignificantreductionsinfleetconsumptionandemissionswithinthenextfewyears.thiswillresultinadiversificationofdriveconceptsforgasengines.DIversionswillsharethemarketwithdisplacementreduced,superchargedengines,electromechanicalandmechanicalvalve-gearsystemsandtheircombinations.Thefuture-orientedconceptsofcompletede-throttlingofthegasenginebymeansofchargestratificationorvolumetricefficiencycontrolandshiftingoftheloadcycleintotheefficiency-optimalrangeoftheenginegraphwilldecisivelycontributetothetechnologyofthegasengineinthecomingdecades.Downsizingandsuperchargingwillsignificantlyraisespecificmaximumenginetorquelevelsinthenextfewyears.2.TransmissiontypesTheManualTransmission/MTandtheAutomaticTransmission/ATarethetransmissionspresentlyfirmlyestablishedinthemarket.ForsomeyearsthemarkethasseentheappearanceoftheAutomatedManualTransmission/AMTandtheContinuouslyVariableTransmission/CVT,whosesharesinthemarketarestillverysmall.Manualtransmissionsarecheap,ofrelativelysmallsize,andtheirspurgearsprovidegoodefficiency,Consumptionlargelydependsonthedriversshiftingstyleandthevehicleconcept.Thecomfortofanautomatictransmissionisapproachedthroughautomatedshiftingandcluthing.Moregearssndtheconcomitantenhancedspacingalsoincreasecomfort.Highefficiency,favorableweightandlowcostarefactorsthatateretained.Tractioninterruption,associatedwithautomatedshiftingandregardedasimpairingcomfort,willbereducedinfutureAMTsbyanoptimizedgearshiftprocess.Thepowershiftingdouble-clutchtransmissionwithtwoseparatetransmissioninputshaftsispartofthisdevelopment.Gearsarepreselectedintheload-freesectionofthetransmission,gearstepsatechangedunderfullloadthroughcontrolledtrolledtorquetransferfromthefirsttothesecondclutch.Atshaveundergoneacontinuousdevelopmentprocessinrecentyearsanhavebecomeevenmorecomfortable,lighterandeconomical.Newgearsetcomfortable,lighterandeconomical.Newgearsetconceptsandmoregearstepswillcontinuethistrend.Theirveryhighlevelofcomfort,however,isassociatedwithacomplexdesignandarelativelyhighweightandlimitedefficiency.ComfortableshiftingwiththeCVTisprinciplerelated.Accelerationideallyfollowsthetractionhyperbola,Theinitialenginespeedincreasefllowedbycomtinuostransmissionratiovariation,however,isnew.Thereisadelaybetweentheinitiationofaccelerationandthefollowingresponse.Thehydraulicallyproducedfrictionalconnectioninthevariator,whichtransfersthetorquetotheoutput,suggestsincreasedconsumption.Widespacing,however,lowersthisforvehicleswithmanualtransmissions.3.StartingcomponentsToday,therebasicconceptsareavailableforshiftingandstarting:.thedryclutch；.thewetclutch；.thetorqueconverter；Thedryclutchisknownfor.itsverygoodefficiency；.itsgoodcontrollability；.itsdragtorquefreefeature:.itsrelativelysmallmassmomentofinertia.Theverygoodefficiencyofthenormally-closeddryclutchisduetotheabsenceofauxiliarypower.Othersolutionsalwaysneedpressureandthusadditionalpowerinthebridgedorclosedcondition.Wetclutchadvantageare:.littlemass；.verysmallmassmomentofinertia；.verygoodcontrollability；.highpowerdensityandgreattorquecapacity.Thewetclutchisthereforeoptimallysuitedforvehicleswithsmallinstallationspaceandveryhightorquelevels.Duetoitsfunctionasahydrodynamichydraulictransmission,thetorqueconverterwithorwithoutslip-controlledlockupclutchandtorsionalvibrationdamperoffers.efficiencyadvantagesinthenon-bridgedconditionand.andatorquetranslatedbythehydraulictransmissionaswellas.overloadprotection目前的傳動(dòng)系概念1發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)展汽油和柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是目前主要的驅(qū)動(dòng)元件，混合驅(qū)動(dòng)和燃料電池仍處于設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)階段尚未占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)。新型的噴射技術(shù)，如共軌泵噴射，通常被應(yīng)用于柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。它大幅度降低了油耗并由于提高了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩和性能改善了動(dòng)態(tài)傳動(dòng)特性。目前多點(diǎn)直接噴射廣泛應(yīng)用于汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。為了滿足苛刻的排放法規(guī)，歐洲議會(huì)和歐洲汽車工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)要求在2008年將新注冊(cè)的轎車的CO2排放量在1995年水平上降低25%，這需要在近幾年內(nèi)明顯降低車輛的能耗和排放，這導(dǎo)致了汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)用傳動(dòng)系的多樣化。直接噴射系統(tǒng)將通過(guò)減少排量，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)增壓、機(jī)電一體化或機(jī)械式閥門配氣機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)及他們的組合占領(lǐng)部分市場(chǎng)。采用分層進(jìn)氣或容積效率控制的汽油機(jī)多氣門技術(shù)和是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在高效率區(qū)的負(fù)荷循環(huán)換擋概念將是全分離節(jié)氣門汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)今后幾十年的兩大主要技術(shù)。小型化和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)增壓技術(shù)在未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)將明顯提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩的水平。2變速器類型手動(dòng)變速器（MT）和自動(dòng)變速器（AT）是目前變速器市場(chǎng)的主要產(chǎn)品，幾年前市場(chǎng)上開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器（AMT）和無(wú)級(jí)變速器（CVT），但它們僅占有極小的市場(chǎng)份額。手動(dòng)變速