1、主旨大意專題探究高考閱讀理解專題之主旨大意的解題技巧主旨大意解題策略(1)主旨大意題。考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文 章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。(2)它既考查細(xì)節(jié)理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力，難度較大。(3)有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落，甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義；有時(shí)，文章的主旨要義則需從文 章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。考查特點(diǎn)一、把握主旨大意題常見(jiàn)的命題方式(1 )What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?(2) The

2、main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is.(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on.(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?(5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by th

3、e text?(7)The passage mainly focuses on.二、掌握主旨大意題的考查角度(1)主題類(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；(2)標(biāo)題類，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題。三、選項(xiàng)特征最佳選項(xiàng)1 .涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。2 .確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3 .精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。干擾選項(xiàng)1 .過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云：所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過(guò)大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。2 .以偏概全，主次不分：所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選 項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。3 .移花接木，偷換概念：所給選

4、項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選 錯(cuò)答案。4 .無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套：所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選 項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。四、段落大意題(同樣適用于選標(biāo)題)解題技巧1 .尋找主題句。有的文章主題句在段首或段尾。這類文章一般段內(nèi)層次較為分明，絕大部分遵守:一般一具體 模式，即:先概括說(shuō)明,然后具體解釋，寫作手法某本是:因果解釋;比較或?qū)Ρ?舉例等。類似我們通常所說(shuō)的先總 后分，但先分后總的結(jié)構(gòu)也較為常見(jiàn)。偶爾主題句有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。要把握住段落的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，就要 特別關(guān)注段內(nèi)的過(guò)渡詞，如:however, but, a

5、nd, also, for example, in conclusion, on the contrary 等。2 .抓住關(guān)鍵詞。有些段落沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，這時(shí)可通過(guò)略讀把注意力集中在關(guān)鍵詞上。關(guān)鍵詞都是實(shí)詞，如 名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或數(shù)詞等。請(qǐng)記住，關(guān)鍵詞不要超過(guò)四個(gè)。最后，對(duì)所收集到的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行加工, 概括總結(jié)。3 .根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。由于文章的結(jié)構(gòu)不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置通常有三種情況：(1)采用歸納法撰寫的段落，表述的事例在前，概括性的觀點(diǎn)居后，主題句則位于段末。(2)運(yùn)用演繹法撰寫的段落,先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首。(3)如果作者采用由事例觀點(diǎn)事例的寫作方式，則主題句出

6、現(xiàn)在段落的中間。(4)如果文章沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，則根據(jù)內(nèi)容的提示，通過(guò)邏輯推理，概括出段落大意。在找出主題句的基礎(chǔ)上, 時(shí)各段落主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。五、全文大意題解題技巧全文大意題考查考生能否分辨主題和細(xì)節(jié)，是否具有提綱摯領(lǐng)的能力。做這類題時(shí)，要求考生能理解全文細(xì)節(jié), 然后運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括和總結(jié)。1 .尋找主題句。主題句通常出現(xiàn)在文章第一段或最后一段，有些文章的主題句需要?dú)w納總結(jié)每段的段落大意。2 .串聯(lián)關(guān)鍵詞或高頻詞。把每一段的關(guān)鍵詞串聯(lián)起來(lái)，往往形成一個(gè)完整的情節(jié)鏈。或者選項(xiàng)形式為一兩個(gè) 單詞或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)時(shí),貫穿全文始終的單詞或短語(yǔ)(即高

7、頻詞)應(yīng)是正確選項(xiàng)。也有的文章有小標(biāo)題，考生可以把 這些小標(biāo)題作為關(guān)鍵詞去概括全文大意。六、尋找主題句的通用方法：1 .轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞。尤其是在第二段、第三段中，含有轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞的句子大部分都是主題句。例如:however, but, while2 .出現(xiàn)在新使用法或表示"應(yīng)該、有必要”的應(yīng)當(dāng)性情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，以及動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后的內(nèi)容,大部分都是主題句。此 類詞有:must, have to, should, ought to, had better, need, be forced/bound to, it is important/ necessary / essential3 .表示舉例的

8、連接詞之前的部分，大多是主題句。表示舉例的連接詞:for example, such as, for instance, as follows七、選標(biāo)題的兩個(gè)注意標(biāo)題能高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題的文字,往往短小精悍，言簡(jiǎn)意敗。它既可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是 簡(jiǎn)短句子，甚至可以是疑問(wèn)詞加不定式結(jié)構(gòu)或名詞加同位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。除有介紹功能外，不少標(biāo)題情感濃烈，可以表 示鼓勵(lì)、勸告、建議、批評(píng)、諷刺、贊美、表?yè)P(yáng)等感情，教育意義強(qiáng)，感染度高。1 .標(biāo)題需要一定的概括度。所選標(biāo)題必須能概括全文中心內(nèi)容。2 .標(biāo)題盡可能的切合、新穎。所謂切合,即能和文章的高頻詞對(duì)應(yīng);所謂新穎，即用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言和一些修辭手法 (

9、例如雙關(guān))來(lái)表達(dá)主題。3 .標(biāo)題一般都包含高頻詞。即反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞,應(yīng)該包含在標(biāo)題里。2016（新課標(biāo)1 ）DThe meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cu

10、ltural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be m ade to fill every gap（l訶隙）with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communi

11、cating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied （暗示）is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is

12、 a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topi

13、c under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in aut

14、hority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted t

15、oo early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing（治愈）value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.35. What may be the best title for the text?A. Sound and SilenceB. What It Means to Be SilentC. Sile

