1、2021年考研英語翻譯 考研翻譯簡介一考研翻譯考查內(nèi)容和形式根據(jù)全國碩士研究生統(tǒng)一考試英語考試大綱規(guī)定，考研翻譯“主要考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的英語材料的能力。要求考生閱讀一篇約400 詞的文章，并將其中5 個劃線局部約150 詞譯成漢語，要求譯文準(zhǔn)確、完整、通順?？忌诖痤}卡2 上作答。以2007年考研翻譯題為例，考生在試卷上閱讀的是一篇完整的文章，翻譯的是5 個劃線局部。如：2021年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined

2、 segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, bu

3、t (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or

4、 wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in on

5、e sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be tr

6、ue, because the “Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgme

7、nt, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree. (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.Writing in the last year of his life,

8、 he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, how

9、ever, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the mo

10、ral character.Answers to Part C (10 points)46.他認(rèn)為或許正因為語言表達(dá)上的這種困難，他不得不對自己要說的每句話都經(jīng)過長時間的認(rèn)真思考，從而能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在推理和觀察中的錯誤，結(jié)果這反而成為他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。47.他還堅持認(rèn)為自己進(jìn)行長時間純抽象思維的能力十分有限，由此他也認(rèn)定自己在數(shù)學(xué)方面根本不可能有大的作為。48.另一方面，某些人批評他雖然善于觀察，卻不具備推理能力，而他認(rèn)為這種說法也是缺乏根據(jù)的。49.他又自謙的說，或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物，并對其加以仔細(xì)觀察方面優(yōu)于常人。50.達(dá)爾文確信，沒有了這些愛好不只是少了樂趣，而且可能會有損于一個人的思

11、維能力，更有可能導(dǎo)致一個人道德品質(zhì)的下降。二考研翻譯的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)大綱規(guī)定，考研翻譯的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：5 個小題，每題2 分，共10 分。如果句子譯文明顯扭曲原文意義，該句得分最多不超過0.5 分。如果考生就一個題目提供了兩個或兩個以上的譯法，假設(shè)均正確，給分；如果其中一個譯法有錯，按錯誤譯法評分。中文錯別字不個別扣分，按整篇累計扣分。在不影響意思的前提下，滿三個錯別字扣0.5 分，無0.25 扣分。三考研翻譯歷年考題特點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容根據(jù)對大綱和最近十幾年來考研翻譯已經(jīng)考過的真題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)考研翻譯具有如下明顯的特點(diǎn)。首先，考研翻譯的短文內(nèi)容大多是涉及當(dāng)前人們普遍關(guān)注的社會生活、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、歷史、

12、文化、哲學(xué)、心理和科普方面的題材。其體裁根本上是議論文。如：1990 年：人的性格和行為分析1991 年：能源與農(nóng)業(yè)1992 年：智力評估的科學(xué)性1993 年：科學(xué)研究的方法1994 年：科學(xué)家、技術(shù)與科學(xué)開展的關(guān)系1995 年：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試與評估1996 年：科學(xué)開展的差異和動力1997 年：動物的權(quán)利1998 年：天體物理學(xué)中的大爆炸理論1999 年：歷史研究的方法論2000 年：政府調(diào)控與工業(yè)化開展2001 年：計算機(jī)與未來生活2002 年：行為科學(xué)的開展2003 年：人類學(xué)的開展2004 年：語言學(xué)2005 年：傳媒領(lǐng)域中的電視媒介2006 年：美國知識分子的作用2007 年：法學(xué)在新聞

13、報道中的作用。考研翻譯解題的核心策略拆分與組合一、理解英語原文，拆分語法結(jié)構(gòu)由于英語語言具有“形合的特點(diǎn)，就是說，英語的句子無論多么復(fù)雜，都是通過一些語法手段和邏輯手段連接起來的“象葡萄藤一樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。在翻譯句子之前，先通讀全句，注意一邊讀一邊拆分句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。怎么拆分？正因為英語語法結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)比較明顯，在理解英語的時候，我們可以把主句和從句拆分出來，或者把主干局部和修飾局部拆分出來。說得更具體一點(diǎn)，可以尋找下面一些“信號詞來對英語句子進(jìn)行拆分，進(jìn)而更加有效的理解英語原文：1 根本原那么：把主句和從句拆分出來，把主干局部和修飾局部拆分出來。2 連詞：如and, or, but, yet,

