1、 三一口語九級講義（全）  第一部分：自選話題     聽懂考官的談話內(nèi)容并切題應(yīng)答 話語連貫且有條理 就所選話題及考官交替持續(xù)開展交流，敘述事實、想法，闡述個人觀點及態(tài)度     交談中若考官插話打斷，能運用合適的交際策略把談話引回到原話題     交談中能突出談話重點 使考官參及討論   第二部分：互動交流     主動引導交談 通過提問獲取更多信息，依據(jù)考官的回答進一步擴展深入  

2、    請考官發(fā)表評論、闡述觀點，使討論深入進行 靈活運用本級別所列的語言功能  第三部分：對話     聽懂考官的談話內(nèi)容并切題應(yīng)答     更主動地及考官對話交流     對考官的評論或見解作出反應(yīng)，使對話深入展開     若交流不暢停頓時，應(yīng)變換方式或更換詞語使對話繼續(xù)不停頓新增對話題目     夢和夢魘   &

3、#160; 犯罪和懲罰     技術(shù)     習慣和對事物的迷戀     全球環(huán)境問題     設(shè)計（如：服裝、建筑、汽車、家具等）     語言功能     表達抽象的思想、觀點 表達遺憾、愿望和希望     表達設(shè)想、假定  變換詞語表達相同的意思    

4、 權(quán)衡各種選擇 假設(shè)      評論往事或事情發(fā)生的過程     新增語法項目     帶動名詞和/或不定式的動詞，如：forget,  stop,  go on,  remember     帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)     should/must/might/could 現(xiàn)在完成時     wish 和hope后正確的

5、動詞用法詞匯     及自選話題相關(guān)的詞語     及第三部分對話話題相關(guān)的詞匯     用于引回到原話題的用語, 如：As I was saying,  Anyway      用于表示猶豫的用語, 如：I mean,  you know,      為贏得思考時間繼續(xù)自己談話的常用語，如：Well,  let me think   &

6、#160;  語音     詞語發(fā)音正確 運用升調(diào)和降調(diào)，表示繼續(xù)或中止自己的談話 運用重讀和節(jié)奏，突出強調(diào)談話重點   運用語調(diào)、音的高低表明態(tài)度GESE-9Formatl Candidate-led discussion of a prepared topic(up to 5 min)l An interactive task (up to 4 min)l Conversation (up to 5 min)Candidate performancel Understand complex and extended sp

7、eechl Communicate with spontanityl Initiate, maintain and end the discourse with effective turn-takingl Use complex expressionsFunctionsGive adviceMaking suggestionsDiscribingGrammatical itemsSecond conditional/third conditionalForgert, stop, go on, rememberMore complex forms of the passiveShould/mu

8、st/might/could+ present perfectWish/hopeSubject Area 1 Dreams and NightmaresVocabularynightmare,elaborated, physical, frustration,panic,grief,confusion , proportion, abstract, physiological, psychological, paralysis ,be associated with, laboratory, motivation, phenomenon, significant, self-awareness

9、unscientific, speculation,denial, explosion, integrity Definitionl What are dreams?Dreams are a form of mental activity that occurs during sleep. Dreaming activity can vary from very simple thoughts or images, to elaborated stories with ivid colour images and intense physical activity.l What is a ni

10、ghtmare?Any strongly unpleasant dream may be a nightmare. Its the feeling, not the content that turns a dream into a nightmare. Fear, shame, guilt, frustration, pain, panic, anger, grief, confusion, or any other negative emotion may reach nightmare proportions. My mother had a horrible nightmare: sh

11、e was in a huge white room with hundreds of plants. Sounded lovely to me but to her it was (unconsciously) the afterworld, and she wasnt ready to die. It was a terrifying nightmare!Type of dreams: terrible dreams (nightmares) and sweet ones. Qs related to this aspect: describe your dream( the most i

12、mpressive or recent dream) and give an example since an abstract subject can usually be illustrated by examples (Think of a dream and describe it) Recurring ThemesThere are many common recurrent dream themes in our culture: earthquakes, tidal waves, fires, being stalked or attacked, trying to lock d

13、oors against an intruder, teeth crumbling, lost toilets, test taking, no-pants in public, etc. When do we dream?Two different schools of thought exist as to why we dream: the physiological school and the psychological school. Both, however, agree that we dream during the REM, or rapid eye movement,

14、phase of sleep. During this phase of sleep, our closed eyes dart rapidly about, our brain activity peaks, and our muscles suffer temporary paralysis. In dreams, we can recall things happened decades ago, it may be associated with early memories or state of mind at a certain period. Dream recallMany

15、people do not remember their dreams. However research in the laboratory has demonstrated that almost everybody experiences dreams but, for a number of reasons, many people do not recall their dreams upon awakening. Dream recall can be improved by some simple measures such as changing wake-up times,

16、paying attention to dreams immediately upon awakening and writing them down, or telling them to a partner. Simple interest in dreams and motivation to remember them have also been found to increase dream recall.Are dreams useful?Dreams are a natural phenomenon and there is no harm in recalling them.

