1、第一章 A brief history of language teaching第二章 The nature of approaches and methods前兩章很簡單，詳見前面中文導(dǎo)讀第三章 The oral approach and situational language teachingThe oral approach (situational language teaching) is a grammar-based method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new

2、teaching points are presented and practiced through meaningful situation-based activities.一、Background1. Two of the leaders were Harold palmer and .2. Vocabulary control 3. Grammar control 二、The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching The main characteristics of the approach were as follows:

3、1. Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally.2. The target language is the language of the classroom.3. New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.4. Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabu

4、lary is covered.5. Items of grammar are graded by their complexity.6. Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established. 三、Approach1、 Theory of language a type of British “structuralism”. One distinctive feature: structures must be linked to situations

5、 in which they could be used Language was viewed as purposeful activity related to goals and situations in the real world.2、Theory of learninga type of behaviorist habit-learning theory(three processes in learning a language)(1). Language learning as habit formation (2).An inductive approach is used

6、 to the teaching of grammar(3).The same processed are thought to occur both in child language learning and in second language learning.四、Design1、Objectives: (1). Practical command of the four basic skills of language(2). Accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar is regarded as crucial.(3). Automati

7、c control of basic structures and sentence patterns is fundamental.(4). Writing derives from speech.2、The syllabus(1) A structural syllabusa list of the basic structures and sentence patterns(2) Situation: the manner of presenting and practicing sentence patterns3、Types of learning and teaching acti

8、vities(1) SLT employs a situational approach to presenting new sentence patterns and a drill-based manner to practicing the new sentence patterns (2) Situation: the use of concrete objects, pictures and realia, which together with actions and gestures (3) Practice techniques: guided repetition, subs

9、titution activities, pair practice 4、Learner roles(1) Listen, repeat and responds to questions and commands (2) Have no control over the content of learning 5、Teacher rolesThreefold: a model、a skillful manipulator、on the lookout for errorsThe teacher is essential to the success of the method.6、The r

10、ole of instructional materials(1)Textbook: contains organized lessons(2)Visual aids: consists of wall charts, flashcards, pictures, stick figuresThe teacher is expected to be the master of his textbook. 五、ProcedureAim: to move from controlled to freer practice of structures and from oral use of sent

11、ence patterns to their automatic use in speech, reading and writing. The teaching of a structure: four parts PronunciationRevision ( to prepare for new work if necessary)Presentation of new structure or vocabularyOral practice (drilling)Reading of material on the new structure, or written exercisesT

12、he sequence of activities:Listening practiceChoral imitationIndividual imitationIsolationBuilding up to a new modelElicitationSubstitution drillingQuestion-answer drillingCorrection第四章 The Audiolingual MethodIt is a method of foreign or second language teaching which (a) emphasizes the teaching of s

13、peaking and listening before reading and writing (b) uses dialogues and drills. (c) discourages use of the mother tongue in the classroom (d) often makes use of contrastive analysis. The audiolingual method was prominent in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the United States, and has been widely us

14、ed in many other parts of the world.一、BackgroundThe combination of structural linguistic theory, contrastive analysis, aural-oral procedures, and behaviorist psychology led to the Audiolingual Method.情境法與聽說法的異同There are many similarities between situational language teaching and audiolingualism.1. T

15、he order in which language skills are introduced2. Focus on accuracy through drill and practice in the basic structures3. Sectence patterns of the target languageHowever, situational language teaching was a development of the earlier Direct Method and does not have the strong ties to linguistic and

16、behavioral psychology that characterize audiolingualism. The similarities of the two methods reflect similar views about the nature of language and of language learning, through these views were in fact development from quite different traditions.二、Approach1、Theory of language Structural linguistics

17、 (1950s): a reaction to traditional grammarThe primary medium of language is oral: speech is language.2、Theory of learning Behavioral psychology: stimulus-response chainsLearning principles:1. Foreign language learning is basically a process of mechanical habit formation.2. Language skills are learn

18、ed more effectively if the items to be learned in the target language are presented in sporken form before they are seen in written form.3. Analogy provides a better foundation for language learning than analysis. Hence the approach to the teaching of grammar is essentially inductive rather than ded

19、uctive.4.The meaning of word can be learned in a linguistic and cultural context and not in isolation.三、Design1、ObjectivesShort-range objectives：Listening comprehension、accurate pronunciation, reading comprehension and production of correct sentences in writing.Long-range objectives ：To develop in t

20、he students the same types of abilities that native speakers have2、The syllabusA linguistic syllabus: phonology, morphology, and syntax of the languageA lexical syllabus of basic vocabularyLanguage skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing3、Types of learning and teaching activitiesDialogues Dril

