1、315基礎(chǔ)英語(含閱讀與寫作)2006年研究生基礎(chǔ)英語考試題I.GrammarandStructure.(10scores)1. Thefactthatspaceexplorationhasincreaseddramaticallyinthepastthirtyyears.(A) isanevidenceofuswantingtoknowmoreofoursolarsystem(B) ishowwewanttolearnmoreaboutthesolarsystem(C) indicatesthatweareveryeagertolearnallwecanaboutoursolarsystem

2、(D) ispointingtoevidenceofourintentiontoknowalotmoreaboutwhatiscalledoursolarsystem2. Thecommitteehasmetand.(A) theyhavereachedadecision(B) ithasformulatedthemselvessomeopinions(C) itsdecisionwasreachedat(D) ithasreachedadecision3. Havingbeenservedlunch,.(A) theproblemwasdiscussedbythemembersoftheco

3、mmittee(B) thecommitteemembersdiscussedtheproblem(C) itwasdiscussedbythecommitteememberstheproblem(D) adiscussionoftheproblemwasmadebythemembersofthecommittee4. Thechairmanrequestedthat.(A) themembersstudiedmorecarefullytheproblem(B) theproblemwasmoreandcarelesslystudied(C) withmorecarefulnessthepro

4、blemcouldbestudied(D) themembersstudytheproblemmorecarefully5. Mr.Brownwasconcernedthathisunpopularpositionadisastrouseffectonhiscareer.(A) couldbe(B) mighthave(C) hadbeen(D) wouldbe6. Heexplanationmadetheproblem.(A) evenmorecomplicated(B) tobeevenmorecomplicated(C) thatitbecameevenmorecomplicated(D

5、) beingeventoomorecomplicated7. ,itwillhaveaneffectonthedrinker.(A) Neverthelessmildwineseems(B) Eventhoughmildwineseems(C) Unlessmildwineseems(D) Howevermildwineseems8. Hetoldmewouldcome,butonlyafewturnedup.(A) manyLindafriends(B) manyLindasfriends(C) manyofLindasfriends(D) manyfriendsofLinda9. Ric

6、hardwasaskedtowithdrawfromgraduateschoolbecause.(A) theybelievedhewasnotreallyabletocompletetheresearch(B) hewasdeemedincapableofcompletingtheresearch(C) itwasdecidedthathewasnotcapabletocompletetheresearch(D) hisabilitytofinishtheresearchwasnotbelievedortrusted10. Amajorproblemintheconstructionofne

7、wbuildings.(A) isthatwindowshavebeeneliminatedwhileairconditioningsystemshavenotbeenperfected(B) istheyhaveeliminatedwindowsandstilldonthavegoodairconditioning(C) isbecausewindowsareeliminatedbutairconditionersdontworkgood(D) isdependentonthefactwhiletheyhaveeliminatedwindows,theyarenotcapabletoprod

8、uceefficientairconditioningsystems11. Animalwatcherspointoutthattherabbitchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialitshome.(A) withthattobuild(B) withwhichtobuild(C) whichtobebuiltin(D) whichtobuildin12. Schoolsoftenhaveatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoft

9、heworkheisaskedtodo.(A) toorestrictingan(B) sorestrictingan(C) toorestrictedan(D) sorestrictedan13. Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthattheadvertiserpaysforthemessage.(A) havingbeendelivered(B) beingdelivered(C) tobedelivered(D) todeliverNo,Iwouldglad”lyhavepaid14. “Doyoureg

10、retpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?forit.(A)twicesomuch(B)twiceasmuch(C)muchastwice(D)somuchtwice15. Whenthelightscameonagain,hardlyapersoninthecityonaswitchwithoutreflectinghowgreataservanthehadathisfinger-tips.(A) needhaveturned(B) shouldhaveturned(C) musthaveturned(D) canhaveturned16. Inou

11、rworkit_sunusualtobeconfrontedwithfailuresbutweshouldinnowaybediscouragedonthataccount.(A) something(B) nothing(C) anything(D) everything17. Youhaventlearnedthewo-rodrderinspokenquestionsyetbutI'msureyouitbeforetheendofthisweek.(A) havelearned(B) willlearn(C) willhavelearned(D) willbelearning18.

