1、v1.0可編輯可修改111 1 / 8初中中考英語語法（名詞篇）語法總述:名詞篇:名詞的種類：英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:專有名詞普通名詞國名，地名，人名，可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞團(tuán)體,機(jī)構(gòu)名稱個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如：Jili n, Tom, Chi na,（1）零冠詞，如 Yale University,Beijing Railway Station,是由專有名詞+普通名詞組成，往往為并列關(guān)系。定冠詞，如 the Uni ted States ， the Great Wall, 由形容詞

2、+普通名詞組成。（3）姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，則表示該姓氏一家人（復(fù)數(shù)含義）,女如： the Greens（ 格林一家人）。2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。普通名詞又可進(jìn)一步分為四類1）個(gè)體名稱：表示單個(gè)的人和事物。house 馬 car 汽車 room 房間 apple 蘋果 fun 風(fēng)扇 picture 照片2）集體名稱：表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。people 人們 family 家庭 army 軍隊(duì)government 政府 group 集團(tuán)3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。fire 火 steel 鋼 air 空氣 water 水 milk 牛奶v1.0

3、可編輯可修改222 2/84）抽象名詞：表示動作，狀態(tài)，品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。labour 勞動 health 健康 life 生活friendship友情 patienee 耐力3.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞，如：box, child, orange ；不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, populatio n,in formati on .4、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, g

4、irl-girls, day-days2以 s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dishdishes,3以-f 或-fe 結(jié)尾的詞變-f 和-fe 為 v 再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, kni fe-k ni ves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs（信仰，信念），chief-chiefs（首領(lǐng)）,proof-proofs（證據(jù)），roof-roofs（屋頂）4以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞，變 y 為 i 加-esparty-parties, f

5、amily-families, story-stories, city-cities,baby-babies5以元音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以 y 結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, key-keys, way-ways6以輔音字母加-o 結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spia no-pia nos, photo-photos, kilo-kilosv1.0可編輯可修改222 2/8兩者皆可zero-zeros /zeroes, volca no-vo

6、lca no es/ volca nos（火山）v1.0可編輯可修改333 3/87以兀音字母加-o 結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos（竹子），zoo-zoos8以-th 結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m on ths2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, tooth teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese（鵝），mouse-mice , child-children2

7、單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means（方法）3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers（褲子），clothes, tha nks, goods, glasses4部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（表整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（表其中的人或者成員）couple, group, populati on, team, public, en emy, party,police 警察，class 班，同學(xué)，family家，家庭成員5復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義times（時(shí)代）,spirits（情緒）,drinks（ 飲料）,sands（ 沙灘），papers （ 文件報(bào)紙） ,manners （禮貌） ,loo

8、ks （ 外表） , greens（青菜）,ruins（ 廢墟）6表示“某國人”加-sAmerica ns, Australia ns, Germa ns, Greeks, Swedes,Europea ns單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chin ese, Japa nese以-ma n 或-woman 結(jié)尾的改為-me n,-wome nEn glishme n, Fren chwome n8復(fù)合名詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)a boy student- some boy students , an apple tree-some appletrees, a shoe factory- some shoe factorie

9、s兩部分都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)a woma n sin ger-wome n sin gers, a man teacher-me n teachers,v1.0可編輯可修改444 4/8fish 魚fishes 魚的種類,10paper 紙papers 報(bào)紙，卷子，論文，work 工作works 作品，工廠，glass 玻璃-glasses 玻璃杯，眼鏡，單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同orange 桔子水-oranges 橙子light 光線lights 燈，people 人peoples 民族,time 時(shí)間times 時(shí)代，次數(shù)chicke n 雞肉-chicke ns小雞5、名詞所有格：名詞在句中表示所屬關(guān)系的語

10、法形式叫做名詞所有格，相當(dāng)于物主代詞所有格分三種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞 of 加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。 三是雙重所有格。1.s所有格的構(gòu)成:單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son -in- laws photo,Jims bed , the ma ns wife,在句中作定v1.0可編輯可修改555 5/8復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, Childern s Day,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe children s toys, wom

11、en s rights,Dicke ns no vels,the Smiths house, the stude nts以 s 結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者books,Teachers Day, a girls dormitory（宿舍）表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均須Japan s and America s problems, Jane s and Mary s力nsbikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末Japan and Ameri ca s problems, Jane and Mary s father ,力nsLucy and Lily s bedroom 名詞所有格所修飾的詞

12、，如果前面已經(jīng)提到過，往往可以省略，以免重復(fù)。Whose pen is this Its Toms.這是誰的鋼筆是湯姆的。The bike is not mine, but Tom s. 這輛自行車不是我的，是 Tom 的。2. of 所有格的用法：a. 用于無生命的東西： the legs of the chair, the cover of the book, a map of the world ,the win dows of the room , the title of the filmb. 用于有生命的東西，尤其是名詞較長時(shí)： the classrooms of the firs

13、t-yearstudents ， the storyof a hero某些 of 所有格和s 所有格可以互換：son of a poor peasant= a poor peasant s son 個(gè)貧農(nóng)的兒子3.雙重所有格在意義上與one of. 相似:1of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”a friend of my father s（我父親的一位朋友 ）=one of my father s frien ds,v1.0可編輯可修改666 6 / 8示“某整體中的一部分”，強(qiáng)調(diào)部分與整體的關(guān)系名詞專項(xiàng)練習(xí)()1. She was very happy. SheA. makes a few m

14、istakeC. made few mistakes()2. We n eed some more_ . Can you go and get some, please？A. potatoB. potatos C. potatoesD. potatoe()3._ are used for cutti ng thin gs.A. KnifeB. Knives C. KnifeD. Knives()4. What big_ the tiger has!A. toothB. teeth C. tooths . toothes()5. Please remember to give the horse

15、 some tree_()6 .-Ca n we have some_？-Yes, please.A.bananaB. orangesD.pear()7. On the table there are five_()1. They got much_ from those new books.A. ideasB. photosC. in formati on D. storiesa friend of mine(我的一位朋友)=one of my friendsof 前面的名詞被a/an, some, several, no, few, another, all, many等表數(shù)量的詞修飾時(shí)，

16、表_ in the maths test.B. made a few mistakesD. makes few mistakeA. leafsB. leaves C. leafD. leaveA. tomatos B. piece of tomatoesC. tomatoesD. tomatov1.0可編輯可修改777 7 / 8()2. He gave us_on how to keep fit.()3. Whe n we saw his face, we knew_was bad.()4 .What_lovely weather it is!A. /B. theC. anD. a3.()1

17、. -Would you like_ tea?-No, tha nks. I have drunk two_A. any, bottles of orangeC. many, bottles of oran ges()2 .He is hun gry. Give him_ to eat.()5. Please give me_ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of()6 .Joh n bought_ for himself yesterday.shoes4()1 .-How many_ have you got on your farm?-Iv

18、e got five.A. sheepsB. sheepC. pigD. chicke n()2 .Some_ came to our school for a visit that day.A. some advicesB. some advice C. an adviceD. a adviceA. some n ewsB. a n ewsC. the n ewsP. newsB. some, bottles of orangeD. few, bottle of oran gesA. two breadsC. two pieces of bread()3would like to have_A. two glasses of milkC. two glasses of milks()4 .Ca n you give me_B. two piece of breadD. two pieces of breadsB. two glass of milk ID. two glass of milks?A. a teaB. some cup of teaC. acup teaD. a cup of teaA. two pairs of shoesB. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoesD. two pairsv1.0可編輯可修改888 8/8A.