21、ls -Various kinds of drills : repetition, inflection, replacement4、Learner roles Organisms that can be directed by skilled training techniques to produce correct responsesa reactive role, have little control 5、Teachers rolesCentral and activeModels the target languageControls the direction and pace

22、of learningMonitors and corrects the learners performance6、The role of instructional materialsTextbookTape recorders and audiovisual equipment 四、Procedure1、The process of teaching involves extensive oral instruction2、The procedures the teacher should adopt ( Brook)3、In a typical audiolingual lesson

23、the following procedures will be observed: a. Recognition; b. Imitation and repetition c. Patterns drill: d. Follow-up activities五、The decline of Audiolingualism 1、Criticism on two fronts: the theoretical foundations（both in language and language learning） and the practical results fell short of exp

24、ectation.2、the theoretical attack: Noam Chomskys theory of transformational grammar第五章Total Physical ResponseTotal Physical Response is a language learning method based on the coordination of speech and action. This method of learning was developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jo

25、se State University, California. 一、Background1、the “trace theory” of memory in psychology2、developmental psychology：child first language acquisition3、humanistic psychology: the role of affective factors4、Comprehension Approach 5、a tradition: the use of physical actions to teach a foreign language at

26、 an introductory level二、Approach1、Theory of language structuralist or grammar-based views of languagedetailed cognitive map (abstractions and nonabstractions)the central role of comprehension in language learninglanguage can be internalized as wholes or chunks2、Theory of learningReminiscent of the v

27、iews of behavioral psychology: a stimulus-response view Learning hypotheses ( to facilitate or inhibit foreign language learning ) According to Asher, the language learning theories are similar to those of other behavioral psychologists. The principals that help elaborate his idea are:1. Second lang

28、uage learning is parallel to first language learning and should reflect the same naturalistic processes. 2. Listening should develop before speaking.3. Once listening comprehension has been developed, speech develops naturally and effortlessly out of it. 4. Adults should use right-brain motor activi

29、ties, while the left hemisphere watches and learns. 三、Design1、ObjectivesThe general objectives: to teach oral proficiency at a beginning levelSpecific instructional objectives are not elaborated.2、The syllabus:Be inferred from an analysis of the exercise types employed in TPR classesA sentence-based

30、 syllabusA fixed number of items be introduced at a timeAttention to both the global meaning of language and the finer details of its organization 3、Types of learning and teaching activitiesImperative drills are the major classroom activity.Role plays：center on everyday situationSlide presentationsR

31、eading and writing activities4、Learner rolesA primary role : listener and performer Have little influence over the contentMonitor and evaluate their own progress5、Teacher rolesActive and direct roleWell prepared and well organizedTeachers follow the example of parents giving feedbackCautions: illusi

32、on of simplicity; having too narrow a tolerance for errors6、The role of instructional materialsNo basic text, materials and realia play an increasing role in later learning stages.Student kits that focus on specific situations (supporting materials)四、Procedure Ashers account of a course:ReviewNew co

33、mmandsRole reversalReading and writingConclusion:Total Physical Response has enjoyed some popularity because of its support by those who emphasize the role of comprehension in second language acquisition. It represents a useful techniques and is compatible with other approaches to teaching.4.Traits1

34、. It uses psychomotor systems to teach.2. It support kinesthetic learning style, which is good for those who need to be active in the class.3. Command forms used to convey information.4. It works well with mixed-ability classes.5. It is very memorable, and it really helps students to remember phrase

35、s or words.6. It is a lot of fun, students enjoy it and it can be a real stirrer in the class. 7. It is very effective with teenagers and young learners.第六章The Silent WayIt is a method of foreign-language teaching developed by Gattegno which makes use of gesture, mime, visual aids, wall charts, and

36、in particular Cuisiniere rods (wooden sticks of different lengths and colors) that the teacher uses to help the students to talk. The method takes its name from the relative silence of the teacher using these techniques. 一、BackgroundThe premise of the Silent WayThe learning hypothesesLearning is fac

37、ilitated if the learner discovers or creates. (discovery learning)Learning is facilitated by accompanying physical objects.Learning is facilitated by problem solving.二、Approach 1、Theory of languageGattegno views language as a substitute for experience.By the spirit of the language Gattegno is referr

38、ing to the way each language isComposed of phonological and suprasegmental A structural approach Vocabulary as a central dimension 2、Theory of learning SurrenderArtificial approach The self of the learnerLearning to learn三、Design1、ObjectivesThe general objectives: to give beginning level students or

39、al and aural facilityAn immediate objectives: to provide the learner with a basic practical knowledge of the grammar of the language Teach learners how to learn a language2、 The syllabusa basically structural syllabusvocabulary3、Types of learning and teaching activitiessimple linguistic tasksrespons

