1、LOGOCulture Differences (English vs Chinese) Culture Differences (English vs Chinese) Translation StrategiesTranslation Strategies中西文化差異與翻譯策略中西文化差異與翻譯策略 culture differences1. How many winter days have I seen him, standing bluenosed in the snow and east wind!” (Charles Dickens David Copperfield)2. “B

2、ut winds changing round”, said the man, “l(fā)ook at the smoke of that tug easterly well have blue sky and red noses tomorrow.”translateShelley Ode to the West Wind“古道古道西風(fēng)西風(fēng)瘦馬，夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。瘦馬，夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。 ”( 馬致遠(yuǎn)馬致遠(yuǎn)天凈沙天凈沙 秋思秋思 )“醉鄉(xiāng)中，醉鄉(xiāng)中，東風(fēng)東風(fēng)喚醒梨花夢喚醒梨花夢” 馬致遠(yuǎn)馬致遠(yuǎn)“咸陽古道音塵絕，音塵絕，咸陽古道音塵絕，音塵絕，西風(fēng)西風(fēng)殘照，漢家陵闕。殘照，漢家陵闕。 ”

3、( 李白李白憶秦娥憶秦娥 )culture differencesCulture difference caused by Geographical environments Geographical environmentsMore examples:揮金如土 牛飲班門弄斧小地方中的大人物或矮個子中的高個子 Chinesespend money like waterdrink like fishto teach a fish to swima big fish in a small pond all at seahang in the windthree sheets in the wind

4、all hands to the pumpsin the same boatEnglishculture differencesTranslate the phrasesTranslate the phrases：力大如牛吹牛老黃牛趾高氣昂并駕齊驅(qū) Chineseas strong as a horsetalk horse a willing horse get on ones high horse horse and horse Englishculture differencesCulture difference caused by Culture difference caused b

5、y Folk customsFolk customsMore examples:More examples:膽小如鼠鼠目寸光 雞皮疙瘩 蛛絲馬跡 像猴子一樣聰明 攔路虎 拍馬屁 棋逢對手 Chineseas timid as a rabbit as blind as a bat goose flesh something fishy as wise as an owl a lion in the way lick ones boots Diamond cuts diamond Englishculture differencesCulture difference caused by Folk

6、 Folk customscustomsMore examples:風(fēng)燭殘年 雨后春筍 易如反掌小菜一碟幸運兒一箭雙雕山中無老虎，猴子稱大王。Chinesehave one foot in the graveto grow like mushroomsas easy as A B Ca piece of cakea lucky dogTo kill two birds with one stoneIn the land of the blind,the one-eyed man is the king Englishculture differences1. Nobody could be t

7、oo foolish this day. 2. It is impossible to overestimate the value of the invention. Translate these:1.今天, 無論你怎樣出洋相, 都不算過分. 2.這項發(fā)明的價值無論怎樣估計也不會太高. Translation：culture differencesWesternersPreferring abstractness（抽象思維）Thinking in linear way（直線思維）Frequently using complicated sentencesDifferentiating su

8、bject and object strictlyHypotaxis (形合）summaryCulture differences caused by Thinking waysChinesePreferring imagination （形象思維）Thinking in circular way （曲線思維）Perferring simple sentencesImplicit subject and objectParataxis (意合)culture differencesimagination vs abstractness 胸有成竹 開門見山 桃李滿天下 鍋碗瓢盆Translati

9、on：to have a well-thought-out plan to have a ready plan in mind;to come straight to the point; Ones pupils or disciples are all overthe world;cooking utensils examplesCulture differences caused by Thinking waysculture differenceslinear way vs circular way e.g. Three passions,simple but overwhelmingl

10、y strong, have governed my life: longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.Translation：渴望愛、尋求知識和對人類苦難的深切同情，這是支配我的生活的三種簡單而無比強(qiáng)烈的情感。examplesCulture differences caused by Thinking waysculture differencescomplicated sentences vs simple sentences e.g. Tra

11、nslation is an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation.Translation：翻譯是一門藝術(shù)，它識優(yōu)辨劣，是一種創(chuàng)造性的、憑直覺的，有時是閃爍靈感的翻譯。examplesCulture differences caused by Thinking waysculture differencesdealing with the rela

12、tionship between subject and object (處理主客體的關(guān)系) e.g. 1. It has long been maintained that it was only during his Harvard graduate years that Eliot developed his interest in primitive cultures. 2. 近年來熱情的讀者紛紛致函各地方報紙，對北京的城市建設(shè)提出了種種建議。examplesCulture differences caused by Thinking ways1. 人們長期以來堅持認(rèn)為，艾略特對原始文

