1、定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)1. 定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語(yǔ)修 飾主句的某個(gè) 名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱(chēng)為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它 所修飾的先行詞后面。2. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。 關(guān)系代詞有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等； 關(guān)系副詞有 where, whe n, why 等。關(guān)系詞常有 3 個(gè)作用： 1，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 2，代替先行詞。 3，在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān) 當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。注：關(guān)系代詞有主語(yǔ)?賓語(yǔ)之分。一般whom 作為賓語(yǔ)。4. 定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，

2、是對(duì)名詞或代詞起 修飾、限定作用 的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用？?的表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任。此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)也可以來(lái)?yè)?dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)?yè)?dān)任?單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則 放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定 語(yǔ)。（一） 限定性定語(yǔ)從句一、 關(guān) 系代詞1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，that 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略關(guān)系詞，which 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)也可以省略。eg : thisis the book （which ） you want 。 而且，如果 which

3、 在從句中作 不及物動(dòng)詞 +介詞which 的前邊，但有which 之的介詞的賓語(yǔ)，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞 的則放在它原來(lái)的位置2. which 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，根據(jù)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，先行詞與間的介詞不能丟that 而不用 which , 這些詞等不定代詞時(shí)， 或者是由 every,3. 代表物時(shí)多用 which ，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用包括當(dāng)先行詞是 anything, everyth ing, no thi ng , noneany, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)等，這時(shí)的that 常被省略 還有先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形

4、容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，或先行詞就是序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)時(shí).以及先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí) .還有句中前面有which 時(shí)， 都只能用 that4. who 和 whom 引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人，分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，whom 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)、 關(guān) 系副詞關(guān)系副詞 =介詞+關(guān)系代詞why=for whichwhere=i n/ at/ on/ . which （ 介詞同先行詞搭配 ） whe n=duri ng/ on/ in/ . which （ 介詞同先行詞搭配 ）whose=of which/ whom1. where 是關(guān)系副詞，用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句2. wh

5、e n 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間注值得一提的是，表示時(shí)間 “ time" 一詞的定 語(yǔ)從句只用 when 引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用 that 引導(dǎo)By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to bus in ess trip, he brings a lot of livi ng n ecessities, such as towels, soap

6、, toothbrush etc.3. whose 是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格 .它引 導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物，當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時(shí)，可以與 of which 調(diào)換，表達(dá)的意思一樣 .4. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody,something, anything, everything或 nothing 時(shí)，常用 there is 來(lái)弓丨導(dǎo)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.這里有人要和你說(shuō)話(huà)。二）非限定性定語(yǔ)從句非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作

7、用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明， 通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行 詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部2. 當(dāng)先行詞是專(zhuān)有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是 非限制性的， 例如：查理史密斯去年我去年買(mǎi)的的那Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 退休了， 他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。This no vel, which I have read three times, is very touch ing.他似乎液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，M

8、y house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garde n. 幢房子帶 著個(gè)漂亮的花園。3.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞，對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾，這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)我已經(jīng)讀了 這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，、t=t三遍動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water cha nges to vapor, which is called evaporati on.這就叫做蒸發(fā)。4. 有時(shí) a

9、s 也可用作關(guān)系代詞why 和關(guān)系代詞 that ，而用 who,5. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞(三)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1. who 指人在從句中做主語(yǔ)(1) The boys who are playi ng football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。 ( 注： who 和 whom 已無(wú)太 大區(qū)別，可以通用。 )(1) Mr. Liu is the pers on (whom) you talked abo

10、ut on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.注意：關(guān)系代詞 whom 在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用 who 代替，可省略。如果在從句中做賓語(yǔ),就用 whom 或who.比如：He is the man whom/who I talk to.如果是在從句中作主語(yǔ)就只能用who. 比如 ： He is the man who has an Englishbook.3. which 指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

11、可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 who 或者 whom ; 指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 which 。在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。(5) The nu mber of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one milli on.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw thi

12、s morning?5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has falle n in. whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替(3) The classroom whose door is broke n will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broke n will soon be repaired.(5) Do you li

13、ke the book whose color is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?( 四 ) 注意介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)從句常由介詞 +關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (

14、that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magaz ine for which you asked.(5) We ' II go to hear the famous sin ger (whom/that/who) we have ofte n talked about.(6) We ' II go to hear the famous sin ger about whom we have ofte n talked.含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短注意：1.語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：look for, look aft

15、er, take care=正確）=錯(cuò)誤）whom ，不可用 who 或者 that ;whoseof等(1) This is the watch which/that I am look ing for. (T(2) This is the watch for which I am looking.(F2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用 指物時(shí)用 which ，不能用 that ; 關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my fr

16、iend. (F)(3) The pla ne in which we flew to Can ada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The pla ne in that we flew in to Can ada is very comfortable. (F)3. 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 " 前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞(1) He loved his pare nts deeply, both of whom are very ki nd to him.(2

