1、Chapter 1 International trade 新學期寄語一切的現(xiàn)在都孕育著未來，未來的一切都生長于它的昨天。舒婷?這也是一切?你的成功、健康、幸福、財富取決于你如何應(yīng)用你看不見的法寶-積極心態(tài)。Only you can hold your attitude. 拿破侖.希爾?心態(tài)成就一切?Brief Introduction國際貿(mào)易的內(nèi)容體系國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)的研究對象國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)的研究內(nèi)容國際貿(mào)易的內(nèi)容體系國際貿(mào)易的理論WHY貿(mào)易的根底國際貿(mào)易的管理WHAT國際貿(mào)易的實踐HOW國際貿(mào)易的格局國際貿(mào)易的條件國際貿(mào)易的收益國際貿(mào)易的政策國際貿(mào)易的措施國際貿(mào)易的制度國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)的

2、研究對象 國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)主要研究國際性商品交換的具體運作過程，包括這一過程所經(jīng)歷的環(huán)節(jié)，所使用的操作方法和技能以及所遵循的法律和慣例等。1.標的：貨物、效勞和技術(shù)。國貿(mào)最根本和最主要的局部是貨物貿(mào)易，效勞貿(mào)易和技術(shù)貿(mào)易往往借鑒于貨物貿(mào)易的做法，甚至是直接沿襲其做法，所以日后的業(yè)務(wù)知識的介紹主要以貨物貿(mào)易為例。2.貨物貿(mào)易的國際性：這關(guān)系到適用的法律問題。目前各國判定國際性的標準有：1買賣雙方當事人的營業(yè)地處于不同的國家2當事人具有不同的國籍3訂立合同的行為完成于不同的國家4貨物經(jīng)由一國運往另一國家。對于這些標準，有的國家采取其一，有的采取綜合。聯(lián)合國?國際貨物銷售公約?采取單一的“營業(yè)地標準。國

3、際貿(mào)易實務(wù)的研究內(nèi)容 1. 國際貿(mào)易法律標準2.國際貿(mào)易條件：是貿(mào)易商為實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟目的而提出的貿(mào)易條件，既是雙方談判的內(nèi)容，也是日后雙方履行義務(wù)的根底。雙方達成一致后，以合同條款的形式確定下來。因此貿(mào)易條件是國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)活動的根本內(nèi)容。3.國際貿(mào)易程序4.國際貿(mào)易方式國際貿(mào)易法律標準任何商務(wù)活動都是在一定的法律標準下開展，國際貿(mào)易也不例外，但由于各國法律制度的差異，各國必須制定國際間統(tǒng)一的標準，并采取一些國際貿(mào)易慣例作為補充。因此國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)活動就涉及到各國法律、國際條約和國際慣例共同組成的法律框架。 國際貿(mào)易條件1國際貿(mào)易商品條件。這方面包括商品的品名和品質(zhì)、數(shù)量、包裝及商品檢驗2國際貿(mào)易價格

4、條件。價格條件往往與國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語聯(lián)系起來確定。3國際貿(mào)易裝運條件。這方面包括裝運時間、地點、運輸方式、是否分批以及轉(zhuǎn)運等。4國際貿(mào)易貨運保險條件。這方面需要約定投保的險別以及保費的負擔問題。5國際支付條件：包括支付的工具和支付的方式。6爭議處理條件：這方面包括索賠、不可抗力和仲裁。國際貿(mào)易程序 國際貿(mào)易程序是指國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)是按照怎樣的順序進行的。大體分為三個階段：1交易前的準備2交易的磋商與合同的簽訂3合同的履行國際貿(mào)易方式國際貿(mào)易方式貿(mào)易商往往出于不同的交易目的選擇適當?shù)馁Q(mào)易方式，如長期合作的可選擇包銷代理與寄售方式，生產(chǎn)與貿(mào)易結(jié)合的加工貿(mào)易方式等。 參考書1李權(quán)編著，?國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)?，北京

5、，北京大學出版社，2000 2黎孝先編著，?國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)?，北京，對外貿(mào)易出版社，2000 3 徐景霖，?國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)?東北財經(jīng)大學出版社，20034彭福永， ?國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)?上海財經(jīng)大學出版社，2002Chapter 1 International Trade Part Main PointsPart Text-QuestionsPart Exercises P14-18Key words Absolute advantageComparative advantagesconflict of lawNon-tariff barriersmonetary conversionPart Main

