1、A Microbiology Course by Bo CHEN (e-mail: )第5章 真核微生物: 酵母菌和霉菌Eucaryotes: Yeasts and MouldsContents (內(nèi)容)1 Overview of Eucaryotic Microorganisms2 The Kingdom of Fungi3 Applications of Fungi1 真核微生物概覽2 真菌界3 真菌的應(yīng)用Section 1 Overview of Eucaryotic Microorganisms(第一節(jié) 真核微生物概覽)1. Overview (概覽)2. Importance of

2、Fungi (真菌的重要性)1.1 Overview (概覽) According to Whittakers 5 kingdom system, eucaryotic microorganisms include 2 kingdoms: protista (原生生物界) and fungi (真菌界), totally 1.5 million species estimated.The Kingdom Protista (原生生物界) Microscopic algae (微藻): photosynthetic cells with rigid walls, unicellular. Pro

3、tozoa (原生動(dòng)物): animal-like creatures that feed upon other live or dead organisms and lack cell walls.The Kingdom Fungi (真菌界) Yeasts：酵母菌 Unicellular fungi Moulds：霉菌 Filamentous fungi Mushrooms：大型真菌 酵母菌單細(xì)胞真菌 霉菌絲狀真菌Microscopic fungi (小型真菌)Macroscopic fungi (大型真菌) Fungi are eucaryotes (真核生物) that feed on

4、 organic substrates, have nucleus and cell walls, reproduce asexually and sexually by spores, and exist in macroscopic or microscopic forms. 真菌：真核微生物，需要有機(jī)底物作為營養(yǎng)，有細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞壁，有無性和有性繁殖方式，產(chǎn)生孢子，有宏觀和微觀兩種存在形式。DefinitionSome Examples of FungiYeasts (酵母菌)畢赤酵母不產(chǎn)酒精的酵母Moulds (霉菌)Penicillium (青霉)-penicillin produce

5、r掃帚狀 分生孢子梗Rhizopus (根霉)毛霉Aspergillus niger (黑曲霉)紅曲霉紅曲米酒Aspergillus oryzae (米曲霉) Aspergillus flavus (黃曲霉)Aflatoxin (黃曲霉毒素 ！)peanuts區(qū)別： 米曲霉 ！黃曲霉MushroomsAgaricus bisporus (雙孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Western world.Agaricus bisporus (雙孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of t

6、he Western world.Shiitake (Lentinus edulus香菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Far East.金針菇猴頭菇靈芝雞縱羊肚菌牛肝菌塊菌（黑松露）塊菌（松露、豬拱菌）1.2 Importance of Fungi(真菌的重要性) Edible fungi (食用菌)mushrooms (菇類) Baking (焙烤), brewing (釀造)yeasts Useful metabolites (代謝產(chǎn)物)antibiotics (抗生素), alcohol (乙醇), organic acids (有機(jī)酸) Enzymes (酶)amylase (糖化酶), cellulase (纖維素酶), protease (蛋白質(zhì)酶), lipase (脂酶) Biological pesticides (殺蟲劑)白僵菌，綠僵菌，捕食線蟲真菌 Forestry (林業(yè))main decomposer (主要降解者)BeneficialHarmful 腐敗：糧食、水果約40%，木材、棉布、皮革 植物病害：主要是真菌病害，玉米黑粉病、小麥黑銹病、水稻惡苗病