17、) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.(五)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1. whe n 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time whe n we got together fin ally c

18、ame.2. where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(1) Shan ghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has bee n pulled dow n.3. why 指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)(1) Please tell me the reas on why you missed the pla ne.(2) I don ' t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引

19、導(dǎo)的從句替換(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year whe n/in which he was going to school he bega n to know what he wan tedwhe n he grew up.(3) Great cha nges have take n place in the city in which./where I was born.（ 六 ） 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的

20、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng) 詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)， 就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞 ; 則要求 而及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ) 用關(guān)系代詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. ni n ever forget the days whe n I worked together with you. 判斷改錯(cuò)（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線(xiàn)；用不同的顏色表示出。）（錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯(cuò)） I will n ever forget the d

21、ays whe n I spe nt in the coun tryside.（對(duì)） This is the mountain village （which ） I visited last year. （對(duì)） ni n ever forget the days （which ） I spe nt in the coun tryside. 習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 錯(cuò)在關(guān) where, whe n 聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題系詞的誤用上。方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum(主、謂、賓、定、狀 )，也能正 確D. the

22、 oneA. where B. thatC. on which例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A例 1 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum the exhibiti on was held.在句 1 中， is 后應(yīng)跟表語(yǔ)，只有 the one 可以，而后面的 you visited a few days

23、ago 則做 one 的定語(yǔ)從句。而句 2 中，主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where ，又因 in the museum 詞組，可用介詞 in + which 弓 I 導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on用的不對(duì)，所以選 A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選 擇關(guān)系代詞 ( who, whom, that, which, whose ) ;先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)， whe n 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)， why 原因狀語(yǔ) ) 。七)介詞 +關(guān)系詞1 ) 介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2) that 前不能有介詞。3)

24、 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系畐 U 詞 when ,where 禾口 why 互換。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago. 方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng) Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day whe n you joined our

25、club?This is the reas on why he came late.This is the reas on for which he came late.(八)先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一"Whoever spits in public will be puni shed here. ( Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用 all that 代替 )(九) as,which 弓 I 導(dǎo)的非

26、限定性定語(yǔ)從句由 as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句， as 和 which 可代整個(gè)主句， 相當(dāng)于 and this 或 and that 。 As 一般放在句首， which 在句中。As we know, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very importa nt to us.典型例題1) Alice received an invitation from her boss, came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which

27、D. he答案C.此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用 which. , it和he都使后 句成為句子，兩個(gè) 獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he 句意不通。2) The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we couldexpect.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案 B。which 可代替句子，用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而what 不可。 That 不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。3) It rained hard yesterd

28、ay, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案 B.as 和 which 在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整 個(gè)意思，且在定 語(yǔ)從句中都可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which 不可(2)中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，在本題中， preve nt 由于是行為動(dòng)詞，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為 BAs 的用法例1. the sameas ; suchas中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),和. 一樣.。I h

29、ave got into the same trouble as he （has）.例 2. as 可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如 '。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.As 是關(guān)系代詞。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的賓語(yǔ)；例 2 中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 know 要用被動(dòng)式。一、“as / which "特殊定語(yǔ)從句的先行成分1. 形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分 , 具有形容詞意義的

30、介詞短語(yǔ)也可以充當(dāng)先 行成分，如：My g randmother ' s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。這些名詞主要是那些表 示人的身份、 職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞。 值得一提的是， 在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后， 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞 不能用 who / whom.2. 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)先行成分這種動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，它們?cè)趶木渲芯鸵话阌邢薅ɑ蚍窍薅ㄐ问降奶娲鷦?dòng)詞do 和 as / which 一起代替。 do 可以出現(xiàn)，也

31、可以不出現(xiàn)，但不能用其它動(dòng)詞代替。3. 句子作先行成分 這句子可以是整個(gè)主句也可以只是主句中的一個(gè)從句。有時(shí)是連續(xù)幾個(gè)句子，有時(shí)甚至可以是一個(gè)完整的故事。二、“ as/which '特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置由于先行成分的構(gòu)成成分不同，“as/which ”特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：1. 形容詞做先行成分時(shí)：形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)（含具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞）作先行成分，“as / which 特”殊定語(yǔ)從句置于先行成分之后。as / which 特”殊定語(yǔ)從句as”殊定語(yǔ)2. 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分時(shí)：動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分時(shí)，置于先行成分之后。但是，當(dāng)從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時(shí)

32、， 從句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分時(shí)：as ”殊定語(yǔ)從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語(yǔ)，“ as 特殊定語(yǔ)從句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“ as 特殊定語(yǔ)從句與否定詞的相對(duì)位置不同可以使它產(chǎn)生不同 的意義。由于 “ as 特殊定語(yǔ)從句具有這一特點(diǎn)，所以有時(shí)它的位置不能隨便移動(dòng)。在三、“ as/which ' 特殊定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)義功能一般說(shuō)來(lái)， as 與 which 的語(yǔ)義功能相同，可以相互替換。但先行成分為句子時(shí)， 它們的語(yǔ)義 功能則有差異。1. 表示結(jié)果表示結(jié)果的特殊定語(yǔ)從句與其先行成分之間存在著一定的因果關(guān)系， 從句

