1、定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句的定義 首先我們先了解定語(yǔ)的概念定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾、限定、說(shuō)明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的。 如 定語(yǔ)從句 在整個(gè)句子當(dāng)中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的小句子定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)一：限制性定語(yǔ)從句 先行詞與關(guān)系代詞之間無(wú)逗號(hào)分隔，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)后置定語(yǔ)，如： They are the boys who you like to play with.二：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句前有逗號(hào)分隔，主要起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如： Mr. Brown has a son, who joined the army 3 years ago.需要了解的概念先行詞： 定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞稱(chēng)為先行詞 通常是由名詞或代詞充當(dāng) They are t

2、he boys who you like to play with. Friends are those who make you smile, always share your happiness and sorrows.關(guān)系詞： 用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，為避免先行詞的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)用來(lái)代替先行詞的詞。分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。常見(jiàn)關(guān)系詞：that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, as 先行詞與關(guān)系詞的聯(lián)系 1）先行詞與關(guān)系詞的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系先行詞與關(guān)系詞之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系。也就是說(shuō)，關(guān)系詞的作用就是將先行詞所表達(dá)意義代到從句中來(lái)起作用。例如：

3、They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations （先行詞）where (關(guān)系詞)people normally would not be afraid . 他們常在人們一般不會(huì)感到害怕的情況下卻很容易感到恐懼或是感到不自在。 （本句中的關(guān)系詞where = 先行詞（in）situations 。如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是： They often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations. people normally would not

4、 be afraid in situations. 由此可以看出，先行詞與關(guān)系詞之間實(shí)質(zhì)上是互等、互換的關(guān)系）。 2）“先行詞”的意義決定“關(guān)系詞”的選擇“關(guān)系詞”的選擇往往是由“先行詞”自身表達(dá)的意義，以及它在從句中的語(yǔ)法功能而決定的。例如： Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)上很有成就的人,在其他領(lǐng)域常常一無(wú)所成。 In our class, we have some students whose families are not in Wuhan. 我們班

5、上有些家不在武漢市的同學(xué)。 There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. 有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。 Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class. 如果把這個(gè)復(fù)合句拆成兩個(gè)分句，那就是： tell him to go to the classroom. We often have our English class in the classroom. 告訴他去我們常上英語(yǔ)課的那間教室。關(guān)系詞 定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞只有

6、兩類(lèi)：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞；沒(méi)有連詞。也就是說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句中的所有關(guān)系詞不但都有具體的意義而且都在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。關(guān)系代詞常用關(guān)系代詞：who , whom , whose , which , that關(guān)系代詞who：who用于代替“表示人的意義”的先行詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 如： I have no idea about the man who wrote the article. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)寫(xiě)這篇文章的那個(gè)人。 Do you know the man who you just spoke to? 關(guān)系代詞whom：只做賓語(yǔ)。 如： Do you know the man whom yo

7、u just spoke to? 錯(cuò)誤：I have no idea about the man whom wrote the article. 關(guān)系代詞whose ：用于代替表示人或物意義的先行詞，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，往往與它所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Whose常表達(dá)某人的、某物的之意。例如： Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate? 你知道她的哥哥與你同寢室的那位女孩的名字嗎？ Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrad

8、e has no color, no flavor. 沸點(diǎn)在攝氏100度的水無(wú)色、無(wú)味。關(guān)系代詞which: 用于代替表示事物意義的先行詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。例如： Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept. (做主語(yǔ)) 那些全新的或是來(lái)自國(guó)外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。 Ive got a novel which you may like to read. 我有一本你或許想看的小說(shuō)。(做動(dòng)詞read的賓語(yǔ)) 關(guān)系代詞that： 既用于代替“表示人的意義”的先行詞，也用于代替“表示事物意義”的先行詞；在

9、從句中既可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，但是不能作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。在一定范圍內(nèi)，that = who / whom / which 。例如： Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept. 那些全新的或是來(lái)自國(guó)外的觀點(diǎn)或許也很難被接受。 Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal

10、government . 工薪在幾千美元以上的人必須將工資中的一定百分比交付給聯(lián)邦政府。 Who is the girl to that you talked just now? （錯(cuò)誤）關(guān)系代詞的省略 定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略;如果關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)可以省略。例如： This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday. 這就是你昨天找的那本書(shū)。 I dont like the novel ( that ) you are reading. 我不喜歡你看的這本小說(shuō)。 Who is the man ( whom )

11、 youre talking about? 你們談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人是誰(shuí)？關(guān)系代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題 定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon. 請(qǐng)那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進(jìn)行體檢。 This is the magazine which was sent to me by post. 這是通過(guò)郵局寄給我的雜志 。只用that的情況一：先行詞本身是all , everything , something ,

12、 nothing , anything等不定代詞時(shí)，例如： Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy. 任何能夠燃燒的東西都是熱能源。 There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。 They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他們沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)能治愈他疾病的東西了。二：先行詞已有序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)或the last, the only等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如： This is the most impressive TV the

13、ater that has never been put on show before. 這是以前從未上演過(guò)的最有感染力的電視劇。 That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。 We have to consider the first thing that starts our work. 我們必須要考慮啟動(dòng)我們工作的第一件事。只能用which的情況 當(dāng)先行詞表示事物意義，在從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)且關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞之后，那么就只能用which。如： The world in which we live is mad

14、e of matter. 我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。 Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。 The world that we live in is made of matter. 我們生活于其中的世界是由物質(zhì)組成的。 The world in that we live is made of matter.(錯(cuò)誤)二：在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系詞表示事物意義時(shí), 只能用which 。這是語(yǔ)法所規(guī)定的，沒(méi)有任何解釋。 The sun heats th

15、e earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow . 太陽(yáng)給予大地?zé)幔@就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。 The most important form of energy is electrical energy, which is widely used in our daily life. 最重要的能源形式是電能，它廣泛地運(yùn)用于我們的日常生活之中。 關(guān)系代詞as as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中常見(jiàn)于：such as和the same as 等句式中 例如： Such points as youve

16、 mentioned are really important in solving the problem. 你提到的這些方面在解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的確很重要。 People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays. 你描述的這種人現(xiàn)在很少見(jiàn)了。 This computer has the same functions as that one has. 這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)有著和那臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)一樣的功能。在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中：as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，as是指全句：也就是說(shuō)，將整個(gè)主句看成一件事或是一個(gè)事實(shí)；并對(duì)其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。這種非限定性

17、定語(yǔ)從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。 例如：As的用法 as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾表人或物的先行詞，即先行詞可以是人也可以是物；在定語(yǔ)從句中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；常用于the sameas/suchas/as(so)as句型，as不論在定語(yǔ)從句中作何成分，均不能省略。 Such teachers as know Tom think him bright. 先行詞為人such teachers， as作主語(yǔ) Ill buy the same bike as I lost yesterday. 先行詞為物the same bike，as作賓語(yǔ) ,指同一類(lèi)事物As與which的區(qū)別(3)注

18、意which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可以修飾整個(gè)主句, 但不能放在主句前，常譯為“這一點(diǎn)、這件事”。She is working hard, which everyone can see. which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能放在主句前She is working hard, as everyone can see.As everyone can see, She is working hard (4)注意當(dāng)修飾整個(gè)主句時(shí)，as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句含“正如”之意，因此在意義上不能和主句相抵觸；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則無(wú)此限制。如： Our team lost the game, w

19、hich was unexpected. 我們的球隊(duì)輸了比賽，這一點(diǎn)是未預(yù)料到的。此時(shí)不能用as。 Our team won the game, as was expected. 我們的球隊(duì)贏了比賽，正如預(yù)料的那樣。 As I know, she hasnt got married. 如我所知，她還未結(jié)婚。 They won the first place in the game, as could be expected. 可以預(yù)料，他們?cè)诒荣愔械昧说谝弧?Professor Li is extremely popular among students, as is known to all