13、化的興趣是他在哈佛讀研究生的歲月里培養(yǎng)起來的。2. In recent years local newspapers have been sprinkled with passionate letters advising various suggestions on the urban construction of Beijing.culture differenceshypotaxis （形合） vs parataxis （意合）e.g. 1. I cant trust him, because he is not honest. 2. The monks may run away, b

14、ut the temple cannot run away. 3. If you are dead, I will be a monk.Translation：1.他不老實，我不能信任他。2.跑了和尚，跑不了廟。 3.你死了， 我就做和尚。（紅樓夢）examplesCulture differences caused by Thinking waysculture differenceshypotaxis （形合） vs parataxis （意合）e.g. 4. It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who

15、 would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peace time fall. Translation：examplesCulture differences caused by Thinking ways那是個天氣晴朗、金黃可愛的秋天，對于那些在和平時期的秋天樹葉再度轉(zhuǎn)黃之前將要失去青春、有的要失去生命的人們是一個動人的送別。那是個天氣晴朗、金黃可愛的秋天，動人的秋色為那些青年們送別。待到站后和平時期，黃葉紛飛的秋天再度來臨時，當(dāng)日的青年已經(jīng)失去了青春，有的

16、失去了生命。culture differencestranslate the follows:translate the follows:謀事在人，成事在天。猶大之吻(口蜜腹劍)唯一致命的弱點(希臘神話) 比喻被人當(dāng)作工具來使用，或受人愚弄的人，不能翻譯成貓的爪子(伊索寓言) 進(jìn)退維谷(荷馬史詩) 潘多拉的盒子，指無窮的災(zāi)難 ChineseMan proposes,God disposes.a Judas kissAchilles heel cats paw between Scylla and CharybdisPandoras box Englishculture differences1

17、. The re is more of Sampson than of Solomon in him 2. Cast Pearls before Swine 3. You are just a doubting Thomas. You won t believe what I tell you. 4. Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay beings begin to breathe. Translation: 1.他四肢發(fā)達(dá),頭腦簡單。 2.對牛彈琴 3.你這個人真多疑, 我說什么你都不信。 4.老師

18、是創(chuàng)造的見證人, 目睹生命呼吸成長。 examplesCulture differences caused by Religious beliefs and historical allusions1234geographical environmentsfolk customsthinking waysreligious beliefs and historical allusion Culuture DifferencessummaryHow to deal with How to deal with culture elements in culture elements in Engl

19、ish-Chinese English-Chinese translation processes? translation processes? Translation strategiesTranslation strategies 以目的語文化為歸宿以目的語文化為歸宿(target language culture oriented)。一。一般做法是抓住原文語用意義般做法是抓住原文語用意義,從目的語中選取與原文語用意從目的語中選取與原文語用意義相同的表達(dá)來翻譯。是語言形式上或者語言形式所負(fù)載的義相同的表達(dá)來翻譯。是語言形式上或者語言形式所負(fù)載的文化內(nèi)涵傾向于目的語的翻譯策略。總的說來文化

20、內(nèi)涵傾向于目的語的翻譯策略。總的說來,就是反對引就是反對引入新的表達(dá)法入新的表達(dá)法,使語言本土化。其長處就是能使譯文讀上去使語言本土化。其長處就是能使譯文讀上去或聽上去更通順地道或聽上去更通順地道,能給讀者帶來一種親切感。能給讀者帶來一種親切感。 Domestication (歸化歸化) 以源語文化為歸宿以源語文化為歸宿(source language culture oriented ),提倡譯提倡譯文應(yīng)盡量去適應(yīng)、遵從源語文化及原作者的遣詞用句習(xí)慣，文應(yīng)盡量去適應(yīng)、遵從源語文化及原作者的遣詞用句習(xí)慣，保留源語的異國情調(diào)。也就是不改變原文的文化、語言、文保留源語的異國情調(diào)。也就是不改變原文的

21、文化、語言、文體等特征傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容，要求讀者向作者靠攏，適應(yīng)原文。體等特征傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容，要求讀者向作者靠攏，適應(yīng)原文。Foreignization (異化異化)domesticating method 替代法替代法(alternativ(alternative ) e ) 意譯法意譯法（free free translatiotranslation n）歸化策略歸化策略 異化策略異化策略(foreignzing method)(foreignzing method) 直譯法直譯法 literal literal translatitranslationon 音譯法音譯法transliter

22、transliteration ation 譯注法譯注法annotatiannotation on 移植法移植法transplatransplantationntationDomesticating strategies(歸化策略) 意譯法（意譯法（liberalfree translation）當(dāng)原語中帶有文化色彩的詞語在譯語中沒有完全相對應(yīng)的詞語,且用異化策略中諸法均譯不通時,譯者可不拘泥于原語的語言形式和字面意義,用跨文化的“對等”詞來表達(dá)出原語的文化信息。e.g. Mr. Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green th