6、 PointsIn this chapter,you will learn:Reasons for International trade Benefits of International Trade Problems in International Trade Reasons for International tradeResource reasons Economic reasons Political reasonsResource reasonsThe uneven distribution of resources around the world is one of the

7、basic reasons why nations began and continue to trade with each other.1.Favorable climatic conditions and terrain 2.natural resources3.skilled workers4.capital resources5.geographic location and transport cost6.insufficient productionEconomic reasonsAbsolute advantage-Adam Smiths-The Wealth of Natio

8、ns(絕對優(yōu)勢：亞當.斯密?國富論?) Absolute-Cost Example:Days of labor required to producecountryCloth(1 bolt)Wine(1 barrel)Scotland30120Italy10020Economic reasonsComparative advantages-David Ricardo-Principles of political economy (相對優(yōu)勢：大衛(wèi).李嘉圖?政治經(jīng)濟學原理 )Comparative-Cost Example: Total Out put Ratio of cost within

9、the countrycountryRice Copper A241R:2C B111R:1C Political reasonsPolitical objectives can sometimes outweigh economic considerations between countries.One country might trade with another country in order to support the latters government which upholds the same political doctrine.Benefits of Interna

10、tional TradeCheaper goods-廉價的商品Greater variety when goods come from more countries-更豐富的商品Wider market with increasing number of trading partners-更廣闊的市場Growth of economy-經(jīng)濟的增長 Cheaper goods1978年，中國出口、進口以及進出口總額分別只有97.5億美元、108.9億美元和206.4億美元，在世界貿(mào)易格局中無足輕重；2004年，這三項指標分別到達5934億美元、5614億美元和11548億美元Greater va

11、riety when goods come from more countries從20世紀90年代中期開始，昔日作為初級產(chǎn)品凈出口國和制成品凈進口國的中國已轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌跫壆a(chǎn)品凈進口國和制成品凈出口國。而且，初級產(chǎn)品進口額逐年上升，越是國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟增長形勢良好的年份，初級產(chǎn)品進口額增幅越大。1998年，中國初級產(chǎn)品進口額為230億美元，2004年已高達11 73億美元，比上年增長6l；初級產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易逆差1998年只有23.5億美元，2003年為380億美元，2004年高達767億美元，比上年高102。我國已是銅礦、錳礦砂等多種資源產(chǎn)品的最大進口國。Wider market with increasing

12、 number of trading partnersInternational trade can greatly expand the market. The expansion enables manufacturers to take advantage of economies of scale in both research and production .Besides,since markets around the world are often in different development stages,newly expanded markets can help

13、extend life of products . Growth of economy法國與英國人口只有5000多萬,法國1999年貿(mào)易額為5905億美元，全球排行第4位;英國1999年貿(mào)易額為5893億美元，全球排行第5位。2000年中國對外貿(mào)易進出口商品貿(mào)易總額4743億美元1999年為3610億美元，年增長率為31.5%中國的出口或進口已經(jīng)開始在一些國際市場上對價格產(chǎn)生影響，中國經(jīng)濟在國際經(jīng)濟的影響日益增強.Problems in International Trade1.Trade restrictions2.Cultural issues 3.Conversion between c

14、urrencies Trade restrictionsTariff barrierstimeImport duty/export duty methods specific duty / ad valorem duty /Mixed or compound duty /alternative duty Import surtaxcountervailing duty /Anti-dumping duty /Variable levy purposeRevenue tariff /protection tariffNon-tariff barriersQuota /import license

15、 / State monopoly Government procurement policy /Advanced deposit /technical standards Health &sanitary regulations /Minimum price packaging and labeling regulations Cultural issues1)language, including terms of transaction; and 2)customs and manners.It in fact requires separate texts to address the

16、se two subjects.International traders must be constantly aware that cultural problems have remained to be the major obstacles in international trade and, therefore, every effort should be made to identify and solve such problems. conversion between currencies currencies are involved in international

17、 trade, conversion between currencies is inevitable. Yet it is no simple job to convert one currency into another without a loss while almost all currencies float every minute. The existence of exchange risk represent a great challenge to all international traders and trying to hedge against the ris