17、 l In fact, the distorted representation that dreams use can be useful because sometimes they lead to very creative images and associations. Many artists and writers use dream images and stories to inspire them in their work. l However, since most dreams are unpleasant to the dreamer, they can somet

18、imes have a negative impact on mood at wake-up time.l A number of scientists have made significant insight and discoveries following dreams. Because dreams can reflect in one form or another our waking state of mind or our concerns, they are used in psychotherapy. l There are also many techniques th

19、at have been developed for the use of dreams in everyday life. Paying attention to dreams can help improve self-awareness. However, universal dream symbols found in popular books are the result of unscientific speculations. Each individual has their own manner of dream expression.ReasonsWhat causes

20、nightmares? l Usually it is your own trapped personal power, turned inward. This is very common in our society, because of childhood training and social conventions that require you to hide or deny some parts of yourself even some positive ones. For instance, women in our culture are never supposed

21、to get angry. Yet anger is a natural emotion that is very useful and appropriate in some circumstances. Anger appears in nightmares in many forms (explosions, wild animals, fires, floods, to name just a few possible images). When you work a nightmare, by speaking as the image, youll find out very qu

22、ickly what it represents to you. And once you hear the message, you are on the road to breaking the denial and recovering the personal power that was locked away.l Another cause of nightmares is imbalance. If youve gotten out of alignment with your inner integrity in some way, perhaps even a way tha

23、t youre not consciously aware of, your mind may create a nightmare to get your attention. Or if you are developing a physical condition (or theres something in your environment thats not right) your dreaming mind may let you know through nightmares. Subject area 2 Crime and punishmentI. Crime typesl

24、 burglary, damage to a vehicle, fraud and forgery, check and credit card fraud, drug trafficking, vehicle/driver document fraud, sexual offences, homicide, Murder, Premeditated and unlawful killing of another person, manslaughter, Infanticide, harassment, child abduction, Blackmail, kidnapping II. W

25、hat are the main reasons of committing a crime?(How do some people decide to commit a crime?)l The desire for material gain (money or expensive belongings) leads to property crimes such as robberies, burglaries, white-collar crimes, and auto thefts. l The desire for control, revenge, or power leads

26、to violent crimes such as murders, assaults, and rapes. These violent crimes usually occur on impulse or the spur of the moment when emotions run high. Property crimes are usually planned in advance.l Parental relations Children who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in l

27、ife than others. The cycle of abuse, crime, and sociopathy keeps repeating itself.Children who are neglected or abused commit substantially more crimes later in life than others. The cycle of violence concept, based on the quality of early life relationships, has its positive counterpart. Supportive

28、 and loving parents who respond to the basic needs of their child instill self-confidence and an interest in social environments. These children are generally well-adjusted in relating to others and are far less likely to commit crimes.l Heredity and brain activitySearching for the origins of antiso

29、cial personality disorders and their influence over crime led to studies of twins and adopted children in the 1980s. Identical twins have the exact same genetic makeup. Researchers found that identical twins were twice as likely to have similar criminal behavior than fraternal twins who have similar

30、 but not identical genes, just like any two siblings. The death penaltyIts taken for granted that a person who is convicted of murder should pay with his or her life. However, there exists a world-wide movement for the abolition of the death penalty. The abolitionists argue that the death penalty is

31、 not only inhuman but also unscientific.l Those in favour of capital punishment are motivated only by desire for revenge and retaliation.l Capital punishment does not deter.l Therere numerous miscarriages of justice, especially in capital cases. l A civilised state should uphold, not violate, the sa

32、nctity of human life.EducationConforming to Merton's earlier sociological theories, a survey of inmates in state prisons in the late 1990s showed very low education levels. Many could not read or write above elementary school levels, if at all. The most common crimes committed by these inmates w

33、ere robbery, burglary, automobile theft, drug trafficking, and shoplifting. Because of their poor educational backgrounds, their employment histories consisted of mostly low wage jobs with frequent periods of unemployment.Employment at minimum wage or below living wage does not help deter criminal a

34、ctivity. Even with government social services, such as public housing, food stamps, and medical care, the income of a minimum wage household still falls short of providing basic needs. People must make a choice between continued long-term low income and the prospect of profitable crime. Gaining furt

35、her education, of course, is another option, but classes can be expensive and time consuming. While education can provide the chance to get a better job, it does not always overcome the effects of abuse, poverty, or other limiting factors.l Peer influenceA person's peer group strongly influences

36、 a decision to commit crime. For example, young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes become Crack cocaine pipe displayed by police. Drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions, giving a pe

37、rson greater courage to commit a crime. Children of families who cannot afford adequate clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap. Researchers believe these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminal gangs, since membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different

38、 manner. In gangs, antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility.l Drugs and alcoholSome social factors pose an especially strong influence over a person's ability to make choices. Drug and alcohol abuse is one such factor. The urge to commit crime to support a d