33、中往往 使用有結(jié)果意義的詞，如動(dòng)詞 result, make, en able, cause 和形容詞 in terest in g, surpris ing, delightful, disgraceful 等。2. 表示評(píng)注表示評(píng)注的特殊定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)其先行成分所述事實(shí)的正確性有肯定的傾向， 它通常 與那些表示客觀事實(shí)，普遍真理或某種習(xí)性的先行成分連用；從句中則常用一些表示 合乎自然規(guī)律”、眾所周知 "或經(jīng)常發(fā)生 "等意義的詞語(yǔ)，如 natural, known to all, usual 等。3. 有無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意義“ as特殊定語(yǔ)從句具有狀語(yǔ)意義（主要是方式狀語(yǔ)意義），而“

34、which'特殊定語(yǔ)從句則無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意義。 “ as 特殊定語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)意義要求它在語(yǔ)義上與其先行成分的語(yǔ)義 保持一致，“which ' 特殊定語(yǔ)從句則不受這種限制。四、關(guān)系代詞 as 與 which 的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。as 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為連系動(dòng)詞（主要是be, seem ），主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為 usual 、a rule、 a matter of fact 等時(shí)，系動(dòng)詞 be 習(xí)慣經(jīng)常省略。行為動(dòng)詞作“as 特殊定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（其中助動(dòng)詞be 常略），不及物的行為動(dòng)詞在“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作謂語(yǔ)的極少，常見(jiàn)的有hap

35、pe n 詞。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was atte nding the conference.Which 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不限，主語(yǔ)被動(dòng)皆可，只是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞 be 省略。2. as 和 which 都可以在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中賓語(yǔ)。3. as 和 which 在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：We thought him a gen tlema n, as/which he could n ever be.“ as 特殊定語(yǔ)從句中可以主謂倒裝，“ which ' 從句中則不能主謂倒裝。如果先行成分不是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞用wh

36、ich而不用as。如：He talked like a n ative, which/as he hardly was.4. which 在特殊從定語(yǔ)句中作定語(yǔ)。which 可以在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾fact, matter, thing 等名詞。這些名as 不能作定語(yǔ)。如：詞代表先行成分表達(dá)的意義，有時(shí)將其略去句義仍然完整。I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.(十)關(guān)系代詞 that 的用法(1) 不用 that 的情況 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。(錯(cuò) )The tree, that is fou

37、r hun dred years old, Is very famous here.( b )介詞后不能用。We depe nd on the land from which we get our food.We depe nd on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用 that 作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況(a) 在 there be 句型中，只用 that ，不用 which 。(b) 在不定代詞，如：anything, no thi ng, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，

38、只用that ，不用 which 。(c) 先行詞有 the only, the very,the same,the lastjust 修飾時(shí)，只用 that 。(d) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用 that o .(e) 先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。(f) 先行詞指物，在主句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí) .(g) 為了避免重復(fù) .(h) 先行詞是 the way 時(shí)舉例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?這是你在圖書(shū)館借的那本書(shū)嗎？Who that break the window should be puni shed.誰(shuí)打碎了窗戶(hù)

39、都要受到懲罰 .All that is n eeded is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油問(wèn)題。Fin ally, the thief han ded everyth ing that he had stole n to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。(十八一)難點(diǎn)分析(一)限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用 that 的幾種情況1 . 當(dāng)先行詞是 anything, everything, nothing (something除夕卜 ) ,few, all, none,little, some 等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, n

40、o, little, few, much, each等修飾時(shí)(1) Have you take n dow n everyth ing that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has bee n done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意 1 ：部分時(shí)候 that 可以省略，如部分例句將 that 用括號(hào)括住。注意 2: 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也

41、可以用 who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won ' t do such a thing.2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 當(dāng)形容詞被 the very, the only ， the same,the last 修飾時(shí)(1) This is the very good dictionar

42、y that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶 爾也可以用 who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting ？5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有 who, which 等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me

43、 most?6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?(二 ) 關(guān)系代詞 as 和 which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 as 和 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句， 有相同之處 也有不同之處。具體情況是：1 As 和 which 都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定

44、語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有 正如？正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don' t believe.

45、注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 當(dāng)先行詞受 such, the same 修飾時(shí)，常用 as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.從句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she

46、 wore at Mary' s wedding.她穿著她在 MARY 婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。(三 )以 the way 為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由 in which, that 引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢?省略。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but 有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(1) There are very few but under

47、stand his idea.( but= who don ' t )(五 ) 區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句 1定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的關(guān)系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London.定語(yǔ)從句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear.同位語(yǔ)從句2定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分，有時(shí)可以省略；同位語(yǔ)從句主要由 that 引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)成分(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.