14、for 等并列連詞連接著并列句；還有連接狀語從句的連接詞，如：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, thought, although, sothat, .等等；它們就成了理解英語句子的拆分點(diǎn)。3 關(guān)系詞：如連接名詞性從句的who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等關(guān)系代詞和when, where, how, why 等關(guān)系副詞；還有連接定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，如who, which, that, whom, whose 等等；它們也是理解英語句子的拆分

15、點(diǎn)。4 介詞：如on, in, with, at, of, to 等介詞常常引導(dǎo)介詞短語作修飾語，所以它們也是理解英語句子的拆分點(diǎn)。5 不定式符號to：不定式常常構(gòu)成不定式短語做定語或者狀語修飾語，所以也可以是拆分點(diǎn)。6 分詞：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞可以構(gòu)成分詞短語作修飾語，所以可以是拆分點(diǎn)。7 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號：標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號常常斷開句子的主干和修飾局部，也是一個明顯的拆分點(diǎn)。Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reas

16、oned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.35 詞，2003 年62 題拆分后句子的總結(jié)構(gòu)是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and1 主句 2 定語從句their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and d

17、ispassioned manner 3 方式狀語that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 4 定語從句二、改變原文順序，組合漢語譯文究竟如何改變原文順序，完全要根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣來安排，但是也是有一定的規(guī)律可以遵循的。比方說：上面的兩個句子可以把句子重新組合成：例11Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 主干，“社會科學(xué)是知識探索的一個分支；2which seeks to study humans and their endeavors 定語從

18、句比較復(fù)雜，可以放在所修飾的先行詞后面，“它試圖研究人類及其行為；3in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 方式狀語，如果照原來順序放在動詞后面不是太通順，可以放到動詞“試圖后面翻譯成“它試圖以一種。的方式來研究人類及其行為；4that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.定語從句直接放到所修飾的詞“方式前面，“自然科學(xué)家用來研究自然想象那樣同樣的方式；5這樣，整個句子的就可以組合成一個準(zhǔn)確而有通順的譯文：社會科學(xué)是知識探

19、索的一個分支，它試圖象自然科學(xué)家用來研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，以理性的，有序的，系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式來研究人類及其行為。課程大綱第一章 考研翻譯根底知識一、翻譯的定義二、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和翻譯的方法三、翻譯的根本過程四、考研翻譯的核心解題策略第二章 翻譯技巧：詞法翻譯法一、詞義選擇和詞義引申二、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換三、增詞法四、省略法第三章 翻譯技巧：句法翻譯法一、名詞性從句的翻譯二、定語從句的翻譯三、狀語從句的翻譯四、被動結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯第一講 翻譯的定義翻譯是一門語言的藝術(shù)，是語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，是在準(zhǔn)確理解的根底上用一種語言來忠實的表達(dá)另外一種語言。 Translation means the representation

20、of what is expressed in one language in another language accurately and completely.翻譯的根本過程一、理解(understanding)例子：The medicinal herb helps a cough.誤譯：這種草藥幫助咳嗽。改譯：這種草藥可治療咳嗽。二、表達(dá)(expressing)三、校核(checking)Criteria of translationAlexander F. Tytler A translation should give a complete transcript of the id

21、eas of the original work; the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; a translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (Tytler, 1797, P.15)譯文應(yīng)該完全傳達(dá)原文思想，譯文的風(fēng)格與筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文一致，譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢。嚴(yán)復(fù)-信、達(dá)、雅 faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance錢鐘書-化境論

22、sublimation ( the transmigration of souls ) “Although the body changes, the soul of gesture remains its old self.傅雷-傳神論 similarity in spirit As far as the effect is concerned, translation should be like copying a painting. What is desired is not being alike in appearance but being alike in spirit. 魯

23、迅：The minimum requirement for general translation should at least convey faithfully the content of the original with understandable smooth translationTranslation strategies literal translation直譯： word for word and line for line; keeping both the form and the content liberal/free translation意譯: scari

24、fying the form while keeping the content and spiritTranslation techniquesGenerally speaking, there are more than 8 kinds of translation techniques which are often used in translation practice. They are: transliteration, annotation, paraphrase, amplification, omission, shift of perspective, adaptatio

25、n, division, combination, specification, and generalization (華先發(fā)、邵毅，2004)第二講 翻譯技巧：詞法翻譯法詞義選擇和詞義引申詞義的選擇和詞義引申是考研翻譯中最常用的翻譯技巧。在考研翻譯中，這種現(xiàn)象更是比比皆是：在1996 年74題elegant system 中，elegant 是“完美，完善的意思，而不是“優(yōu)雅的意思；在2001 年75題And home appliances will become so smart that.中，smart 是“智能化的意思，而不是“聰明的意思；在2003 年75題like the con

26、cept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合而不是“一套，放置等意思.。一、詞義的選擇Home: Ill see her home tonight 今晚我送她回家。India is the home of elephants. 印度是大象的生長地。Hes at home with the classics. 他精通古典文學(xué)New homes are for sale. 新房出售。Shes at home where she is. 她在哪兒都自由自在。Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply. 美

27、國婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院收費(fèi)已經(jīng)急劇上漲。Much is produced here for home market. 這里為國內(nèi)市場生產(chǎn)了許多產(chǎn)品。He looks on London as his home. 他把倫敦看成是他的故土。由此可見，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象在英語中十分普遍。在翻譯時，詞義的選擇應(yīng)從以下幾個方面著手。一、詞義的選擇一根據(jù)詞性確定詞義二根據(jù)上下文確定詞義三根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣搭配確定詞義一根據(jù)詞性確定詞義如：forecast 有“預(yù)報，預(yù)測的意思，用作動詞和用作名詞時意思相同；increase 作動詞時，表示“增加，增長，增進(jìn)的意思，用作名詞時主要還是表達(dá)這些意思。 如：book 這個單詞，在作名

28、詞時，意思是“書，書籍；用作動詞卻常表示“預(yù)訂，預(yù)約的意思。 又如：while 作連詞時，有“當(dāng).的時候，而，雖然等意思；作名詞時，卻指“片刻，一會兒；作動詞，又有“消磨的意思。遇到這種情況，如果不弄清楚詞性，常常就會將詞義搞錯，進(jìn)而影響原文的正確理解和準(zhǔn)確翻譯。因此在翻譯中，我們可以根據(jù)語法關(guān)系來區(qū)分關(guān)鍵詞的詞性，以便能準(zhǔn)確的判斷詞義。如：light：This light is too poor to read by.這光線太暗不能看書。名詞Aluminum is a light metal.鋁是一種輕金屬。形容詞Will you light the fire for me?你替我點(diǎn)上火好嗎

29、？動詞round：The Earth is not completely round. 地球并不是完全圓的。形容詞Lets go into the hall and have a look round. 讓我們進(jìn)大廳轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)。副詞They are dancing in a round 他們圍成一圈跳舞名詞He worked round the day. 他工作了一整天。介詞The boys eyes rounded with excitement. 男孩興奮得眼睛睜得圓圓的。動詞二根據(jù)上下文確定詞義我們以動詞move 為例，如果上下文不一樣，move 的意思顯然也是不一樣，必須依據(jù)上下文才能做到

30、準(zhǔn)確通順的翻譯。That car was really moving. 那汽車跑得可真快。Share prices moved ahead today. 股票價格今日上揚(yáng)。The story of their sufferings moved us deeply. 他們的苦難經(jīng)歷深深打動了我們。Work on the new building is moving quickly. 新大樓的工程進(jìn)展得很快。The governments opinions on this matter havent moved. 政府對這件事的看法沒有改變。I move that we support the i