16、nce to Native Americans D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold2016全國(guó)課標(biāo)卷II CReading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go

17、on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Peder

18、son, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, "The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.'1Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site an

19、d record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book

20、 to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the "real" and not the virtual（虛擬）.The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.12. What is the best title for the text?A. Online Reading

21、: A Virtual TourB. Electronic Books: A New TrendC. A Book Group Brings Tradition BackD.A Website Links People through Books2016年全國(guó)卷III DBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning paper

22、s. But now that information is being spread and monitored（監(jiān)控）in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people's e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories."The 'if it bleeds'

23、 rule works fbr mass media, " says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University ofPennsylvania. " They want your eyeballs and don't care how you're feeling. But when you share a story with yourfriends, you care a lot more how they react. You don't want them to think of you as a De

24、bbie Downer."Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消極的），but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply b

25、ecause people experienced more good things than bad things? To test fbr that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times' website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the " most e-mailed " list for six m

26、onths. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times' readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were ex

27、citing or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused（激發(fā)）one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in

28、his new book, " Contagious: Why Things Catch On."35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.B. Online News Attracts More People.C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.2016浙江卷DTwo things changed my life: my mot

29、her and a white plastic bike basket. I have thought long and hard about it and it's true. I would be a different person if my mom hadn't turned a silly bicycle accessory into a life lesson I carry with me today.My mother and father were united in their way of raising children, but it mostly

30、fell to my mother to actually carry it out. Looking back, I honestly don't know how she did it. Managing the family budget must have been a very hard task, but she made it look effortless. If we complained about not having what another kid did, we'd hear something like, "I don't car

31、e what so-and-so got fbr his birthday, you are not getting a TV in your room/a car for your birthday/a lavish sweet-16 party." We had to earn our allowance（零用錢）by doing chores around the house. I can still remember how long it took to polish the legs of our coffee table. My brothers can no doub

32、t remember hours spent cleaning the house. Like the two little girls growing up at the White House, we made our own beds （no one left the house until that was done） and picked up after ourselves. We had to keep track of our belongings, and if something was lost, it was not replaced.It was summer and

33、, one day, my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed and there it was in the window. White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers, the basket winked at me and 1 knew I knew I had to have it."It's beautiful,'* my mother said when I pointed it out to her. MWhat a neat ba

34、sket.HI tried to hold off at first. I played it cool for a short while. But then I guess I couldn't stand it any longer: "Mom, please can I please, please get it? I'll do extra chores for as long as you say. I'll do anything, but I need that basket. I love that basket. Please, Mom.

35、Please?nI was desperate."You know,'* she said, gently rubbing my back while we both stared at what I believed was the coolest thing ever, "If you save up you could buy this yourself.u"By the time I make enough it'll be gone!""Maybe Roger here could hold it for you,*&

36、#39; she smiled at Roger, the bike guy."He can't hold it for that long, Mom. Someone else will buy it. Please, Mom, please?*'"There might be another way," she said.And so our paying plan unfolded. My mother bought the beautiful basket and put it safely in some hiding place I c

37、ouldn't find. Each week I eagerly counted my growing savings increased by extra work here and there (washing the car, helping my mother make dinner, delivering or collecting things on my bike that already looked naked without the basket in front). And then, weeks later, I counted, re-counted and

38、 jumped for joy. Oh, happy day! I made it! I finally had the exact amount we'd agreed upon.Days later the unthinkable happened. A neighborhood girl I'd played with millions of times appeared with the exact same basket fixed to her shiny, new bike that already had all the bells and whistles.

39、I rode hard and fast home to tell my mother about this disaster. This horrible tum of events.And then came the lesson I've taken with me through my life:HHoney, your basket is extra-special," Mom said, gently wiping away my hot tears. nYour basket is special because you paid for it yourself

40、.'*60.What is the life lesson the author learned from her mother?A. Save money for a rainy day.B. Good advice is beyond all price.C. Earn your bread with your sweat.D. God helps those who help themselves.2016天津卷DFailure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothi

41、ng more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue（疲憊）and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is ve

42、ry real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determine

43、d to write them in alphabetical order（按字母順序），never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot

44、seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can - then let the unconscious take over.When planning Encyclopedia Britannica 大英百科全書,I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of it

45、s articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the

46、 trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step. Though I worke

47、d as hard as before, 1 felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.55. What could be the best title for the passage?A. Success Is Built upon FailureB. How to Handle Performance Fatig

48、ueC. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to SuccessD. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems2016四川卷DA warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off if it is milked from a cow at night.Re

49、searchers have discovered that Mnight milk" contains more melatonin （褪黑激素）,which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night

50、.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep l

51、onger.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calc

52、ium content, which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.3.What can be a s

53、uitable title for the text?A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat, Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health2016上海卷CEnough " meaningless drivel " . That's the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like Lin

54、kedln gather and use social media data.The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee's report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark （認(rèn)證標(biāo)記）to identify sites that have cle

55、ar terms and conditions."The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone, M says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by

56、 a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. " we need to think through how we make that work in practice, " says Miller.Wo

57、uld we pay any more attention to a kitemark? " I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would, " says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. " We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their informa

58、tion. " But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. " We still don't know how signi

59、ficant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years' time, " he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don't know how companies will use our data because their business

60、 models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don't expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn't working. If properly