1、商務合同的譯練習一參考譯文一、商務合同的根本概念、分類與結構1. 概念2. 分類3. 結構二、合同英語的詞匯特點及譯策略1. 用詞專業(yè),具有法律意味：(1)根據不同的專業(yè)來確定詞義例1 :a. The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.b. If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount.c. The article

2、s of our immediate interest are your Agricultural Washing Machines.析：a.出自保險業(yè),意思“被保險的貨物 ；b.源于國際貿易,意思是“一方由于未能 支付到期的應付款項而向另一方支付的過期利息；c.屬于營銷業(yè),應譯為“對什么產品、品牌感興趣.例2:Party B shall train Party A's technical personnel so as to enable them to master Party B's design, mould design, performance test and t

3、echnology in machining, erection and inspection of the contracted product, so that Party A can use the technical documents and know-how supplied by Party B to produce the same product and mould in Party A s factory.乙方須負責對甲方技術員進行培訓,以便甲方受訓人員掌握合同產品的設計、模具設 計、性能測試、加工工藝、裝配工藝和質量檢驗技術,進而使甲方能利用乙方提供的技術資 料和專門知識

4、在甲方的廠內制造出相同的產品和模具.析：仕匕例中,原文的 mould design, performance test, technology in machining, erection, inspection都可以稱得上是術語,不可隨便譯,這些都應選擇符合語境的技術術語譯文.(2)注意合問本身的術語(合問用語)Rights and obligations權利和義務Arbitration仲裁Termination終止Force majeure小PJ抗力Jurisdiction管轄Undersigned簽署人In default of因沒有Both parties to the contrac

5、t合同雙方Breaching party違約方Observant party/non-breaching party守約方Liability for breach of the contract違約責任Constitute構成Damages賠償金在譯中,要對這些詞語在一般文體中和在法律文體中的意義進行區(qū)分.例詞一般文體法律文體Counterpart極相似的人或物,對手,對方有同等效力的副本Limitation限制時效Prejudice偏見損害Royalty皇室、王權特許權使用費,版稅Negligence疏忽過失Assign分配,指派轉讓(合同)等2, 用詞正式(1)專門的套語和習語商務合同的英

6、語譯應注意使用譯語中專門的套語和習語,要求地道正式,預防使用 口語詞匯.如：正式普通In effectin fact事實上Cease to dostop to do停止Prior tobefore在之前Commencementstart, begin開始Miscellaneousother matters/events其他事項Deemthink認為By virtue ofbecause of由于as regards, concerningabout關于pursuant to/in accordance with according to根據,根據as fromfrom自日起as ofon于日a

7、s per/in accordance withaccording to根據,根據construeexplain解釋revise, rectifycorrect糾正,改正terminateend結束,終止obligation, liabilityduty責任,義務(2)古語詞匯Here/there/where + 介詞 = 介詞 + this/that/which/what例如：Section 10 hereof: Section 10 of this contract/agreement 本協(xié)議/合同第 10 條Article 6 thereof: Article 6 of that agr

8、eement/contract 協(xié)議/合同第 6 條Parties hereto : parties to the contract本協(xié)議 /合同當事人Set my hand and official seal hereunto : set my hand and official seal unto (=to) the document,在文件上簽章Terms and conditions provided herein : terms and conditions provided in this contract, 本協(xié)議/合同規(guī)定之條款Hereinafter :以下,下文中Hereby

9、 : by means of this, by reason of this, 特it匕,由it匕, 茲Whereby : by which, by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions, etc.憑it匕協(xié)議,憑此條款等The investors hereby form a joint venture投資方 特仕匕 設立合資公司All amounts due hereunder are payable in full to Party B without deduction.本協(xié)議所規(guī)定 之所有到期款額應向乙方足額交付,不得

10、抵扣.(hereunder: under thiscontract)The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.當在那里的建筑物實質完成時,該租賃房屋才被認為適合占有居住.(Therein: in that, in that particular context, in that respect,在月S里, 在月S點上, 在月S方面)其他：For and on behalf ofHithertoAforementioned

11、AforesaidForthwithIn witness whereof代表迄今上述的上述的馬上,立即,毫不拖延特此為證3. 用詞準確a.情態(tài)動詞May:表示合同上的權利 right,權限power或特權privilege 的場合中使用.可Shall: 一般用來表示法律上可以強制執(zhí)行的義務obligation.如未履行,即視為違約,并構成某種賠償責任.Shall在譯文中常表示為“應該,必須等,也有不譯的時候.應May not 或shall not:用于禁止性義務,即"不得做什么".絕不可用cannot或must not.Will: 一般使用在沒有法律強制的情況下,也用做表示

12、承擔義務的聲明,但語氣和強制 力比shall弱.Should :在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較弱的假設,多譯成“萬一,如果,假設等.例1:The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People ' s Court havimgjctio

13、n on such dispute for settlement.雙方應首先通過友好協(xié)商解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關的爭議.如協(xié)商未果,可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決.例2:The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the exporter and the importer in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.貨物的質量和價格 必須使進出口雙方都能接受.例3:The formation of this contract, it

14、s validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the People' s Republic of China.本合同的訂立、效力、解釋、履行和爭議的解決均受中華人民共和國法律的管轄.shall未譯出例4:The board meeting shall be convened and presided by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chair

15、man shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting.董事會會議應由董事長召集、主持；如董事長缺席,原那么上 應由副董事長召集、主持.b.其他商務合同常常由于選詞不當而導致詞不達意或者意思模棱兩可,甚至誤譯.如：The invoice value is to be paid after upon the arrival of the goods.After:之后；upon:即The goods per/ex/by S.S " Victory " will arrive at Paris on

16、October 12.析：ex指“運來,per指“運走,by指“承運.Shipping advice & shipping instruction裝運通知&裝船指示By June 15 & before June 15:前者包括15日,后者不包括 15日.On or before May 1:不得晚于5月1日5月1日之前或該日,5月1日之前含該日4. 詞語重復、并列現(xiàn)象1同義詞、近義詞或相關詞重復、并列的現(xiàn)象如：Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the following commodity under the terms

17、and conditions set out below:甲方同意根據以下條款向乙方購置如下商品.This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.Any partner or his/her agent, may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.任何合伙人或其代理人,可隨時審查任一或全部 會計帳目或其他記錄.The decision by such arbitration shall be accepted a

18、s final and binding upon both parties.該仲裁裁決應被視為終局裁決,雙方均受其約束對雙方均具約束力.Any duties, obligations or liabilities所有責任Applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives and rules 適用法律法規(guī)各種費用保密無效包裝費權益船只簽發(fā)和/或當日或當日之前修改和變更義務和責任理解和解釋Charges, fees, costs and expensesKeep secret and confidentialNull and voidPacking

19、and wrapping expensesRights and interestsShips and vesselsSign and issueAnd/orOn or prior toModification and alternationObligation and liabilityInterpretation and construction(2)數(shù)字的重復如：The total value of the cargo is USD 40,000 (SAY: Forty Thousand US Dollars Only).貨物總值為4萬美元整(大寫：肆萬美元).The Buyer shal

20、l pay the Seller USD35,500.26 (SAY: U.S.Dollars Thirty Five Thousand Five Hundred and 26/100 Only).買方須付給賣方美元 35500.26元整(大寫：蹇萬伍仟伍佰美元貳拾陸美分).5. 用含名詞的動詞短語代替單個動詞grant consent toagree贊同,同意give application toapply申請give approval ofapprove許可,批準make preparations toprepare準備三、合同英語的句式結構特點：1.句子冗長,結構嚴謹,語序復雜a.主句的

21、狀語的位置,一般放在助動詞后,行為動詞前.例1 ：The company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture , effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.合資公司應在合資期間的任何時候,就火災以及此類與公司經營相關的其他風險所造

22、 成的損失或損害進行投保,并保持充分和適當?shù)谋ｋU.例2:If, at any time during the execution of the Work, the Engineer requires the Contractor to make bore-holes or to carry out exploratory excavation, such requirement shall, in accordance with Clause 51 , be the subject of an instruction.在工程施工過程中的任何時間內,如果工程師要求承包人鉆孔或進行勘探性開挖,那么

