1、歷年高考英語語法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)總結(jié)主謂一致?？茧y題：Five minutes is enough to do this exerciseEach boy and each girl wants to serve the people in futureMore than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More members than one are against your plan.一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時(shí), 謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式：glasses, clothe

2、s, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主語用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk并列主語如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如:Truth and honesty is the best policyThe girls teacher and friend is a young doctorTo love and to be

3、 loved is the great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:The

4、 teacher as well as the students was excitedThe room with its furniture was rentedA (great) number of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names hereSome of the energ

5、y that is used by man comes from the sun季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱，球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter形容詞的順序：系動(dòng)詞be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國藉+材料Those three beautiful large square old br

6、own wood table某些以a-開首的形容詞例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表語,不能作定語。某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。1)close接近地 closely仔細(xì)地，密切地2)free 免費(fèi)地 freely自由地,無拘束地3)hard努力地 hardly幾乎不4)late 晚，遲 lately 近來5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地6)wide廣闊地，充分地 widely廣泛

7、地7)high高 highly高度地，非常地8)deep深，遲 deeply抽象意義的“深”9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least表示一方不及另一方時(shí)，用“l(fā)ess原級(jí)than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示：This room is less beautiful than that one表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí)，可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修飾：He

8、works even harder than before注意:by far 通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前

9、面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that on the deskA box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.The new building is four times the

10、size (the height) of the old one.這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。高三倍A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。表

11、示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double。表示“最高程度”的形容詞，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒有最高級(jí)，也不能用比較級(jí)。如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí)，該用so而不用such。如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍

12、用such。如:They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.6)almost與nearly在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：Im not nearly ready.在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：I almost never see her.need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或sh

13、ould 代替。例如：You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must.注意：neednt have done“表示本來不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如：You neednt have waited for me.“should have done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒有做到。You should have started earlier.“ought to have done”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。You ought to have helped him (but you didnt)書報(bào)的標(biāo)

14、題,小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動(dòng)的意思。常見的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫。在動(dòng)詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,pro

15、pose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should) 動(dòng)詞原形”(虛擬語氣)例如：We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.We insisted that they (should) go with us.The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we (should) start right away.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposa

16、l,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。例如：I

17、often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.注意：不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如：She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go.作定語的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：

18、He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式:admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine,

19、 include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand(無法忍受)等。I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。) I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)mean to do 有意. mean doing意味著.I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來。)Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(誤了這趟火車意味著

20、再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。)allow, advise, forbid, permitWe dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke.動(dòng)詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語時(shí),若表示的含義是被動(dòng)的,必須用動(dòng)名詞,或不定式的被動(dòng)式。例如：The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).在短語devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object

21、to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.(原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)Having been deserted by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)

22、已完成的動(dòng)作)Asked to stay, I couldnt very well refuse.這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會(huì)有歧義。下面句中過去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如：Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。He use

23、d to live in London, use(d)nt he /didnt he?There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)nt there /didnt there?Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?He ought to be punished, oughtnt he?但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的

24、句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問部分不可用mustnt。若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測,疑問部分用arent(isnt)十主語,例如：You must be tired,arent you?若述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問句部分則用neednt。例如：You must go home right now, neednt you?當(dāng)mustnt 表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問部分一般用must。如：You mustnt walk on grass, must you?前句謂語動(dòng)詞是must have過去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過去情況的推測(一般有過去時(shí)間狀語),疑問部分的謂語動(dòng)詞用didnt主語;

25、若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,疑問部分的謂語動(dòng)詞用havent(hasnt)主語, 例如：He must have met her yesterday, didnt he?You must have seen the film, havent you?述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí)(前綴或后綴),疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isnt he?如果述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, now here, nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 yea

26、rs old,is he?如果述部分的主語為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問部分的主語可用he,也可用they。Everyone knows his job, doesnt he? Everyone knows their job,dont they?No one was hurt,were they?Im late, arent I?One cant be too careful,can one(you)?Have a cup of tea, will you? Lets go there, shall we? Let us go there, will yo

27、u?同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明該名詞的具體容。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用that (不用which)及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如：His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.The news that our team has won the match is true.She asked the reason why there was a delay.關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”

28、的情況如下:A)在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown. B)在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.It hasnt been decided whether(if)we shall attend the m

29、eeting.C)在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如：It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D)后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E)后面緊接or not 時(shí)。We didnt know whether or not she was ready.F)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,只能用whether。Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.G)用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)。例如：Please let me know if you li

30、ke it.該句有兩個(gè)意思：“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡”?；颉叭绻阆矚g,請(qǐng)告訴我。”用了whether就可以避免。在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句：1)先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.3)先行詞被all,any,every, each, few,little

