中華人民共和國(guó)教育部東北林業(yè)大學(xué)外文文獻(xiàn)論文題目：銀行學(xué)生助學(xué)貸款管理系統(tǒng)學(xué)生：指導(dǎo)教師：學(xué)院：信息與計(jì)算機(jī)工程學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)：信息管理與信息系統(tǒng)2001級(jí)3班2005年6月1Inthepastdecadethebusinessenvironmenthaschangeddramatically.Theworldhasbecomeasmallandverydynamicmarketplace.Organizationstodayconfrontnewmarkets,newcompetitionandincreasingcustomerexpectations.Thishasputatremendousdemandonmanufacturersto；1)Lowertotalcostsinthecompletesupplychain2)Shortenthroughputtimes3)Reducestocktoaminimum4)Enlargeproductassortment5)Improveproductquality6)Providemorereliabledeliverydatesandhigherservicetothecustomer7)Efficientlycoordinateglobaldemand,supplyandproduction.Thustodaysorganizationhavetoconstantlyre-engineertheirbusinesspracticesandprocedurestobemoreandmoreresponsivetocustomersandcompetition.Inthe1990sinformationtechnologyandbusinessprocessre-engineering,usedinconjunctionwitheachother,haveemergedasimportanttoolswhichgiveorganizationstheleadingedge.ERPSystemsEvolutionThefocusofmanufacturingsystemsinthe1960swasoninventorycontrol.Mostofthesoftwarepackagesthen(usuallycustomized)weredesignedtohandleinventorybasedontraditionalinventoryconcepts.Inthe1970sthefocusshiftedtoMRP(MaterialRequirementPlanning)systemswhichtranslatedtheMasterSchedulebuiltfortheenditemsintotime-phasednetrequirementsforthesub-assemblies,componentsandrawmaterialsplanningandprocurement,Inthe1980stheconceptofMRP-II(ManufacturingResourcesPlanning)evolvedwhichwasanextensionofMRPtoshopflooranddistributionmanagementactivities.Intheearly1990s,MRP-IIwasfurtherextendedtocoverareaslikeEngineering,Finance,HumanResources,ProjectsManagementetci.e.thecompletegamutofactivitieswithinanybusinessenterprise.Hence,thetermERP(EnterpriseResourcePlanning)wascoined.Inadditiontosystemrequirements,ERPaddressestechnologyaspectslikeclient/serverdistributedarchitecture,RDBMS,objectorientedprogrammingetc.ERPSystems-BandwidthERPsolutionsaddressbroadareaswithinanybusinesslikeManufacturing,Distribution,Finance,ProjectManagement,ServiceandMaintenance,Transportationetc.Aseamlessintegrationisessentialtoprovidevisibilityandconsistencyacrosstheenterprise.AnERPsystemshouldbesufficientlyversatiletosupportdifferentmanufacturingenvironmentslikemake-to-stock,assemble-to-orderandengineer-to-order.Thecustomerorderdecouplingpoint(CODP)shouldbeflexibleenoughtoallowtheco-existenceofthesemanufacturingenvironmentswithinthesamesystem.Itisalsoverylikelythatthesameproductmaymigratefromonemanufacturingenvironmenttoanotherduringitsproducelifecycle.ThesystemshouldbecompleteenoughtosupportbothDiscreteaswellasProcessmanufacturingscenarios.Theefficiencyofanenterprisedependsonthequickflowofinformationacrossthecompletesupplychaini.e.fromthecustomertomanufacturerstosupplier.ThisplacesdemandsontheERPsystemtohaverichfunctionalityacrossallareaslikesales,accountsreceivable,engineering,planning,inventorymanagement,production,purchase,accountspayable,qualitymanagement,distributionplanningandexternaltransportation.EDI(ElectronicDataInterchange)isanimportanttoolinspeedingupcommunicationswithtradingpartners.Moreandmorecompaniesarebecomingglobalandfocusingondown-sizinganddecentralizingtheirbusiness.ABBandNorthernTelecomareexamplesofcompanieswhichhavebusinessspreadaroundtheglobe.Forthesecompaniestomanagetheirbusinessefficiently,ERPsystemsneedtohaveextensivemulti-sitemanagementcapabilities.Thecompletefinancialaccountingandmanagementaccountingrequirementsoftheorganizationshouldbeaddressed.Itisnecessarytohavecentralizedorde-centralizedaccountingfunctionswithcompleteflexibilitytoconsolidatecorporateinformation.After-salesserviceshouldbestreamlinedandmanagedefficiently.AstrongEIS(EnterpriseInformationSystem)withextensivedrilldowncapabilitiesshouldbeavailableforthetopmanagementtogetabirdseyeviewofthehealthoftheirorganizationandhelpthemtoanalyzeperformanceinkeyareas.EvaluationCriteriaSomeimportantpointstobekeptinmindwhileevaluatinganERPsoftwareinclude:1)FunctionalfitwiththeCompanysbusinessprocesses2)DegreeofintegrationbetweenthevariouscomponentsoftheERPsystem3)Flexibilityandscalability4)Complexity；userfriendliness5)Quickimplementation；shortenedROIperiod6)Abilitytosupportmulti-siteplanningandcontrol7)Technology；client/servercapabilities,databaseindependence,security8)Availabilityofregularupgrades9)Amountofcustomizationrequired10)LocalsupportinfrastructureII)Availabilityofreferencesites12)Totalcosts,includingcostoflicense,training,implementation,maintenance,customizationandhardwarerequirements.ERPSystems-ImplementationThesuccessofanERPsolutiondependsonhowquickthebenefitscanbereapedfromit.ThisnecessitatesrapidimplementationswhichleadtoshortenedROIperiods.TraditionalapproachtoimplementationhasbeentocarryoutaBusinessProcessRe-engineeringexerciseanddefineaTOBEmodelbeforetheERPsystemimplementation.ThisledtomismatchesbetweentheproposedmodelandtheERPfunctionality,theconsequenceofwhichwascustomizations,extendedimplementationtimeframes,highercostsandlossofuserconfidence.ERPSystems-TheFutureTheInternetrepresentsthenextmajortechnologyenablerwhichallowsrapidsupplychainmanagementbetweenmultipleoperationsandtradingpartners.MostERPsystemsareenhancingtheirproductstobecomeInternetEnabledsotha