31、ntroduction of this new technological process. 我提議我們支持采用這一新工藝方法。She moves in the highest circles of society. 她生活在高級社交圈里。Unless the employers move quickly, there will be strike. 雇主假設(shè)不盡快采取措施，就要引起一場罷工。三根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣搭配確定詞義如：a deep well 是指深井；a deep voice 消沉的嗓音；a deep red 鮮紅色；deep in study 專心學(xué)習(xí)；a deep mystery 難以

32、理解的微妙；a deep thinker 知識淵博的思想家；deep outrage 強(qiáng)烈的憤怒。又如動詞work 在翻譯時如果上下文不同，漢語習(xí)慣搭配也不一樣，翻譯時應(yīng)該選擇不同的詞義來表達(dá)。I think your suggestion will work. 我想你的建議行得通。The new treatment works like magic. 新療法療效神奇。My watch doesnt work. 我的表不走了。The sea works high. 海浪洶涌起伏。She worked her way to the front. 她好不容易才擠到前面。The root of th

33、e pine tree worked down between the stones. 松樹的樹根在石縫間扎下去。The new regulation is working well 新規(guī)定執(zhí)行得很順利。二、詞義的引申一通過抽象化加以引申例如：They have their smiles and tears. 他們有自己的歡樂與悲哀We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street. 我們堅持主張國際貿(mào)易不應(yīng)是有來無往.I have no head for mathematics. 我沒有數(shù)學(xué)方面的天賦二通過具體化

34、加以引申例如；The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green. 我前面的車停住了，我錯過了綠燈。Perhaps the only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses. 就某些用途來說，銅的唯一缺點(diǎn)也許是硬度不夠。詞性轉(zhuǎn)換一、把名詞，形容詞，副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞二、把動詞，形容詞，副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞三、把名詞，副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞一、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞一名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞1由動詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。 Rockets have found application for

35、 the exploration of the universe. 火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。 In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness. 在中國，人們非常注重講禮貌。2含有動作意味的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。 A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. 仔細(xì)研究原文，你會翻譯得更好。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我們的噴氣式

36、飛機(jī)，聽見隆隆的機(jī)聲，令我特別神往。3英語中有些加后綴-er 的名詞， He is a good singer. 他唱歌唱得好。 Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials. 那些小工廠還在極大的消耗和浪費(fèi)原材料。4有些短語中作為中心主體詞的名詞往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞，如To have a rest 和To have a good look at 里的rest 和look. You must be tired. Why dont you take a rest? 你一定很累了，為什么不休息一會呢

37、？ The car braked sharply, coming to rest on the edge of the cliff. 汽車猛的剎住，停在懸崖邊上。二形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞I am anxious about his health.我擔(dān)憂他的身體健康。Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.科學(xué)家們都深信，所有的物質(zhì)都是不滅的。常見的有：與思維和知覺相關(guān)的形容詞：aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert 等；與情感相關(guān)的形容詞： gla

38、d, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry 等；與欲望相關(guān)的形容詞：desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous 等。三副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子翻開，讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來。After careful investigati

39、on they found the design behind.經(jīng)過仔細(xì)研究之后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個設(shè)計落后了。二、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞一英語中很多由名詞派生的動詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞，在漢語中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動詞，這時可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞。1名詞派生的動詞This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind. 這種舉止是罪犯的心理特征。To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他們看來，他就是絕對權(quán)威的化身。2名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞Our age is witnessing a profound politic

40、al change. 我們的時代是深刻政治變革的見證。Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. 美國絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)計，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。二有些英語被動式句子中的動詞，可以譯成“受遭到+名詞、“予加以+名詞這類結(jié)構(gòu)。He was treated very shabbily by the press during this period. 在這期間，他受到了新聞界極不公正的對待。I was encoura

41、ged by our president. 我得到了校長的鼓勵。三形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞1英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類的人，漢譯時常譯成名詞。They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。2有時候根據(jù)情況，可以靈活處理，把有些形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞來翻譯。He was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 他有口才、有風(fēng)度，但性格軟弱。三、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞一 形容詞派生的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。This issue is of vital importance.這個問題至關(guān)重要。Th