20、 of us. 如我們大家所知，李教授極受學(xué)生們的歡迎。關(guān)系副詞 關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why 在定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + which 。也就是說(shuō)，每個(gè)關(guān)系副詞里本身就已經(jīng)含有了一個(gè)介詞：when = 在什么時(shí)候，where = 在什么地方，why = 為什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪個(gè)具體的介詞，就得依具體情況而定了。 關(guān)系副詞when when 代替表示時(shí)間的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),例如： People will always remember the time when (at which) Hong Kong and Macao

21、returned to our motherland. 人們會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記住香港和澳門(mén)回歸祖國(guó)的那一時(shí)刻。 He came at a time when (at which) we needed help. 他在我們需要人幫忙的時(shí)候來(lái)了。 We dont know the exact time when (at which) the English Evening will be held. 我們不知道英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)舉行的確切時(shí)間。關(guān)系副詞where where 代替表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。例如： The place where (in which) wer

22、e to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet. 我們舉行演講比賽的地點(diǎn)還未定下來(lái)。 He is living in a newly-built house where (in which place) there used to be a pond. 他現(xiàn)在居住的新房是原先一個(gè)池塘的舊址。 That is a beautiful campus where (in which) I made a lot dreams. 那是一座我曾經(jīng)在那兒有過(guò)許多夢(mèng)想的美麗的校園。關(guān)系副詞why why 代替表示原因的名詞，而這個(gè)名詞在從句中又與介詞

23、構(gòu)成了短語(yǔ)，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。例如： He didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy. 他沒(méi)有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因。 The reason why she was late is not so acceptable. 她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。 They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before. 他們向我們解釋為什么他們以前誤解了我們的原因。限制性與非限制性的區(qū)別 限定性定語(yǔ)從句 限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊奏，對(duì)其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果

24、將其去掉，會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性；有時(shí)甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如： Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located. 為了加速他們各自所在的國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。 Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影響其流經(jīng)

25、的附近地區(qū)的氣候。 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)，隔開(kāi)；它對(duì)其先行詞沒(méi)有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明的作用。有時(shí)也用它來(lái)對(duì)全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。即使將其去掉，也不會(huì)影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語(yǔ)從句。另外，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個(gè)分句處理，而不把它作定語(yǔ)翻譯。 例如： Markers lucky bird,

26、 which led him to the beautiful place, was eaten by a snake. （此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞bird進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。） 馬克的幸運(yùn)鳥(niǎo)被一條蛇吃了，就是那只鳥(niǎo)帶他到了那個(gè)美麗的地方。 去掉定語(yǔ)從句后： Markers lucky bird was eaten by a snake. The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow. 太陽(yáng)給予大地?zé)?，這就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。 此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明, 將全句表達(dá)的意思看成

27、一件事情。 The old man has a son, who is in the army. 那位老人有一個(gè)兒子，他在部隊(duì)工作。 （此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是：“這位老人只有一個(gè)兒子” 。 如果將此句改寫(xiě)成限定性定語(yǔ)從句： The old man has a son who is in the army. 那位老人有一個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語(yǔ)從句就要對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來(lái)，句子所傳達(dá)的信息就變成了：這位老人有一個(gè)兒子在部隊(duì)工作，還有其他的兒子在干別的工作。） 合并成一句話: 1 I cant find the b

28、ook. I bought a book yesterday.2. The girl is my sister. The girl is standing on the stage.3. The West Lake lies in Hangzhou. The West Lake is one of the most famous lakes in China.5. My brother likes the singers. The singers write their own music.6. The cat is mine. The cat is playing with a ball.

29、1. I cant find the book that/which/ / I bought yesterday.2. The girl who/that is standing on the stage is my sister.3. The West Lake is one of the most famous lakes in China that lies in Hangzhou.4. I dont know the boy who/that is in blue shirt.5. My brother likes the singers who/that write their ow

30、n music.6. The cat which/that is playing with a ball is mine. 1.This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday. A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher. A. whom B. which C. whoD. /3. The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary. A. that B. whose C. whichD. as 4.Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday. A. whichB. whom C. whoseD. this5.The man _ was here just now is a doctor. A. whomB. who C. / D. he6. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mother tongue. A. whichB. that C. / D. it20. The baby _is not hers. A. of that she is takin