工程地質(zhì)專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱課程代碼課程名稱工程地質(zhì)專業(yè)英語學(xué)時安排總學(xué)時36學(xué)分2適合專業(yè)工程地質(zhì)先修課程大學(xué)英語，工程地質(zhì)學(xué)，工程巖土學(xué)等教材工程地質(zhì)專業(yè)英語鄭孝玉編，吉林大學(xué)校內(nèi)講義，2005，7參考書編寫人教學(xué)目的和要求工程地質(zhì)專業(yè)英語是工程地質(zhì)專業(yè)4年級學(xué)生的選修課，是在學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和掌握了基礎(chǔ)理論課，專業(yè)課及大學(xué)英語之基礎(chǔ)上為培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生專業(yè)英語能力而設(shè)置的。通過講授和與學(xué)生交流為他們灌輸一些相關(guān)專業(yè)詞匯，表述方式及科學(xué)文獻的翻譯、課程寫作技巧和規(guī)范等。為將來學(xué)習(xí)和工作儲備一些相關(guān)知識。課程內(nèi)容概要1本課程教學(xué)內(nèi)容THEENGINEERINGPROPERTIESOFROCKS1）ROCKINDEXPROPERTIESCERTAININDEXPROPERTIESOFROCKSAREOFPARTICULARIMPORTANCETOTHEENGINEERING,WHICHAREDEFINEDBELOWSPECIFICGRAVITYGSANDGBGBISTHESPECIFICGRAVITYOFTHESOLIDMINERALMATERIALOFTHEROCKBYITSELFGBISTHESPECIFICGRAVITYOFTHECOMPLETEROCK,GRAINPLUSVOIDS,WITHTHEVOIDSEMPTYEXCEPTFORAIRBOTHAREDEFINEDASAWEIGHTPERUNITVOLUMESATURATIONMOISTURECONTENTISTHISISTHETOTALAMOUNTOFWATERPRESENTINAROCKWITHTHEVOIDSFULLTHERATIOOFWEIGHTOFWATERTODRYWEIGHTOFROCKSAMPLE,EXPRESSEDASAPERCENTAGE,ISTHESATURATIONMOISTURECONTENTISMOISTURECONTENTWTHISISTHEAMOUNTOFWATERNORMALLYPRESENTINTHEVOIDSOFAROCK,AGAINEXPRESSEDASAPERCENTAGESEEISABOVEROCKSARERARELYSATURATEDWITHWATER,THUSINNORMALCIRCUMSTANCESWISLESSTHANISPOROSITYNTHISISTHERATIOOFVOLUMEOFVOIDSINAROCKTOTALVOLUMEOFTHESAMPLEITISEXPRESSEDASAPERCENTAGE10AVERAGE,5ISLOWANDMORETHAN15ISHIGHTHEFACTORSTHATCONTROLTHEPOROSITYOFTERRIGENOUSSEDIMENTARYROCKSANDSOILSAREASFOLLOWSATHEDEGREEOFCEMENTATIONBTHESORTINGOFTHESEDIMENTCTHEPACKINGOFTHEGRAINSDTHESHAPEOFTHEGRAINSWATERYIELDINGCAPACITYNOTALLOFTHEWATERINAROCKCANBEREMOVEDFROMITBYFLOWUNDERTHEFORCEOFGRAVITYSOMEISHELDASAFILMONTHESURFACEOFTHEGRAINSBYCAPILLARYFORCESPERMEABILITYKTHISISAMEASUREOFTHEFLUIDCONDUCTIVITYOFTHEROCKFORAGIVENHYDRAULICGRADIENT2）BASICCHARACTERISTICSOFSOILS21THENATUREOFSOILSTHEDESTRUCTIVEPROCESSINTHEFORMATIONOFSOILFROMROCKMAYBEEITHERPHYSICALORCHEMICALTHEPHYSICALPROCESSMAYBEEROSIONBYTHEACTIONOFWIND,WATERORGLACIERS,ORDISINTEGRATIONCAUSEDBYALTERNATEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGMINCRACKSINTHEROCKTHECHEMICALPROCESSRESULTSINCHANGESINTHEMINERALFORMOFTHEPARENTROCKDUETOTHEACTIONOFWATERESPECIALLYIFITCONTAINSTRACESOFACIDORALKALI,OXYGENANDCARBONDIOXIDECHEMICALWEATHERINGRESULTSINTHEFORMATIONOFGROUPSOFCRYSTALLINEPARTICLESOFCOLLOIDALSIZE0002MMKNOWNASTHECLAYMINERALSPARTICLESIZESINSOILSCANVARYFROMOVER100MMTOLESSTHAN0001MMMOSTTYPESOFSOILCONSISTOFAGRADEDMIXTUREOFPARTICLESFROMTWOORMORESIZERANGESALLCLAYSIZEPARTICLESARENOTNECESSARILYCLAYMINERALPARTICLESTHEFINESTROCKFLOURPARTICLESMAYBEOFCLAYSIZEIFCLAYMINERALPARTICLESAREPRESENTTHEYUSUALLYEXERTACONSIDERABLEINFLUENCEONTHEPROPERTIESOFASOIL,ANINFLUENCEOUTOFALLPROPORTIONTOTHEIRPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTINTHESOIL22PARTICLESIZEANALYSISTHEPARTICLESIZEANALYSISOFASOILSAMPLEINVOLVESDETERMININGTHEPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTOFPARTICLESWITHINTHEDIFFERENTSIZERANGESTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFACOARSEGRAINEDSOILCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHEMETHODOFSIEVINGTHESOILSAMPLEISPASSEDTHROUGHASERIESOFSTANDARDTESTSIEVESHAVINGSUCCESSIVELYSMALLERMESHSIZESTHEWEIGHTOFSOILRETAINEDINEACHSIEVEISDETERMINEDANDTHECUMULATIVEPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTPASSINGEACHSIEVEISCALCULATEDIFFINEGRAINEDPARTICLESAREPRESENTINTHESOIL,THESAMPLESHOULDBETREATEDWITHAFLOCCULATINGAGENTANDWASHEDTHROUGHTHESIEVESTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFASOILISPRESENTEDASACURVEONASEMILOGARITHMICPLOT,THEORDINATESBEINGTHEPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTOFPARTICLESSMALLERTHANTHESIZEGIVENBYTHEABSCISSATHEFLATTERTHEDISTRIBUTIONCURVETHELARGERTHERANGEOFPARTICLESIZESINTHESOILTHESTEEPERTHECURVETHESMALLERTHESIZERANGEACOARSEGRAINEDSOILISDESCRIBEDASWELLGRADEDIFTHEREISNOEXCESSOFPARTICLESINANYSIZERANGEANDIFNOINTERMEDIATESIZESARELACKINGINGENERALAWELLGRADEDSOILISREPRESENTEDBYASMOOTH,CONCAVEDISTRIBUTIONCURVEACOARSEGRAINEDSOILISDESCRIBEDASPOORLYGRADEDAIFPARTICLESOFBOTHLARGEANDSMALLSIZESAREPRESENTBUTWITHARELATIVELYLOWPROPORTIONOFPARTICLESOFINTERMEDIATESIZEAGAPGRADEDSOILPARTICLESIZEISREPRESENTEDONALOGARITHMICSCALESOTHATTWOSOILSHAVINGTHESAMEDEGREEOFUNIFORMITYAREREPRESENTEDBYCURVESOFTHESAMESHAPEREGARDLESSOFTHEIRPOSITIONSONTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONPLOTTHEPARTICLESIZECORRESPONDINGTOANYSPECIFIEDVALUEONTHEPERCENTAGESMALLERSCALECANBEREADFROMTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONPLOT23PLASTICITYOFFINEGRAINEDSOILSPLASTICITYISANIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICINTHECASEOFFINEGRAINEDSOILS,THETERMPLASTICITYDESCRIBINGTHEABILITYOFASOILTOUNDERGOUNRECOVERABLEDEFORMATIONATCONSTANTVOLUMEWITHOUTCRACKINGORCRUMBLINGPLASTICITYISDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFCLAYMINERALSORORGANICMATERIALMOSTFINEGRAINEDSOILSEXISTNATURALLYINTHEPLASTICSTATETHEUPPERANDLOWERLIMITSOFTHERANGEOFWATERCONTENTOVERWHICHASOILEXHIBITSPLASTICBEHAVIOURAREDEFINEDASTHELIQUIDLIMITLLORWLANDTHEPLASTICLIMITPLORWPRESPECTIVELY24SOILCOMPACTIONCOMPACTIONISTHEPROCESSOFINCREASINGTHEDENSITYOFASOILBYPACKINGTHEPARTICLESCLOSERTOGETHERWITHAREDUCTIONINTHEVOLUMEOFAIRTHEREISNOSIGNIFICANTCHANGEINTHEVOLUMEOFWATERINTHESOILINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFILLSANDEMBANKMENTS,LOOSESOILISPLACEDLAYERSRANGINGBETWEEN75MMAND450MMINTHICKNESS,EACHLAYERBEINGCOMPACTEDTOASPECIFIEDSTANDARDBYMEANSOFROLLERS,VIBRATORSORRAMMERSINGENERALTHEHIGHERTHEDEGREEOFCOMPACTIONTHEHIGHERWILLBETHESHEARSTRENGTHANDTHELOWERWILLBETHECOMPRESSIBILITYOFTHESOILTHEDEGREEOFCOMPACTIONOFASOILISMEASUREDINTERMSOFDRYDENSITY,IETHEMASSOFSOLIDSONLYPERUNITVOLUMEOFSOILTHEDRYDENSITYOFAGIVENSOILAFTERCOMPACTIONDEPENDSONTHEWATERCONTENTANDTHEENERGYSUPPLIEDBYTHECOMPACTIONEQUIPMENTREFERREDTOASTHECOMPACTIVEEFFORTTHECOMPACTIONCHARACTERISTICSOFASOILCANBEASSESSEDBYMEANSOFSTANDARDLABORATORYTESTSAFTERCOMPACTIONUSINGONEOFTHETHREESTANDARDMETHODS,THEBULKDENSITYANDWATERCONTENTOFTHESOILAREDETERMINEDANDTHEDRYDENSITYCALCULATEDFORAGIVENSOILTHEPROCESSISREPEATEDATLEASTFIVETIMES,THEWATERCONTENTOFTHESAMPLEBEINGINCREASEDEACHTIMEATLOWVALUESOFWATERCONTENTMOSTSOILSTENDTOBESTIFFANDAREDIFFICULTTOCOMPACTASTHEWATERCONTENTISINCREASEDTHESOILBECOMESMOREWORKABLE,FACILITATINGCOMPACTIONANDRESULTINGINHIGHERDRYDENSITIESATHIGHWATERCONTENTS,HOWEVER,THEDRYDENSITYDECREASESWITHINCREASINGWATERCONTENT,ANINCREASINGPROPORTIONOFTHESOILVOLUMEBEINGOCCUPIEDBYWATERINSITUTESTING1PENETROMETERSPENETROMETERTESTEVOLVEDFROMTHENEEDTOACQUIREDATAONSUBSURFACESOILSWHICHCOULDNOTBEOBTAINEDBYOTHERMEANSBASICALLYAPENETROMETERCONSISTSOFACONICALPOINTATTACHEDTOADRIVERODWHICHISFORCEDINTOTHEGROUNDEITHERBYHAMMERBLOWSORBYJACKINGHENCETWOTYPESOFPENETROMETERTESTSARERECOGNIZED,THEDYNAMICANDTHESTATICBOTHMETHODSMEASURETHERESISTANCETOPENETRATIONOFFEREDBYTHESOILATANYPARTICULARDEPTHPENETRATIONOFTHECONEFORCESTHESOILASIDE,CREATINGACOMPLEXSHEARFAILUREANDTHUSPROVIDESANINDIRECTMEASUREOFTHEINSITUSHEARSTRENGTHOFTHESOILDYNAMICPENETROMETERSWEREORIGINALLYDESIGNEDTODETERMINETHERELATIVEDENSITYOFCOHESIONLESSSOILSBUTTHEIRUSEHASBEENEXTENDEDTOINCLUDETHEDESIGNOFPILEFOUNDATIONSBYDETERMININGTHELOADANDTHEREQUIREDEMBEDMENTOFPILESINTOTHEBEARINGSTRATA2SHEARVANETESTBECAUSESOFTCLAYS,MAYSUFFERDISTURBANCEWHENSAMPLEDANDTHEREFOREGIVEUNRELIABLERESULTSWHENTESTEDFORSTRENGTHINTHELABORATORY,AVANETESTISOFTENUSEDTOMEASURETHEINSITUUNDRAINEDSHEARSTRENGTHVANETESTSCANBEUSEDINCLAYSWHICHHAVEACONSISTENCYVARYINGFROMVERYSOFTTOFIRM3PLATELOADANDJACKINGTESTSLOADINGTESTSCANBECARRIEDOUTONLOADINGPLATESHOWEVER,JUSTBECAUSETHEGROUNDIMMEDIATELYBENEATHAPLATEISCAPABLEOFCARRYINGAHEAVYLOADWITHOUTEXCESSIVESETTLEMENT,THISDOESNOTNECESSARILYMEANTHATTHEGROUNDWILLCARRYTHEPROPOSEDSTRUCTURALLOADTHISISESPECIALLYTHECASEWHEREAWEAKERHORIZONOCCURSATDEPTHBUTISSTILLWITHINTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEBULBOFPRESSUREWHICHWILLBEGENERATEDBYTHESTRUCTURE4PRESSURETESTSHYDROSTATICPRESSURECHAMBERSAREUSEDTOMEASURETHEREACTIONOFAROCKMASSTOSTRESSOVERLARGEAREAS,GIVINGVALUESOFYOUNGSMODULUS,ELASTICRECOVERY,INELASTICDEFORMATIONANDCREEPTHERESULTSAREUSEDTOEVALUATETHEBEHAVIOUROFDAMFOUNDATIONSANDRELATEDSTRAINDISTRIBUTIONINTHESTRUCTUREANDTOHELPESTIMATETHEBEHAVIOUROFPRESSURETUNNELLININGSHYDROSTATICCHAMBERSCOVERAMUCHLARGERSURFACEAREATHANOTHERTESTMETHODSANDSOPROVIDEBETTERRESULTSOFMASSBEHAVIOURHOWEVER,BECAUSEOFTHEIRCOSTTHESETESTSAREUSEDSPARINGLYADILATOMETERCANBEUSEDINABOREHOLETOOBTAINDATARELATINGTOTHEDEFORMABILITYOFAROCKMASSTHESEINSTRUMENTSRANGEUPTOABOUT300MMINDIAMETERANDOVER1MINLENGTHANDCANEXERTPRESSURESOFUPTO20MN/M2ONTHEBOREHOLEWALLS5INSITUSHEARTESTINANINSITUSHEARTESTABLOCKOFROCKISSHEAREDFROMTHEROCKSURFACEWHILSTAHORIZONTALJACKEXERTSAVERTICALLOADITISADVANTAGEOUSTOMAKETHETESTSINSIDEGALLERIES,WHEREREACTIONSFORTHEJACKSAREREADILYAVAILABLETHETESTSAREPERFORMEDATVARIOUSNORMALLOADSANDGIVEANESTIMATEOFTHEANGLEOFSHEARINGRESISTANCEANDCOHESIONOFTHEROCKINSITUSHEARTESTSAREUSUALLYPERFORMEDONBLOCKS,700700MM,CUTINTHEROCKTHESETESTSCANBEMADEONTHESAMEROCKWHEREITSHOWSDIFFERENTDEGREESOFALTERATIONANDALONGDIFFERENTDIRECTIONSACCORDINGTOTHEDISCONTINUITYPATTERNTHEFACTOROFSAFETYAGAINSTSTRAINDUETOSLIDINGMAYDEPENDONALIMITEDZONEANDITISTHEREFOREESSENTIALTOFINDANDINVESTIGATETHEWEAKESTZONESITISSOMETIMESDIFFICULTTOOBTAINSUFFICIENTLYUNDISTURBED,ASINTHECASEOFSHALES,TOPERFORMTESTSTHISISALSOTHECASEWHENTHEROCKSAREAFFECTEDBYRESIDUALSTRESSESCONSOLIDATIONTHEORYCONSOLIDATIONISTHEGRADUALREDUCTIONINVOLUMEOFAFULLYSATURATEDSOILOFLOWPERMEABILITYDUETODRAINAGEOFSOMEOFTHEPOREWATER,THEPROCESSCONTINUINGUNTILTHEEXCESSPOREWATERPRESSURESETUPBYANINCREASEINTOTALSTRESSHASCOMPLETELYDISSIPATEDTHESIMPLESTCASEISTHATOFONEDIMENSIONALCONSOLIDATION,INWHICHACONDITIONOFZEROLATERALSTRAINISIMPLICITTHEPROCESSOFSWELLING,THEREVERSEOFCONSOLIDATION,ISTHEGRADUALINCREASEINVOLUMEOFASOILUNDERNEGATIVEEXCESSPOREWATERPRESSURE1THEOEDOMETERTESTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFASOILDURINGONEDIMENSIONALCONSOLIDATIONORSWELLINGCANBEDETERMINEDBYMEANSOFTHEOEDOMETERTESTTHETESTPROCEDUREHASBEENSTANDARDIZEDINSTANDARDSWHICHSPECIFIESTHATTHEOEDOMETERSHALLBEOFTHEFIXEDRINGTYPETHEVOIDRATIOATTHEENDOFEACHINCREMENTPERIODCANBECALCULATEDFROMTHEDIALGAUGEREADINGSANDEITHERTHEWATERCONTENTORDRYWEIGHTOFTHESPECIMENATTHEENDOFTHETEST2COMPRESSIBILITYCHARACTERISTICSTYPICALPLOTSOFVOIDRATIOEAFTERCONSOLIDATION,AGAINSTEFFECTIVESTRESS/FORASATURATEDCLAYARESHOWNTHATANINITIALCOMPRESSIONFOLLOWEDBYEXPANSIONANDRECOMPRESSIONTHESHAPESOFTHECURVESARERELATEDTOTHESTRESSHISTORYOFTHECLAYTHECOMPRESSIBILITYOFTHECLAYCANBEREPRESENTEDBYONEOFTHEFOLLOWINGCOEFFICIENTSTHECOEFFICIENTOFVOLUMECOMPRESSIBILITYMV,THECOMPRESSIONINDEXCC3PRECONSOLIDATIONPRESSUREWHENEVERPOSSIBLETHEPRECONSOLIDATIONPRESSUREFORANOVERCONSOLIDATEDCLAYSHOULDNOTBEEXCEEDEDINCONSTRUCTIONCOMPRESSIONWILLNOTUSUALLYBEGREATIFTHEEFFECTIVEVERTICALSTRESSREMAINSBELOWONLYIFISEXCEEDEDWILLCOMPRESSIONBELARGE/C/C41DCONSOLIDATIONSETTLEMENT5DEGREEOFCONSOLIDATION6TERZAGHISTHEORYOFONEDIMENSIONALCONSOLIDATIONTHEASSUMPTIONSMADEINTHETHEORYARE1THESOILISHOMOGENOUS2THESOILISFULLYSATURATED3THESOLIDPARTICLESANDWATERAREINCOMPRESSIBLE4COMPRESSIONANDFLOWAREONEDIMENSIONALVERTICAL5STRAINSARESMALL6DARCYSLAWISVALIDATALLHYDRAULICGRADIENTS7THECOEFFICIENTOFPERMEABILITYANDTHECOEFFICIENTOFVOLUMECOMPRESSIBILITYREMAINCONSTANTTHROUGHOUTTHEPROCESS8THEREISAUNIQUERELATIONSHIP,INDEPENDENTOFTIME,BETWEENVOIDRATIOANDEFFECTIVESTRESS7SECONDCOMPRESSIONSECONDARYCOMPRESSIONISTHOUGHTTOBEDUETOTHEGRADUALREADJUSTMENTOFTHELAYPARTICLESINTOAMORESTABLECONFIGURATIONFOLLOWINGTHESTRUCTURALDISTURBANCECAUSEDBYTHEDECREASEINVOIDRATIO,ESPECIALLYIFTHECLAYISLATERALLYCONFINEDANADDITIONALFACTORISTHEGRADUALLATERALDISPLACEMENTSWHICHTAKEPLACEINTHICKCLAYLAYERSSUBJECTEDTOSHEARSTRESSESTHERATEOFSECONDARYCOMPRESSIONISTHOUGHTTOBECONTROLLEDBYTHEHIGHLYVISCOUSFILMOFADSORBEDWATERSURROUNDINGTHECLAYMINERALPARTICLESINTHESOILBEARINGCAPACITYINORDERTOAVOIDSHEARFAILUREORSUBSTANTIALSHEARDEFORMATIONOFTHEGROUND,THEFOUNDATIONPRESSURESUSEDINDESIGNSHOULDHAVEANADEQUATEFACTOROFSAFETYWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITYOFTHEFOUNDATIONTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITYISTHEVALUEOFTHELOADINGINTENSITYWHICHCAUSESTHEGROUNDTOFAILSUDDENLYINSHEARIFTHISISTOBEAVOIDEDTHENAFACTOROFSAFETYMUSTBEAPPLIEDTOTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITY,THEVALUEOBTAINEDBEINGTHEMAXIMUMSAFEBEARINGCAPACITY1STRESSDISTRIBUTIONINSOILAREASONABLEAPPROXIMATIONOFHOWSTRESSISDISTRIBUTEDINSOILUPONLOADINGCANBEOBTAINEDBYASSUMINGTHATTHESOILBEHAVESINANELASTICMANNERASIFITWASAHOMOGENOUSMATERIAL2FOUNDATIONFAILURETHEREAREUSUALLYTHREESTAGESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAFOUNDATIONFAILURETHEWEIGHTOFTHEMATERIALINTHEPASSIVEZONESRESISTSTHELIFTINGFORCESANDPROVIDESTHEREACTIONTHROUGHTHEOTHERTWOZONESWHICHCOUNTERACTDOWNWARDMOTIONOFTHEFOUNDATIONSTRUCTURETHUSTHEBEARINGCAPACITYISAFUNCTIONOFTHERESISTANCETOUPLIFTOFTHEPASSIVEZONEASURCHARGEPLACEDONTHEPASSIVEZONEORINCREASINGTHEDEPTHOFTHEFOUNDATIONTHEREFOREINCREASETHEBEARINGCAPACITY3BEARINGCAPACITYFACTORSANUMBEROFBEARINGCAPACITYFACTORSAREUSEDTODETERMINEDTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEVARIOUSCHARACTERISTICSOFASOILANDFORMATIONSTRUCTUREONTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITY4CONTACTPRESSURETHEPRESSUREACTINGBETWEENTHEBOTTOMOFAFOUNDATIONSTRUCTUREANDTHESOILISTHECONTACTPRESSURETHEASSUMPTIONTHATAUNIFORMLYLOADEDFOUNDATIONSTRUCTURETRANSMITSTHELOADUNIFORMLYSOTHATTHEGROUNDISUNIFORMLYSTRESSEDISBYONMEANSVALIDINFACT,OFCOURSE,THECLAYYIELDSSLIGHTLYANDSOREDUCESTHESTRESSATTHEEDGESASTHELOADISINCREASEDMOREANDMORELOCALYIELDINGOFTHEGROUNDMATERIALTAKESPLACEUNTIL,THENTHELOADINGISCLOSETOTHATWHICHWOULDCAUSEFAILURE,THEDISTRIBUTIONISPROBABLYVERYNEARLYUNIFORMTHEREFOREATWORKINGLOADSAUNIFORMLYLOADEDFOUNDATIONSTRUCTUREONCLAYIMPOSESAWIDELYVARYINGCONTACTPRESSURE5ALLOWABLECONTACTPRESSUREFORROCKMASSESIFTHEROCKMASSCONTAINSFEWDEFECTSTHEALLOWABLECONTACTPRESSUREATTHESURFACEMAYBETAKENCONSERVATIVELYASTHEUNCONFINEDCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFTHEINTACTROCKMOSTROCKMASSES,HOWEVER,AREAFFECTEDBYJOINTSORWEATHERINGWHICHMAYSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTTHEIRSTRENGTHANDENGINEERINGBEHAVIOURTHESTABILITYOFSLOPES1THESTABILITYOFSLOPESINSOILSTHESTABILITYOFSLOPESISCRITICALFACTORINOPENEXCAVATIONTHISSTABILITYISUSUALLYEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFFACTOROFSAFETYF,THEDESIGNOFPOTENTIALSTABILITYINCREASINGASTHEVALUEOFFINCREASESABOVEUNITYASOILMASSUNDERGIVENLOADSSHOULDHAVEANADEQUATEFACTOROFSAFETYWILLRESPECTTOSHEARFAILURE,ANDDEFORMATIONUNDERGIVENLOADSSHOULDNOTEXCEEDCERTAINTOLERABLELIMITSTHEREARESEVERALMETHODSAVAILABLEFORANALYSISOFTHESTABILITYOFSLOPESINSOILSMOSTOFTHESESMAYBECLASSEDASLIMITEQUILIBRIUMMETHODSINWHICHTHEBASICASSUMPTIONISTHATCOULOMBSFAILURECRITERIONISSATISFIEDALONGTHEASSUMEDPATHOFFAILURE11ANALYSISOFSTABILITYINCOHESIVESOIL12THESWEDISHMETHODSLICES2THESTABILITYOFSLOPESINROCKSTHEDESIGNFORASLOPEEXCAVATEDINROCKNECESSITATESAWELLPLANNEDSITEINVESTIGATION,INDEEDNODESIGNCANBEBETTERTHANTHEQUALITYOFTHEGEOLOGICALINPUTDATASUCHASITEINVESTIGATIONMUSTOBTAINASMUCHINFORMATIONASPOSSIBLEONTHECHARACTEROFTHEDISCONTINUITIESWITHINTHEROCKMASSINQUESTION,SINCETHESTABILITYOFAROCKMASSISFREQUENTLYDEPENDENTUPONTHENATUREOFTHEDISCONTINUITIESINFORMATIONRELATINGTOTHESPATIALRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENDISCONTINUITIESAFFORDSSOMEINDICATIONOFTHEMODESOFFAILUREWHICHMAYOCCURANDINFORMATIONRELATINGTOTHESHEARSTRENGTHOFTHEROCKMASS,ORMOREPARTICULARLYTHESHEARSTRENGTHALONGDISCONTINUITIES,ISREQUIREDFORUSEINTHESTABILITYANALYSISFURTHERMOREDATASHOULDBECOLLECTEDFROMALLNEWLYEXCAVATEDFACESINORDERTOCONFIRMORAMENDTHEORIGINALASSUMPTIONMADEDURINGDESIGNAND,IFNECESSARY,TOPROVIDEABASISFORREDESIGN21FACTORSINFLUENCINGROCKSLOPESTABILITY22TYPESOFFAILUREINROCKSLOPESMETHODSOFSLOPECONTROLANDSTABILIZATIONITISRARELYECONOMICALTODESIGNAROCKSLOPESOTHATNOSUBSEQUENTROCKFALLSOCCUR,INDEEDMANYROADSINROUGHTERRAINCOULDNOTBECONSTRUCTEDWITHTHEFINANCEAVAILABLEWITHOUTACCEPTINGSOMESUCHRISKTHEREFOREEXCEPTTHEREABSOLUTESECURITYISESSENTIAL,SLOPESSHOULDBEDESIGNEDTOALLOWSMALLFALLSOFROCKUNDERCONTROLLEDCONDITIONSFORANECONOMICALDESIGN,ABOUT10OFTHESLOPEAREAMAYREQUIRESOMETREATMENTATALATERDATESUBSEQUENTSLOPETREATMENTMAYTAKETHEFORMOFAREDUCTIONINTHEOVERALLSLOPEANGLESOASTOINCREASETHEFACTOROFSAFETYOBVIOUSLYCAREMUSTBETAKENTOAVOIDDAMAGINGTHESLOPEWHENITISBEINGTRIMMEDBYFURTHERBLASTINGCAREALSOSHOULDBETAKENTOMAINTAINACONSTANTSLOPELINE1REINFORCEMENTOFSLOPESROCKBOLTSMAYBEUSEDASREINFORCEMENTTOENHANCETHESTABILITYOFSLOPESEXCAVATEDINJOINTEDROCKMASSESTHEYPROVIDEADDITIONALSTRENGTHONCRITICALPLANESOFWEAKNESSWITHINTHEROCKMASSREINFORCEDEARTHWALLSARECONSTRUCTEDBYERECTINGATHINFRONTSKINATTHEFACEOFTHEWALLWHILSTATTHESAMETIMETHEEARTHISPLACEDSTRIPSOFSTEELAREFIXEDTOTHEFACINGSKINATREGULARINTERVALSTHEYCANBERAPIDLYERECTEDBUTONLYSERVETOSUPPORTSHALLOWTRANSLATIONSLIDESGABIONSCONSISTSOFSTRONGWIREMESHSURROUNDINGPLACEDSTONESWHICHAREBUILTTOAGIVENHEIGHTTHEYPROVIDEASTABLESTRUCTUREPERVIOUSTOWATER2DRAINAGEOFSLOPESDRAINAGEISTHEMOSTGENERALLYAPPLICABLEMETHODFORIMPROVINGTHESTABILITYOFSLOPESFORTHECORRECTIVETREATMENTOFSLIDES,REGARDLESSOFTYPE,SINCEITREDUCESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPRINCIPALCAUSESOFINSTABILITY,NAMELY,EXCESSPOREWATERPRESSUREINROCKMASSESGROUNDWATERALSOTENDSTOREDUCETHESHEARSTRENGTHALONGDISCONTINUITIESMOREOVERDRAINAGEISTHEONLYECONOMICWAYOFDEALINGWITHSLIDESINVOLVINGTHEMOVEMENTOFSEVERALMILLIONCUBICMETRESUNDERGROUNDCAVERN1LOCATIONOFUNDERGROUNDCAVERNTHESITEINVESTIGATIONFORANUNDERGROUNDCAVERNHASTOLOCATEASUFFICIENTLYLARGEMASSOFSOUNDROCKINWHICHTHECAVERNCANBEEXCAVATEDBECAUSECAVERNSUSUALLYARELOCATEDATAPPEARANCEOFWEATHERINGANDCONSEQUENTLYTHECHIEFCONSIDERATIONSAREROCKQUALITY,GEOLOGICALSTRUCTU