42、e pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她蒼白的臉色清楚地說明了她那時的情緒。二 有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語時，往往要以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。Our performance was a success.我們的演出很成功。Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.獨(dú)立思考對學(xué)習(xí)是絕對必需的。四、其它詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯一形容詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯1由于英語中的名詞在翻譯的時候可以轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞，所以修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞。We must

43、 make full use of existing technical equipment.我們必須充分利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)設(shè)備。This is sheer nonsense.這完全是胡說2由于英語中的動詞在翻譯的時候可以轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞，所以修飾該動詞的副詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。This film impressed him deeply.這部電影給了他深刻的印象。二名詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯1名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市長有禮貌地前來訪問城市

44、貧民，獲得了他們的一些好感。2副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞It is officially announced that China has successfully launched her fist manned spaceship.官方宣布，中國已經(jīng)成功的實現(xiàn)了載人航天。增詞法一、增加原文中省略的局部一增補(bǔ)答復(fù)句中省略的詞語Do you like sport? Yes, I do.你喜歡體育運(yùn)動嗎？是的，我喜歡體育運(yùn)動。Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please.給你帶一本詞典來還是帶一本百科全書來？請把兩樣都帶來。A

45、re you tired? Not very.你累了嗎？不太累。二增補(bǔ)并列結(jié)構(gòu)中省略的詞語We dont retreat, we never have and never will。 我們不后退，我們從沒有后退過，將來也決不后退。we never have and never will=we never have retreated and never will retreatA fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. 愚人會很快忘記說過的話，智者會很快放棄手里的錢。a man of genius a

46、nd his money=a man of genius and his money are soon partedReading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 讀書使人充實，討論使人機(jī)智，寫作使人準(zhǔn)確。三增補(bǔ)表示邏輯關(guān)系或者平衡結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果對自己的錯誤都不能認(rèn)識到，怎么能指望你會悔改呢？Suppose the preparatory work

47、 should not be completed. 假設(shè)準(zhǔn)備工作完成不了，那可怎么辦？Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因為空氣具有重量，所以處在空氣中的任一物體都會受到空氣的作用力Students should learn from teachers and vice versa. 學(xué)生應(yīng)該想老師學(xué)習(xí)，老師也應(yīng)該向?qū)W生學(xué)習(xí)。二、增加意義上或修辭上的需要上的局部一增加動詞He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他沒有致閉幕辭就宣布結(jié)

48、束會議。He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation. 他滿懷希望地說談判會取得成功。After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting. 在觀看籃球比賽之后，主席還有一個重要會議要參加。二增加形容詞或者副詞What a leader he was! 他真是一個出類拔萃的領(lǐng)袖啊。The crowds melted away. 人群漸漸散開了。As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.

49、他一坐下來就講開了，滔滔不絕地講個沒完。三增加名詞1在不及物動詞后面增加名詞Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天來干活掃地，擦地板，收拾房間。He never drinks before driving. 他開車前從不喝酒。Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly. 哈麗特阿姨時?？犊乜畲腿?。2在形容詞前增加名詞This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 這部打字機(jī)真是價廉物美。A new kind of airc

50、raftsmall, cheap, pilotlessis attracting increasing attention. 一種新型的飛機(jī)正越來截止引起人們的注意這種飛機(jī)體積不大，價錢廉價，無人駕駛。3在抽象名詞后增加名詞to innovate 革新innovation 革新措施to evolve 進(jìn)化evolution 進(jìn)化過程to solve 解決solution 解決方法to derive 推導(dǎo)derivation 推導(dǎo)過程to persuade 說服persuasion 說服工作to prepare 準(zhǔn)備preparation 準(zhǔn)備工作backward 落后backwardness 落后狀態(tài)tense 緊張tension 緊張局勢arrogant 自滿arrogance 自滿情緒mad 瘋狂madness 瘋狂行為antagonistic 敵對antagonism 敵對態(tài)度redundant 多余redundancy 多余信息After all preparations were mad