12、 Eveninthedaysofsmoky,coal-burningengines,trainsmadetheirownventilationpushingandpullingairthroughtunnels.(A) by(B) for(C) with19. Todaysconsumersbuy,enjoy,useanddiscardmoretypesofgoodscouldpossiblyhavebeenimaginedevenafewyearsago.(A) that(B) as(C) but(D) than20. IdjustassoonyoubyplanebecauseItnhkiy

13、ouwillhavetogetthereintimefortheconferencewhichistobeheldtomorrowmorning.(A) wouldgo(B) willgo(C) went(D)shouldgoII.ReadingComprehension(25scores)(1)Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearance,weredeterminedbytechnologists,designers,in

14、ventors,andengineers-usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologiststhinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.Inthedevelopmentofwesterntechnology,ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasf

15、ixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetailsofourmaterialsurroundings.Pyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem.Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologistesesemnindnceaanrlybeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesignin

16、gadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldthevalvesbeplaced?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperien

17、ce,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andbyasenseofform.Somedecisions,suchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenon-scientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentr

18、almechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,whichisindispensableforanartist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoneed“hardthinking,n”onverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandisinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.Butitisparadoxicalthatwhenthes

19、taffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.Ifcoursesindesign,whi

20、chinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solvingarenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowsto

21、rmbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialerrorsinmechanicaldesign,theyareareflectionofchaoscausedbytheneglectofnonverbalthinking.21. Themainpurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis.(A) toproposeanewrolefornonverbalthinking

22、inthedevelopmentoftechnology(B) tostresstheimportanceofnonverbalthinkinginengineeringdesign(C) toidentifythetwokindsofthinkingthatareusedbytechnologists(D) tocriticizeengineeringschoolsforneglectingfornonscientificmodelsfordesign22. Accordingtothepassage,whenatechnologistdesignsanobjecthe-.(A) draws

23、theoutlinefirstandthenfillitwithdetails(B) firsthasinmindwhatitshouldbelike(C) reducesittounambiguousverbaldescription(D) seesitasavisual,nonverbalprocess23. Thesecondparagraphiswrittentoillustratethat.(A) engineeringdesigninvolvesaverycomplicatedprocess(B) creatingthinkingisprimaryinengineeringdesi

24、gn(C) engineeringdesignneedsanintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness(D) nonverbalthinkingplaysanimportantroleinengineeringdesign24. TheauthordescribesthepredicamentfacedbytheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordas“paradoxical”mostprobablybe_ca_u_s_e.(A) architecturalstudentscouldusenonverbalthinkingbettert

25、hanengineeringstudents(B) onlycollegestudentshadtherequisiteabilitieswhilepracticingengineerswerenot(C) thedrawingsrequiredweretoocomplicatedforengineerstomake(D) engineeringstudentswerenottrainedtomakedrawingsneededintheirowndiscipline25. Theauthorusestheexampleoftheearlymodelsofhigh-speedrailroadc

26、arsprimarilytoindicatethat.(A) lackofattentiontothenonscientificaspectsindesignresultsinpoorconceptualizationbyengineers(B) neglectoftrivialproblemsinmechanicaldesignoftencausescostlyerrorsinengineeringsystems(C) designersofautomaticcontrolsystemsneedhaveabetterunderstandingofanalyticalproblems(D)de

27、signofmodernengineeringsystemsdependsmoreonnonscientificthanonscientificthinking(2)Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheoceanswatermassasconsilarge,slow-movingcurrents,suchastheGuffStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruec

28、irculation.Butinthelate1960s,researchersbegantoemploynewlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment,includingsubsurfacefloatsthatmovewithoceancurrentsandemitidentificationsignalsandocean-currentmetersthatrecorddataformonthsatfixedlocationsintheocean.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanunexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthe

29、deepocean.Ratherthanbeingcharacterizedbysmooth,large-scalecurrentsthatchangeseasonally,theseasaredominatedbywhatoceanographerscallmesoscalefields:fluctuating,energeticflowswhosevelocitycanreachtentimesthemeanvelocityofthemajorcurrents.Mesoscalephenomena-theoceanicanalogueofweathersystemsoftenextendt

30、odistancesof100kilometersandpersistfor100days(weathersystemsgenerallyextendabout1,000kilometersandlast3to5daysinanygivenarea).Morethan90percentofthekineticenergyoftheentireoceanmay,infact,playasignificantrolebymesoscalevariabilityratherthanbylarge-scalecurrents.Mesoscalephenomenamay,infact,playasign

31、ificantrolebymesoscalevariabilityair-seainteractions,andfar-reachingclimaticeventssuchasEINino,theatmospheric-oceanicdisturbanceintheequatoricalPacificthataffectsglobalweatherpatterns.Unfortunately,itisnotfeasibletouseconventionaltechniquestomeasuremesoscalefields.Tomeasurethemproperly,monitoringequ

32、ipmentwouldhavetobelaidoutonagridpointatintervalsofatmost50kilometers,withsensorsateachgridpointlowereddeepintheoceanandkeptthereformanymonths.Becauseusingthesetechniqueswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensiveandtime-consuming,itwasproposedthattomographybeadoptedtomeasurethephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.Inmedi

