1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（I）第八單元語法知識定義：（1）表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，這個(gè)影響和結(jié)果對 現(xiàn)在還必須存在.常與 already（已經(jīng)）,yet（已經(jīng)，還）,just（ 剛剛）,ever（曾經(jīng)），never 等詞連用.already :常用于肯定句或疑問句（均表示：已經(jīng)）. yet :常用于否定句（表示：還、尚）,疑問句末尾（表示：已經(jīng)）.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成及句型結(jié)構(gòu)：（注：過去分詞的變化分規(guī)則變化與不規(guī)則變化，規(guī)則變 化與動詞原形變過去式一樣，不規(guī)則變化見教材137 頁）1. 肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他+時(shí)間.eg:I have already los

2、t the key.我已經(jīng)弄丟了鑰匙.（我現(xiàn)在沒有鑰匙）He has ever read that book 他曾經(jīng)看過這本書.（了解書的內(nèi)容）They have justcleaned their hands.他們剛剛洗過手了 .（手是干凈的）2. 否定句：主語+haven hasnt+過去分詞+其他+時(shí)間.eg: I havenlost the key yet.He hasntever read that book .They haventjust cleaned their hands.3. 般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他+時(shí)間？肯定回答：Yes,主語+have/ ha

3、s. 否定回答：No,主語+havent/hasnt.eg:Have you already lost the key? Yes, I have. No, I havent.Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. Have they justcleaned their hands? Yes, they have. No, they havent.4. 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+have/hasn 主語+過去分詞+其他+時(shí)間？eg: What have you already done? （done 是 do/does 的過去分詞

4、）What has he ever done?What have they just done?定義：（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去的動作或狀 態(tài)。常與 for, since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語或從句連用.fo 葉表示一段時(shí)間的詞組；| since+ 過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞組或一般過去式的句子.eg: She has learned Englishor 5 years.（她已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)五年英語了）解釋：一直在學(xué)，持續(xù)了五年，并且還可能持續(xù)學(xué)下去.He has lived in Beijingsince he was born .（自從他出生以后就居住在北京）解釋：從出生后就

5、一直住在北京，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還有可能一直住下去）Have you stayed heresince 3 o clock? （自從 3 點(diǎn)后你就一直呆在這兒嗎？）例題：選用 for 和 since 填空:1. We haven t seen each other a long time. 2. His father has been in the factory_10 years ago.3. The film has been on_ 20 minutes.4. Mr. Green has worked here_he came to China.5. His grandparents have

6、 been dead_several years. 6. It s five years we met last time.7have already had dinner.（否定）I_ dinner_ .& Mum has cooked the dinner.Mum_ _ the dinner.9.Susan has learned English at school. Susan_ English at school.10. I have already had dinner.（提問）_?11. He has just finished his homework._ ?12. Su

7、sa n has lear ned En glish at school._?13. Mum has cooked the dinner._ ?（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的范圍，不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如yesterday,last night, three weeks ago, in199 等.一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。一般過去時(shí)就可以和與表示 過去的時(shí)間狀語連用.eg: I have already seen the film.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，已經(jīng)看了這部電影，并且知道電影的內(nèi) 容)I saw the film last wee

8、k.(一般過去式，因?yàn)楹竺嬗斜硎具^去的時(shí)間狀語last week)He has lived here since 1993.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，后面有 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句) )He livedhere in 佃 93.(一般過去時(shí)，1993 年住在這兒，現(xiàn)在沒住在這兒了)例題：1._ you_(clean) the room? Yes, we_(do) that already.2. When_ you_ (do) it? We_ (do) it an hour ago.3._ he_ (see) this film yet? Yes. 4. When_he_ (see) it? He_

9、it last week.5. I_ (read) the novel twice. It s in6e Ms-tCilgen_ (give)up smoking last year.7. She_ (go) to Pairs, hasn Yslse? How_ she_ (go) there? She_ (go) there by air.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(II)第九單元語法知識1.構(gòu)成：含有 be 動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語部分由“ have/has+ been+ to+ 地點(diǎn)”構(gòu)成，表示：曾經(jīng)去過某地(been 是 be 的過去分詞，不規(guī)則變化)2.基本句型：(1)肯定句：主語 +have/has

10、+ been + to+ 地點(diǎn).eg:I have been to Australia.They have been to Beijing.He has been to South Africa.主語 +havent/hasnt+ been + to+地點(diǎn). eg: I havenbeen to Australia.They havenbeen to Beijing.He hasntbeen to South Africa.(3) 般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+ been + to+地點(diǎn)?(4)特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞 +have/has+主語+ beeneg:Where have you