39、rug habit definitely influences the decision process. Both drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions (socially defined rules of behavior), giving a person greater courage to commit a crime. Deterrents such as long prison sentences have little meaning when a person is high or drunk.The

40、 idea that drug and alcohol abuse can be a major factor in a person's life is why there are numerous treatment programs for young people addicted to these substances. Treatment focuses on positive support to influence a person's future decision making and to reduce the tendency for antisocia

41、l and criminal behavior.l Easy accessAnother factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier is the availability of handguns in U.S. society. Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders some distance or detachment from their victims. Discou

42、raging the choice of crimeSolution There are several ways to prevent the youth from committing crimes. l Firstly, school education plays an important role to teach traditional beliefs. l Secondly, the present situation also calls for a control and supervision on the mass media. Books and programs sh

43、ould be in good quality. There should be more educational books and programs for young children in to tell them how to distinguish the right from the wrong. l Thirdly, mutual understanding between parents and children is also very important. Parental supervision and guidance are a key factor of self

44、-cultivation in lifetime. The two generations need to smooth away disagreement. Parents can spend much time staying with their children and patiently carry out the duty of family education.Subject area 3 Habits and obsessionsDefinition of habitHabit:  a behavior pattern acquired by 、frequent re

45、petition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b: an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary.Types of habits: You have two major types of habits. You have habits that revolve around your desires and you ha

46、ve habits that revolve around your fears.The habits that revolve around your desires for health, happiness, financial independence, and success are life-enhancing. They are the habits that have brought you the success you enjoy today.The habits that revolve around your fears, on the other hand, act

47、as brakes on your potential. They hold you back. They interfere with your success. They trip you up on a regular basis. They cause you to sell yourself short and settle for far less than your potential.Definition of ObsessionObsession: a persistent disturbing preoccupation with an often unreasonable

48、 idea or feeling; A recurrent and persistent idea, thought, or impulse to carry out an act that is ego dystonic, that is experienced as senseless or repugnant, and that the person cannot voluntarily suppress.An obsession is an unwelcome, uncontrollable, and persistent idea, thought, image, or emotio

49、n that a person cannot help thinking even though it creates significant distress or anxiety.SymptomsTypical obsessions include fear of contamination as from doorknobs or handshakes, worry about leaving things in their proper order, persistent doubts about one's responsible behavior, scary images

50、 involving violent acts, and images of sexual acts. People with obsessions may find themselves acting in compulsive ways in largely futile attempts to relieve the anxiety associated with their persistent, unpleasant thoughts. Others suffering from obsessions may try very hard to control or ignore th

51、em. It is important to note that legitimate worries about daily concernspaying bills, studying for exams, keeping a job, interpersonal relationshipsare not obsessions. Although they can occasionally be carried to obsessive lengths, these concerns can change with circumstances and, in most cases be c

52、ontrolled, with planning, effort, and action. Obsessions relate to problems that most people would consider far removed from normal, daily events and concerns.smokingTherere millions of people who still smoke today. Therere no advertisements for cigarettes on television or in the newspapers in China

53、. Every cigarette packet carries a Government health warning. It says “Smoking can damage your health”. People die every year from the effects of smoking. But many people continue to smoke. The main reason is that their body is addicted to nicotine and that they lack the willpower to stop smoking. W

54、hat worries us most is that the number of schoolchildren who smoke seems to be increasing. They smoke because they like the image of being a smoker. Some diseases are linked to smoking, such as lung cancer, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and so on. Its high time we took some measures to discourage pe

55、ople from smoking. l Smoking should be banned in public places.l The anti-smoking campain should be strengthened.drinkingA person who is unable to stop the habit of drinking too much is an alcoholic. Doctors say that moderate drinking of good ale, good cider, or good natural wine does not injure the

56、 health of most people who are leading reasonably active lives. But therere people who drink too much. They think they can temporarily get rid of their worries by getting themselves drunk. As we all know, the continued and habitual drinking of too much alcohol damages mind and nerve. l We must prohi

57、bit the sale of alcohol to people who are already drunk. If such people are served at a bar, the bartender should be held responsible. The bars licence should be withdrawn.l Pubs should not be allowed to offer parking space for their customers cars and motorbikes, since this encourages drunken drivi

58、ng. Reasonsl Those who have a particular deadline, e.g. a new job, wedding, birth of baby, holiday or educational course. Some wish to make a swift change due to personal eatment plan l Gain greater self-awareness Subject area 4 TechnologyCell Phones: New DevelopmentsIn the world, mobility is not ju

59、st a luxury, it is a way of life.  And, many people have come to rely on using cell phones to manage their lives, sometimes even canceling their land-lines in favor of their mobile.Thus, poor reception quality and lack of cell phone coverage, is not merely an inconvenience, it is also a matter

60、of public safety.  Increasingly 911 phone calls are being placed on cell phones. GM food What do you know about GM food?Should it be further developed or should it be suspended?What is the potential impact of GM food?The lack of data is due to a number of reasons, including: l It's more difficult to evaluate the safety of crop-derived foods than individual chemical, drug, or food additives. Crop foods are more co