33、caltomography,x-raysmapthehumanbodysdensityvariations;theinformationfromthex-rays,transmittedthroughthebodyalongmanydifferentpaths,isrecombinedtoformthree-dimensionalimagesofthebodysinterior.Itisimprarilythismultiplicativeincreaseindataobtainedfromthemulti-pathtransmissionofsignalsthataccountsforoce

34、anographersattractiontotomography:itallowsthemeasurementofvastareaswithrelativelyfewistruments.Researchersreasonedthatlow-frequencysoundwaves,becausetheyaresowelldescribedmathematicallyandbecauseevensmallperturbationsinemittedsoundwavescanbedetected,couldbetransmittedthroughtheoceanovermanydifferent

35、pathsandthatthepropertiesoftheoceansinterioritstemperature,salinity,density,andspeedofcurrentscouldbededucedonthebasisofhowtheoceanalteredthesignals,theirinitialtrialswerehighlysuccessful,andoceanacoustictomographywasborn.26. Thepassagemainlytalksabout.(A) relationbetweenoceanandweather(B) theorieso

36、foceancurrent(C) mesoscalephenomenaoftheocean(D) measurementofphysicalpropertiesoftheocean27. Themesoscalefieldsarecharacterizedbyallthefollowingfeaturesexcept.(A) strongvariablecurrents(B) hugecoverageofoceanwater(C) productionofmostoftheocean'skineticenergy(D) interactionswithatmosphere28. Whi

37、chofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean'scircationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrentsasissuggestedinthepassage?(A) Theoceancurrentswouldexhibitmorevariabilitythanisactuallyobserved.(B) Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.(C) Thevelocityoftheoceancurrentwouldnot

38、flowslowly.(D) Theeffectoftheoceanonglobalweatherpatternswouldnotbegreat.29. Whatinterestsoceanographersinadoptingtomographictechnologyforthemeasurementoftheocean'sproperties?(A) Itprovidestheinformationtransmittedfromdifferentpartsoftheocean.(B) Itneedsfewintermentstomeasureinthevastareasoftheo

39、cean.(C) Itapplieslow-frequencysoundwavesinthemeasurement.(D) Itissuperiortox-raysinproducingthree-dimensionalimages.30. Oneoftheadvantagesofoceanacoustictomographyisthat.(A) signalstransmittedthroughsoundwavescannotbereadilyaltered.(B) soundwavescanbedetectedevenwhentherearegreatoceancurrentvariati

40、ons.(C) low-frequencysoundwavescanbeinterpretedinamathematicalterm.(D) three-dimensionimagesoftheoceancanbeshownbyusingX-rays.111. ErrorCorrection(20scores)31. Livinghereforsevenyear,myfriendisusedtospeakingEnglishwithallherclassmates.ABCD32. Wecannomoreliveasolitarylifethancanabee;weareobligedasspe

41、cies,torelyon_ABCDeachother.33. Unfortunately,theindustrializedwebecomethefartherawaywemovefromdirectcontactABwithplants,andthelessdistinctourknowledgeofbotanygrows.CD34. Maryusuallyarrivesattheofficeatnineo'clock,becauseofthestorm,shewasABCtwohourslater.D35. Ahistoryofmorethanfourthousandyearst

42、hedrumisoneoftheoldestandmostABwidelyusedmusicalinstruments.CD36. Althoughthedangerthathemightbeinjured,BorisbravelyenteredtheburninghouseABCinordertosavetheyoungsters.D37. ThemajorityofthepopulationinsomeAfricancountriessuffermalnutrition.ABCD38. Inadditiontodepartmentalandinterdepartmentalacademic

43、programs,instructioninAAerospaceStudies,MilitaryScience,andNavalScienceareofferedtoalleligiblestudents.BCD39. Atypicalloamsoilfeelssmoothlyandissomewhatsticky.ABCD40. TheFrenchlanguage,whichwastoformthevehicleofagreatliterature,arosedirectlyABoutofthepopularLatinspokenbytheRomanconquerorsofGaul.CD41

44、. Inspiteofthetenantsobjections,theapartmentmanagerdecidedtorisetherentABCbyfortydollarspermonth.D42. Expectednoisesareusuallymoretolerantthanunexpectedonesofthemagnitudealike.ABCD43. AsaresidentofNewMexico,DennisChavezwaselectedtheHouseofRepresentativeABCin1930.D44. Ifchildrenwerefednourishingbreak

45、fastsbeforetheyleftforschool,therewouldbelessproblemsintheearlymorningclasses.D45. TheexplanationfortheexplosiveforceofvolcanoeslaysinthepressureofABCthegasesimprisonedwithinthemoltenrock.D46. Wheneverstudentsaskedforhelporguidance,thecounselorwouldadvisethemABorreferthemtosomeonewhowill.CD47. Whenitcomestomodifythelandscapeinamajorway,thebeaverrankssecondonlyABtohumansamongalllivingcreatures