11、been?Where have they been?Where has he been?3.用法：用來表示之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生和完成度的動作與狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系 動作和結(jié)果發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還在.可以和 never, ever,once, twice, three/four times 等畐 U 詞連用 .eg: They have been to Chongqing twice .I have never been to Sichuan.Has she ever been to Hainan?3.區(qū)別:(1). have/ has been to+地點(diǎn)表示： 曾經(jīng)去過某地，已經(jīng)回來了

12、(2). have/ has gone to+地點(diǎn)表示：去了某地，還沒有回來eg: She has been to Shanghai.（她去過上海，已經(jīng)回來了）She has gone to Shanghai.（她去了上海，還沒有回來）（3）. have been in表示 “在某地呆了多少時(shí)間”，常與時(shí)間段狀語連用eg: I have been in Shanghai for three years .我至 U 上海已有三年了。否定句:肯定回答:Yes,主語 + have/has.否定回答：主語 +haventhasnt.eg: Have you been toAustralia?Have

13、they been to Beijing?Has he been to South Africa?Yes, I have. No. I haven t.Yes, they have. No, they haven.tYes, he has.No, he hasnt.He has been in London for half a month .他來倫敦已有半個(gè)月了。(4). have been on表示“已經(jīng)開始了多久 表示持續(xù)性”eg: The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已經(jīng)開始了10 分鐘了。例題：1 Where is your brother?

14、 He_the shop. He ll be back soon.2. _ you ever_ to AmericaYes, I_ New York twice 3. David_AustraliaI m sure has already arrived 4. Is Benny here? No, he_ the school library He left five minutes ago.4.Mike and his parents_ the south for half a year.6. Mum is not at home now. she_ the shop.7. You can

15、t find him. H_ Xi an.8. Mr. Zhang_this school for ten years. He knows everyone here.9. Miss. Brown_ China three times.10. I _ the West lake, Look, I have taken many photos of it .11. Tom_ Jim s home, but he hasn t come back.12. We_the bookshop and bought many books.13. My parents_ Shandong for ten y

16、ears.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（III）第十單元語法知識動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式，發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞。1.延續(xù)性動詞：表示能夠延續(xù)的動作，也可以表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)與經(jīng)歷.eg: learn, work, stand, lie, walk, sleep, keep, wait, watch, sing, read, stay, live 延續(xù)性動詞可以與 fol 禾口 kince引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用： eg: He has lived here for 6 years.（他在這兒住了六年了，一直住在這兒，live 是延續(xù)性動詞，并且很有可能繼續(xù)居住下去）I have known her sin

17、ce the n.（自從那時(shí)起我就認(rèn)識她了，一直都認(rèn)識， know 是延續(xù)性動詞）2.非延續(xù)性動詞：也成終止性動詞或瞬間動詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動作，這種動作發(fā)生后 立即結(jié)束.eg: open, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy, die非延續(xù)性動詞不能與 for 和 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，常用的時(shí)間狀語有two yearsago, at 5 Kclock, yesterday, the day before yesterday, this mornin 等表示過去的時(shí)間 .eg: His grandmothe

18、r died 10 years ago.She finished the work at 6 oclock.2.非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換（常用）（1）.轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)eg: borrow 宀 keepbuy 宀 haveput onfwearget to knowfknow get to sleepfsleep catch a coldfhave a cold（2） 轉(zhuǎn)化為“ be+形容詞/副詞/介詞/名詞”go outfbe outdiefbe deadget to/ arrive in （at） /reachfbe in+地點(diǎn) finishfbe ove

19、rfall illfbeillfall asleepfbe asleep joinfbe in+活動 /組織go to schoolfbe in school becomefbemake friendsfbe friendsclosefbe closed go to bedfbe in bed come/ gofbe + 相應(yīng)的介詞短 語例：下面是句子的同義句轉(zhuǎn)換將原句一般過去時(shí)改成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)eg: 1. The old man died four years ago. （一般過去時(shí)）The old man has been dead for four years.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，將 die 變

20、為 be dead）The old man has been dead| sinc four years ago（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since 跟過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)）2. I borrowed the book five days ago.3. He bought the bike three years ago.I have kept the book 固 five days.He has had the bike for three years.I have kept the book since five days ago.He has had the bikeago.year.She has been in schodl sinck two days ago. My sister has been a nurse kincd oneyear.例題：1.Li Lei joined the Party three years ago.（同義句）Li Lei_ the Party _ three years.Li Lei_ the Party _ three years ago.2. My father left Guizhou last week.（同義句）My father_Guizhou _ a week.My fat