1、Cause and Effect（因果關(guān)系）i .學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：了解因果關(guān)系的寫作方法ii .概述：在日常生活中，當(dāng)我們需要就某一主題發(fā)表見解時(shí)，就需要用因果關(guān)系的方法來解釋原因或告知結(jié)果(好/壞)。這種寫作方法稱為因果關(guān)系(Cause and Effect)。因果關(guān)系寫作方法也是大學(xué)英語四、六級(jí)考試寫作部分的主要段落發(fā)展模式中的一種。因果關(guān)系一般分為兩種：一種是討論事情發(fā)生的原因，稱為CauseEssay;另一種是討論特定的事物發(fā)生后會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么結(jié)果，稱為 Effect Essay 。其結(jié)構(gòu)是： Cause EssayCause Essay重點(diǎn)主題句和支撐句之間的關(guān)系段落發(fā)展模式CausEffec

2、t Cae 1use 2Cause 3常用連接詞 One reason , In addition, another reason，F(xiàn)inally First of all, Second, In addition, Finally實(shí)例Example 11 It is difficult for workers to find employment this years.（主題句）2 One reason is that many industries are not hiring new workers .（支撐句1）2 In addition, industries are reducin

3、g their current staff levels because of a decline in national economic conditions.（支撐句 2）2 Another reason is that workers who once might have considered early retirement are now staying at their jobs .（支撐句 3）2 Finally, other workers who once view their job as optional now must keep their positionsin

4、 order to meet their minimum financialresponsibilities.（支撐句 4）Example 2:1 Bag-packing traveling is enjoying a higher and higher popularity amongyoungpeople in China.（主題句）2 First of all , for poor financial condition, young people prefer thiseconomic traveling.（支撐句1（支撐句2）2 Second, compared with under

5、-guide tourists in a package-tour, bag-packers2enjoy more freedom in planning the whole traveling.In addition , it brings more fun with chances of visiting long-desiredplace as long as they like and experiencing diverse folklores as manyas they can .（支撐句 3）2 Finally , it rewards them with a fit buil

6、t and a persevere character. （支撐句4）（2） Effect EssayEffect Essay重點(diǎn)主題句和支撐句之間的關(guān)系段落發(fā)展模式EffecflCause Effect 2Effect 3常用連接詞As a result, Next, In addition, Finally實(shí)例Example 11 It is difficult for workers to find employment this years.（主題句）2 As a result,many recent college graduates are unemployed or taking

7、part-time jobs to meet expenses.（支撐句 1）3 Unemployment among high school graduates has meant that large numbers ofteenagers are seeking unemployment benefits.（支撐句 2）2 The unemployment figures are the highest in decades.（支撐句 3）2 Finally, the federal government must contribute large amounts of moneyto

8、support the growing numbers of people who are receiving welfareassistance.（支撐句 4）Example 2:1 Bag-packing traveling is enjoying a higher and higher popularity amongyoung people in china.（主題句）2 As a result, more and more young people comprehend the beauty and magicof nature and further, fall in love w

9、ith it.（支撐句 1）2 After experiencing the amazing magnificence of high mountains and longrivers and the charming folklores of diverse peoples, they cannot helpdeveloping a feeling of patriotism.（支撐句 2）2 Finally, the constant coming and going of visitors results in thedevelopment of local tourism and in

10、 consequence, that of local economy asa whole. (支撐句 3)(3)其他過渡詞：表原因： because, as, since, for, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of表結(jié)果：thus, so, hence, consequently, therefore, accordingly, for this reason, as a consequence(4) Other ExpressionsCause：(1) There are several reasons why/for (2)

11、 The reasons for are (3) is the result of (4) is caused by/due to/because of Effect:(1) The result/effect/consequence of is (2) (will) result in (3) Thus/Therefore/In view of ，we(4) may/can draw the following conclusionsIII.范文分析The Joys of an Old Car(1) Some of my friends can't believe that my c

12、ar still runs. (2) Others laugh when they see it parked outside the house and ask if it's an antique. (3) But they aren't being fair to mytwenty-year-old Toyota Corolla (豐田卡羅拉) .(4) In fact, my "antique" has opened my eyes to the rewards of owning an old car. First obvious reward o

13、f owning my old Toyota is economy. (2) Twenty years ago, when myhusband and I were newly married and nearly broke, we bought the car a shiny red year-old leftover for a mere $4,200. (3) Today it would cost four times as much. (4) We save money on insurance, since it's no longer worthwhile for us

14、 to have collisioncoverage. (5) Old age has even been kindto the Toyota's engine, which has required only three major repairs in the last several years.(6) And it still delivers twenty-eight miles per gallon in the city and forty-one on the highway not bad for a senior citizen.(1) I've heard

15、 that when a Toyota passes the twenty-thousand-mile mark with no problems, itwill probably go on forever. (2) I wouldn't disagree. (3) Our Toyota breezed (輕松自信地走)pastthat mark many years ago. (4) Since then, I've been able to count on it to sputter to life andmake its way down the driveway o