31、,no,some, 等修飾。I have read all the book (that) you gave me.4)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時(shí)。He is the only person that I want to talk to.5)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),要根據(jù)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。This

32、is the house where he lived last year.This is the house that (which) he visited last year.用no soonerthan和hardlywhen引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛就”。主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過去完成時(shí),從句用過去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.代詞作主語時(shí),主謂語序不變。Here it is. Here he comes.當(dāng)句首狀語為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)也常常引起全部倒裝。South

33、 of the city lies a big steel factory.From the valley came a frightening sound.表語置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動(dòng)詞+主語”。Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.Among the goods are Christmas trees,

34、flowers, candles and toys.He has been to Beijing. So have & n 提高閱讀理解“四要” 閱讀理解題在英語考試中占了相當(dāng)重的分量，題量多，分值也大，最能反映學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語的能力。我們可從四個(gè)方面入手，來提高英語閱讀理解的能力，并爭取在考試中取得好的成績。 一、要擴(kuò)大詞匯量，促進(jìn)閱讀 詞匯是語言的三大要素之一，更是閱讀理解的基石。我們在閱讀理解時(shí)所遇到的首要問題是詞語障礙，沒有一定的詞匯量作基礎(chǔ)，就談不上理解能力的提高。有語言學(xué)家通過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，外語學(xué)習(xí)者如擁有5000詞匯量，閱讀正確率可達(dá)56%，詞匯量達(dá)到6400，閱讀正確率可達(dá)

35、63%。因此，熟練掌握課本單詞，適量擴(kuò)充課外詞匯是提高閱讀能力的基礎(chǔ)。 二、要嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練閱讀速度 讀速是閱讀能力的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)。要提高閱讀速度，可從三個(gè)方面考慮： 1.克服不良的閱讀習(xí)慣。 有些同學(xué)在閱讀時(shí)存在著不少的陋習(xí)，如：視野狹窄，一次只看一個(gè)單詞；用手指著單詞，逐個(gè)閱讀；只理解單詞的個(gè)別意思，不注意慣用短語、詞組的意思；一遇到生詞就查字典；為了弄清楚某個(gè)意思，反復(fù)地閱讀前面容等等。這些不良習(xí)慣勢必會(huì)影響思維的連貫性，造成顧此失彼的結(jié)果，對(duì)閱讀材料缺乏整體性的理解。 2.限時(shí)閱讀訓(xùn)練。 限時(shí)閱讀是根據(jù)所讀材料的容難度、長度，并參照大綱對(duì)各年級(jí)讀速的要求對(duì)該材料的閱讀時(shí)間予以限定。例如：約2

36、50字的材料限定5分鐘左右?？刂茣r(shí)間有利于挖掘?qū)W生的閱讀能力，迫使學(xué)生爭分奪秒，專心致志于閱讀。 3.尋找主題句，理解重點(diǎn)把握全文。 大多數(shù)閱讀材料均有主題句，用以說明文章的主旨，其他文字一般是圍繞主題句展開說明的。有的主題句在文章的開頭，有的在文章的結(jié)尾，還有的主題句在文章的中間出現(xiàn)。閱讀時(shí)若能把握住這些句子，無疑會(huì)大大提高閱讀速度和理解效果。一般地說，運(yùn)用演繹法的文章，主題句往往在文章的開頭；采用歸納法的文章，主題句一般在結(jié)尾。 三、要培養(yǎng)詞義推斷能力 我們在閱讀中難免會(huì)遇到生詞，如果每次遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞都去查字典，則會(huì)影響閱讀速度和理解效果。因此，在閱讀中要善于根據(jù)上下文，推斷某些單詞和

37、短語的意義。 1.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來推斷詞義。 掌握一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)會(huì)有助于我們的閱讀。例如：Dont make any unreasonable demands on the government.句中的unreasonable是生詞，但我們可以較為容易地通過其構(gòu)成“un+reason+able”推出其含義為“無理的，不合理的，過分的”意思來。 2.根據(jù)上下文的對(duì)比關(guān)系來推斷詞義。 有時(shí)在行文中可能會(huì)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)某一生詞的同義詞或反義詞，這時(shí)我們可以通過上下文的對(duì)比關(guān)系來猜測詞義。例如：If you agree，say“Yes”， if you dissent，say “No”.根據(jù)兩組相對(duì)的詞Yes與No、agree與dissent，不難推知dissent是“不同意”之意。 3.根據(jù)文中解釋推斷詞義。 有時(shí)候，文中對(duì)生詞給出了注解或說明，在閱讀中應(yīng)善于捕捉這一信息。例如：A journalist is a person who works on a newspaper or magazine and