23、 根據第51條規(guī)定,應以指示形式下達這一要求.b.從句復雜：從句的狀語往往放在連詞之后,從句的句子之前.例1:If, at the time and in the place agreed under Sub-Clause 37.3, the materials or plant arenot ready for inspecting or testing or if, as a result of the inspection or testing referred to in this Clause, the Engineer determines that the materials o

24、r plant are defective or otherwise not in accordance with the Contract, the Engineer may reject the materials or the plant and shall notify the Contractor thereof immediately.如果在按第37.3條約定的時間和地點,供檢查和檢驗的材料或工程設備未準備好,或 者按本條規(guī)定所作的檢查或檢驗結果,工程師認為材料或工程設備有缺陷或是不符合合同規(guī)定,那么工程師可拒收這些材料或工程設備,并應立即通知承包人.析：兩個條件句,一個賓語從句.

25、2.條件句例1 :Should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the Buyer or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.假設裝運輪提前或推遲抵達,買方或其運輸代理人須立即通知賣方并做出必要安排.例2:In case that no written objection is raised by either party one month before its expiry, this Ag

26、reement will be automatically extended for another year.在期滿前一個月,如果雙方未書面提出任何異議,本協(xié)議將自動延長一年.例3:Providing that one of the parties fails to abide by the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the other party is entitled to terminate this Agreement.如果一方未按本協(xié)議條款執(zhí)行,另一方有權終止協(xié)議.例4:In the event that the Contrac

27、t Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit, the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用證開立后,合同總價或合同其他條款發(fā)生變化,業(yè)主應盡快安排對信用證-例5:Either Side can replace the representatives it has appo

28、inted provided that it submits a written notice to the other side.任何一方都可更換 自 己指派的代表,但須書面通知對方.注：以provided that開頭的條件句常位于主述條款之后,表示與主述條款相反的"例外",通常漢譯為“但或“但是,因此法律界將這種條款稱為“但書( proviso).(proviso:限 制性條款,附文,附帶條件 )Where an agreement is signed before the completion of the typescript the Publisher shal

29、l reserve the right not to publish the Work if the Publisher or its advisers think that it is not of the extent, character or standard which has been agreed.作品脫稿之前簽訂協(xié)議的,作品脫稿后,假設出版商或其參謀認為作品在篇幅、性質或水準上與原先協(xié)議不符,出版商保存不予出版該作品的權利.例7:Where one of the following happens, no claim shall be requested.有以下情形之一的,不得

30、就損失索賠.例8:Where such formalities as examination and approval or/and inspection are required for the carriage of goods, the shipper shall submit to the carrier the documents of fulfillment of the relevant formalities.貨物運輸需要辦理審批、檢驗等手續(xù)的,托運人應當將辦理完有關手續(xù)的文件提交承運人.3. 非人稱句例1 :If it is found necessary that some

31、 additional equipment is needed in the course of production, an additional order shall be agreed on through negotiation.如發(fā)現(xiàn)在生產過程中需要增添設備時,可由雙方另行協(xié)商予以增訂.譯為無主句4. 使用被動結構：例1 :Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.未能按上述要求通知甲方的,那么視為構成實質違約.作謂語例2:The Seller agrees

32、 to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the under-mentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:按如以下明條款,賣方同意出售,買方同意購置下述商品.作后置定語例3:The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for engagement of all staff and labor, local or

33、other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.除合同另有規(guī)定外,承包人應自行安排從當?shù)鼗蚱渌胤焦陀玫乃新殕T和勞務人員, 以及他們的報酬、住房、膳食和交通.狀語例4:The payment of all the expenses under this contract shall be made by M/T through Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch and the bank designated by Party B.本合同項下所有的費用均應通過中國銀行深圳分行和乙方指定的銀行以

34、信匯方式進行支付.(謂語,后置定語)5. 否認結構例1 :Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.合同第十二條第三款規(guī)定不得阻礙甲方或其分支機構持續(xù)經營現(xiàn)有業(yè)務.(Article 12.3 shall not prevent)例2:Neither party, without prior consent of the other, may assign or transfe