40、es to commands, questions and visual cues4、Learner rolesLearners are expected to develop independence, autonomy and responsibility.Learners exert a strong influence over each others learning.Playing varying roles5、Teacher rolesTeacher silence is the most demanding aspect of the Silent Way. To teach,

41、 to test, to get out of the wayCreate an environmentTeacher likes the complete dramatist.6、The role of instructional materialsThe pronunciation chartsThe colored cuisenaire rodsThe vocabulary or word charts Other materials四、ProcedureA standard formatPractice of the sounds (using the pronunciation ch

42、arts)Practice of sentence patterns, structure, and vocabulary (using the rods and charts)A sample lesson Fidel chartConclusion:The actual practices of the Silent Way are much less revolutionary than might be expected. The innovations derive from the manner in which classroom activities are organized

43、, the indirect role the teacher is required to assume in directing and monitoring learner performance, the responsibility placed upon learners, and the materials used.第七章Community Language Learning社團語言學(xué)習(xí)法 It is a method of second and foreign language teaching developed by Charles Curran. CLL is an a

44、pplication of counseling learning(咨詢學(xué)習(xí)法)to second and foreign language teaching and learning. It uses techniques developed in group counseling to help people with psychological and emotional problems. The method makes use of group learning in small or large groups. These groups are the “Community”.

45、The method places emphasis on the learners personal feelings and their reactions to language learning. Learners say things which they want to talk about, in their native language. The teacher (known as “Counselor”) translates the learners sentences into the foreign language, and the learner then rep

46、eats this to other members of the group. 一、Background1、Rogerian counselingCharles A. Curren 2、Humanistic techniques：the whole person3、Language alternation二、Approach1、Theory of languageTraditional structuralist positionLanguage as social processThe interactional view of language: interaction between

47、equals, interaction between unequals interaction between learners and knowers, interaction between learners.2、Theory of learning Contracted with traditional views (a putative learning view, the behavioral view)The whole-person learning (five stages)Consensual validation S(secure)A(attention and aggr

48、ession)R(retention and reflection)D(discrimination)the personal commitments三、Design1、 ObjectivesExplicit linguistic or communicative objectives are not defined.Teacher transfers knowledge and proficiency to the learner.Goal: attaining near-native like mastery of the target languageSpecific objective

49、s are not addressed.2、The syllabusNo conventional language syllabus Topic-based courseTeachers responsibility： teacher transfers knowledge and proficiency to the learnerGoal: attenting near-native like mastery of the target language.3、Types of learning and teaching activitiesCombines innovative lear

50、ning tasks and activities with conventional ones.Translation, Group Work, Recording, Transcription, Analysis, Reflection and observation, Listening, Free conversation4、 Learner rolesmembers of a communitybecome counselors to other learnersFive stages 5、Teacher rolesCounselorSpecific teacher roles ar

51、e keyed to the five development viding a safe environmentNote two “asides” in the discussion of learning security.6、 The role of instructional materialsA textbook is not considered a necessary component.Materials may be developed by the teacher as the course develops.the use of teaching ma

52、chines 四、Procedure 1、 classical CLL and personal interpretations of it 2、 the description of some typical activities in CLL classed3、 a protocol of what a first days CLL class covered Conclusion: Community Language Learning is the most responsive of the methods we have reviewed in terms of its sensi

53、tivity to learner communication intent. It places unusual demands on language teachers. Critics of Community Language Learning question many aspects of CLL. Supporters of CLL emphasize the positive benefits of a method that centered on the learner and stresses the humanistic side of language learnin

54、g.自己想法：學(xué)校英語角活動Question for discussion:社團學(xué)習(xí)法把語言學(xué)習(xí)過程比作是咨詢過程，你們覺得這個比喻合適嗎？為什么？第八章 SuggostopediaSuggestopedia/Lozanov Method (暗示法/羅扎諾夫法) It is a method of foreign-language teaching developed by the Bulgarian Lozanov. It makes use of dialogues, situations and translation to present and practise language,

55、and in particular, makes use of music, visual images, and relaxation exercises to make learning more comfortable and effective. 一、Background1、Suggestology2、the most conspicuous characteristics of Suggestopedia3、Soviet psychology4、mental states 5、the centrality of music and musical rhythm to learning

56、二、Approach1、Theory of language lexis is central whole meaningful texta language to be its vocabulary and the grammar rules for organizing vocabulary2、Theory of learning a desuggestive-suggestive sense six principal theoretical components:authority, infantilization, double-planedness, intonation, rhy

57、thm, concert pseudo-passiveness the type of musicthe rate of presentation of material to be learned within the rhythmic pattern 三、Design1、Objectivesdeliver advanced conversational proficiency quickly increased access to understanding and creative solutions of problems2、The syllabuscourse descriptiontime duration30 dayseach unitthe whole course3、Types of learning and teaching activitiesimitation, question and answer, role playeach unitlistening activities4Lea