23、e other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him he was in a brown study. I hope he will soon be in the pink again. 意譯法布朗先生是個非常忠實可靠的人。那天,他臉上頗有病容。近來他悶悶不樂,我看到他時他在沉思之中。希望他早日恢復(fù)健康。 Domesticating strategies(歸化策略)替代法替代法(alternative) (alternative) 將原語中帶有文化色彩的詞語(物象)轉(zhuǎn)換成譯語中帶有同等文化色彩的詞語(物象)。這種用法多用于習(xí)語

24、和比喻性詞語的翻譯。 four Asian tigers， as strong as a horse 亞洲四小龍，力大如牛 替代法 Foreignzing strategiesForeignzing strategies（異化策略）（異化策略）直譯法（直譯法（literal translation）用譯語中的“對應(yīng)”詞譯出原語中文化信息。這個“對應(yīng)”詞的語義及社會語用價值必須與原文的一致,這樣譯語才能與原語做到語言意義和文化意義上的等值,并盡可能多的保留原語文化特征,開闊譯語讀者的文化視野,促進(jìn)兩種文化間的交流。e.g. I see Russian soldiers standing on t

25、he threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.(Winston S. Churchill , Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R.) 我看到俄國士兵站立于國門，守衛(wèi)著他們祖先自古以來耕種的土地。 直直譯譯法法 Foreignzing strategiesForeignzing strategies（異化策略）（異化策略）移植法移植法(transplantation)(transp

26、lantation)當(dāng)源語所負(fù)載的文化信息在目的語中根本就沒有與之相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。這時，我們便可用異化手法將源語中的信息以近乎保持其本來面目的方式傳入目的語中。這種方法不僅賦予譯語全新的語言成分和新穎別致的表達(dá)形式，而且有利于兩種異質(zhì)文化和語言的相互交流和滲透，推進(jìn)它們的相互融合。這既能保存原語文化的異國情調(diào)，又可以吸收外來語，豐富譯語語言文化，使兩種語言文化能夠相互兼容、相互影響及相互促進(jìn)從而達(dá)到相濟(jì)相調(diào)，相得益彰的積極效果。如：移移植植法法 Foreignzing strategiesForeignzing strategies（異化策略）（異化策略）移植法移植法(transplantatio

27、n)(transplantation)Solomon（所羅門）一詞在20世紀(jì)80年代初方平、王科一的十日談譯本中還作了腳注：“古代有名的聰明皇帝”（第六日故事八）。現(xiàn)在翻譯時若再碰到，恐怕沒有再作腳注的必要。因為“所羅門”作為智者的代稱，大多數(shù)中國讀者已是耳熟能詳了。當(dāng)中國人了解到“wash hands”在英文里是表示上廁所的委婉語后，“洗手間”一詞隨即進(jìn)入大眾詞匯。諸如此類的詞還有“卡拉OK”（karaoke）、“嬉皮士”（hippie）、“丁克家庭”（dinks）等。 移移植植法法 Foreignzing strategiesForeignzing strategies（異化策略）（異化策

28、略）音譯法音譯法 （transliterationtransliteration）音譯法常常用于英、漢語的人名和地名，但一些有特定文化意義的詞匯也需要如此處理。如下列詞匯：“Litchi”(荔枝),“ kowtow”(磕頭),“wonton”(餛飩),“toufu”(豆腐),“Kongfu”(功夫)等等。“邏輯”(logic)，“引擎”(engine),“馬達(dá)”(Motor)，“巧克力”(Chocolate)，“高爾夫”(Golf)， “香檳”(champagne)等已經(jīng)成為漢語詞匯的一部分。 音音譯譯法法 Foreignzing strategiesForeignzing strategie

29、s（異化策略）（異化策略）譯注法譯注法(annotation)原文中的一些歷史事件、人物、典故等往往帶有一定的文化色彩。譯者可先直譯，然后在此基礎(chǔ)上采用增詞和加注等方法予以解釋或說明文化背景。這樣既可以保留原文的文化色彩，也有利于讀者對原文的理解。 e.g.Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.（俗話說，衣柜里面藏骷髏，見不得人的事家家有） 譯譯注注法法 Foreignzing strategiesForeignzing strategies（異化策略）（異化策略）紅樓夢第三十四回中,有這么一段話:

30、“難道這也是個癡丫頭,又像顰兒來葬花不成?”因又笑道:“若真也葬花,可謂東施效顰了;不但不為新奇,而是更是可厭。“Can this be some silly maid come here to bury flowers like Frowner !”He wondered. This reminded him of Zhuangzis story of the beautiful Xi -shis ugly neighbor , whose endeavors to imitate the little frown that made Xi -shi captivating produced an aspect to hideous that people ran from her in terror. The recollection of it made him smile. “This is imitating Frowner with a vengeance”, he thought,“if that is really what she is doing. Not merely unoriginal,but down -righ