35、r to any third party any equity interests held by its side.未經對方同意,任一方不得向任何第三人轉讓其持有的股權.例3:-, but in no case shall such refunding by Party B exceed 30 days from receipt from Party A of the notice terminating the contract.但不管怎樣,乙方該返還不得超過收到甲方終止合同通知后30日.例4:- In no event shall the Seller be liable for los

36、t profits.對于利潤損失,賣方概不承擔責任.例5:No commission shall be paid until Party A receives the full payment for each order.傭金在甲方收到每筆訂單的全部貨款前方予以支付.例6:If neither party requests an extension, or if one of the parties says no to the extension, this contract will no longer be in force upon the expiration of the sti

37、pulated period.假設雙方均業(yè)出延長合同期或一方不同意延長合同期限,那么本合同至期滿之日起當即 失效.6. 主從復合句,從句經常用簡略形式例1 :A party dissatisfied with the judgment may, within 15 days upon receipt of the judgment, file an appeal to the next upper People's Court.如不服本判決,該方可于接到判決之日起十五日內向上一級人民法院提起上訴.例2:The Contractor shall, unless otherwise pro

38、vided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.除合同另有規(guī)定外,承包人應自行安排從當?shù)鼗蚱渌胤焦陀盟新殕T和勞務人員,以及他們的報酬、住房、膳食和交通.四、大寫字母的運用英語合同中,有些詞的首字母需要大寫.需要大寫首字母的詞除了根底英語中用在句 首的一般情形外,尤其應注意下更幾種情況：1. 當事人例如：Party B

39、shall inspect the raw materials supplied by Party A forthwith upon receipt thereof.2. 機構名稱例如：China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會The Board of Directors董事會3. 合同涉及的特指名稱在英文合同中,一些涉及到的關鍵詞語,一般首字母要大寫.通常會在合同的定義條 款中定義,然后再重復使用.對于合同中已明文定義的詞語,無論在何處出現(xiàn),其首字母都要大寫,表示該詞語按 本合同解釋,這

40、樣可預防指代不清,引起不必要的糾紛.例如：The Acceptance Test Manual shall be the document prepared by A which will be used by A and the Purchaser for checking that the Equipment is in accordance with the specification and Approved Data .本驗收實驗手冊系指由A提供的,供A與買方檢驗設備是否符合技術規(guī)格和認可資料的文件.4. 本合同及合同具體條款及附件名稱例如：Party A and Party B s

41、hall make full endeavors to fulfill this Contract within the stipulated period. The schedule of various activities is attached at Appendix 4 .5. 國際公約、慣例、國家法律法規(guī)、條例規(guī)章等的名稱例如：This Contract is signed on a mutuality voluntary basis by and between the following Employer and Employee in accordance with The

42、Labour Law of The People's Republic of China ".本合同由聘用方和受聘方在自愿的根底上根據中華人民共和國勞動法?簽訂.6. 合同中的貨幣名稱例如：Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$ 600 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONL Y).甲方須每月付給乙方600美元整.7. 為強調某些局部而用大寫字母以資醒目 例如：WHEREASNOW THEREFOREIN WITNESS WHEREOF操練：Section 2.01 Supply 第2.01

43、條供應Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Supplier shall harvest, prepare, process and sell to Buyer Biomass in such quantities and at such time as specified in Purchase Orders placed by Buyer pursuant to this Agreement and on the other terms and conditions set forth in this Agreemen

44、t. The Biomass shall be supplied dried and ground in bulk form and packaged in bulk containers in accordance with the Harvesting Guidelines.根據本合同之條款,供應方負責根據買方根據本合同制定的購置訂單中規(guī)定的數(shù)量和時間以 及本合同中的其他條款收獲、加工和銷售生物樹粉.供應生物樹粉應烘干、磨碎,并根據收成指南以散裝形式裝入散裝貨物集裝箱.Section 2.02 Purchase Price 第2.02條售價The purchase price to be

45、paid by Buyer to Supplier for Biomass shall be $8,200 per ton (the Initial Purchase Price "). Sales of Biomass shall be C.I.F. from supplier site, wherever it would be, cleared for export to the site designated by Buyer in Chongqing, the People's Republic of China.After the twelve (12) month anniversary of the first delivery of Biomass to Buyer pursuant to this Agreement, Supplier