16、n the coldest, snowiest mornings. (5) When my boss got stuck with his brand-new BMWn the worst snowstorm of the year, I sauntered (閑逛,漫步)into work on time. (6) The single time my Toyota didn't start, unfortunately, was the day I had a final exam. (7)The Toyota mayhave the body of an old car, but

17、 beneath its elderly hood hums the engine of a teenager.(1) Last of all, having the same car for many years offers the advantage of familiarity. (2)When I open the door and slide into the driver's seat, the soft vinyl(聚乙烯基薄膜)surroundsme like a well-worn glove. (3) I know to the millimeter exactl

18、y how much room I have when I turna corner or back into a curbside (路邊)parking space. (4) Whenmy gas gauge (量表)points to "empty,"I know that gallons are still in reserve, and I can plan accordingly. (5) The front wheels invariably begin to shake when I go more than fifty-five miles an hour

19、, reminding me that I am exceeding the speed limit. (6) With the Toyota, the only surprises I face come from other drivers.(1) I prize my twenty-year-old Toyota's economy and dependability, and most of all, itsfamiliarity. (2) It is faded, predictable, and comfortable, like a well-worn pair of j

20、eans. (3)And, like a well-worn pair of jeans, it will be difficult to throw away.Questions1. About Unity(1) Which developmental pattern does it belongA. effect essayB. cause essay(2) Which sentence in Paragraph 1 is the topic sentence(3) Which supporting paragraph in "The Joys of an Old Car&quo

21、t; lacks a topic sentenceA. 2B. 3C. 4(4) Which sentence in paragraph 3 of "The Joys of an Old Car" should be omitted in the interestof paragraph unity2. About Support(5) In paragraph 2 of“The Joys of an Old Car” , the author supports the idea that“ One obviousreward of owning my old Toyota

22、 is economy. " with.A. statistics and exampleB an explanation.C. a quotation by an expert3. About Coherent(6) Which topic sentence in“The Joys of an Old car " functions as a linking sentence betweenparagraphs(7) What are the two transition words or phrases in“ The Joys of an Old Car "

23、 that signal twomajor points of support for the thesis4. About the Introduction and Conclusion(8) Which method is used in the conclusion of"The Joys of an Old Car"A. Summary and final thoughtB. Thought-provoking questionC. Recommendation范文一 ：Effect EssayDirections:For this part, you are al

24、lowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicMy Viewon the Negative Effects of SomeAdvertisements . You should write at least 120 words and base yourcomposition on the outline given in Chinese below:1）廣告隨處可見；2）廣告的消極影響；3）我的看法模版1第一段：.（鋪墊，提出問題）However,.（轉(zhuǎn)折，引出主題）第二段：The bad effects are listed as

25、follows:.（列舉消極影響）Firstly,.（消極影響一）Secondly,. （消極影響二）Take for example,.（舉例說明）What is worse,. （消極影響三）In my opinion,.（提出我的看法）On the one hand,. （辦法一）On the other hand,. （辦法二）第三段：In a word,.（總結(jié)全文）My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements Currently, advertisements appear everywhere in modern s

26、ociety, and they inform us of lots of useful information. (2) However, many advertisements are subjective rather than objective, persuasive rather than informative. (3) Such ads have brought more side effects. The bad effects are listed as follows: (2) Firstly , people waste a lot of money on somefa

27、ke goods. (3) Secondly , commercials make things so beautiful and attractive, people often endup buying things that they dont really need or will never use.(4) Take children for examplethey often buy some advertised food or candy which lead to their tooth decay and poor nutrition.S. ) What is worse,

28、 quite a large number of adults fall victims to false or deceptive advertisement.T. ) In my opinion , advertisements are good things if they are under proper control and supervision. On the one hand , consumers must be careful in making a decision to buy something. (8)On theother hand, the governmen

29、t has the duty to take actions to ban the false and deceptive advertisements.(1) In a word , a joint effort from both the consumer and the government is needed to fulfill their important roles in our life and get rid of their defects as well.范文二：Cause EssayDirections:For this part, you are allowed 3

30、0 minutes to write a composition on the topicIs ItNecessary to Attend Training Classes. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1)以下是某省有關(guān)報(bào)考碩士研究生的人數(shù)及錄取人數(shù)的圖表，請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)略敘述詞表；2)說明造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因和可能的結(jié)果；3)你的觀點(diǎn)。各類培訓(xùn)班的數(shù)最各類喑訓(xùn)班的數(shù)里模版2（引出對(duì)于圖表的描述）第一段:According to th

31、e chart,On the one hand,. (描述On the other hand,.（描述二）第二段：There are three reasons for the change.（弓 I 出原因）Firstly,.（原因一）Secondly,.（原因二）Thirdly,.（原因三）第三段：As for me, I think.（引出我的看法）For one thing,. （我的看法原因For another,.（我的看法原因二）Is It Necessary to Attend Training ClassesAccording to the chart , great changes have taken place in the number of training classes in the past twenty years. On the one hand , in the last century, the increase of training classes was not so obvious. On the other hand , there was