18、k has been the everyday job of many professionals. Part Text-Questions1. What are the important reasons for international trade?2. What benefits does international trade bring about?3. Why do many countries impose restrictions on trade?4. Please explain the three forms of import surtax?5. Could you

19、briefly explain the cultural problems and monetary conversion in international trade?Part Exercises P14-181. Answer questions 3-52. Definition:6-103. Complete the following diagram4. Fill blank5. Translate(home work)6. Reading (home work)Notes:Whats difference between international trade and domesti

20、c trade?What contents does international trade laws and regulations include?difference between international trade and domestic trade國際貿(mào)易所適用的法律標準更為廣泛。 政府對國際貿(mào)易采取更多的管理措施。 國際貿(mào)易面臨較大和較多的風險。 國際貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)操作上比較復雜 。從事國際貿(mào)易的人員要求更高。 international trade laws and regulations各國的貿(mào)易法律 national laws and regulations 國際貿(mào)易條約和

21、協(xié)定international treaties and agreements of trade國際貿(mào)易慣例 international trade customs and practices各國有關(guān)國際貿(mào)易的法律 西方國家：其貿(mào)易法在形式和內(nèi)容是不完全相同，分為大陸法系和英美法系。1大陸法系：如法、德、日、意大都把有關(guān)貿(mào)易的法律編入民法典內(nèi)。這些國家采取民法與商法分立的做法，即民法規(guī)定一般原那么普通法，商法特別法采取特殊規(guī)定。英美法系：既沒有民法典，也沒有商法典。其貿(mào)易法分為不成文法以法院判例的形式確定法律原那么和成文法具體規(guī)定。我國：1999年的?中華人民共和國合同法?就涉外經(jīng)濟合同的訂立

22、，合同的履行，違反合同的責任，合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓、變更、解除和終止，爭議的解決及法律適用等事項作了規(guī)定。另外，1994年公布的?中華人民共和國對外貿(mào)易法?規(guī)定了我國根本的對外貿(mào)易制度與開展對外貿(mào)易的準那么，明確了從事貨物、技術(shù)、效勞貿(mào)易的根本原那么。國際貿(mào)易條約和協(xié)定確定1.法律效力：對于締約國的外貿(mào)活動是有約束力的。如我國民法規(guī)定：中國締結(jié)的國際條約其效力優(yōu)于國內(nèi)法除我國申明保存的條款除外2.?聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售公約?是聯(lián)合國國際貨物貿(mào)易法委員會負責制定的，1988年正式生效，99年締約國已達55個。我國是其中之一。 國際貿(mào)易慣例含義：是在國際貿(mào)易實踐中形成和開展，為大多數(shù)國家所認可和遵循的一些習慣

23、做法和解釋。 特點：1是有國際組織、商業(yè)團體等根據(jù)國貿(mào)實踐制定的，為大多數(shù)國家和地區(qū)所認可2地位：不具有法律強制性。不是各國立法機關(guān)制定，本身不具有法律強制性。只有在合同中引用，才相應(yīng)具有約束力。3內(nèi)容：隨著國貿(mào)的開展而擴大。 國際貿(mào)易慣例.作用1為國貿(mào)當事人提供共同遵守的行為準那么。防止糾紛，保證合同順利進行2在發(fā)生糾紛時，成為解決糾紛的依據(jù)。國際貿(mào)易慣例.種類 1關(guān)于貿(mào)易術(shù)語的國際慣例2關(guān)于國際支付的國際慣例國際貿(mào)易慣例適用原那么 1合同條款的法律效力高于國際貿(mào)易慣例2正確把握國際貿(mào)易慣例的適用性3引用國際慣例要明確具體4當事人未主張使用國際慣例時，法官和仲裁員有權(quán)主動適應(yīng)有關(guān)的國際慣例。

24、 國際貿(mào)易法律、條約、慣例的適用 法律沖突conflict of law：由于兩個以上的國家的法律對于同一涉外民事關(guān)系，引用不同的國家的法律處理產(chǎn)生不同的法律結(jié)果，這種法律選用的矛盾狀態(tài)就稱之為法律沖突。 法律適用標準conflict rules：用來確定某種涉外民事關(guān)系適用哪國的法律本國法還是外國法。 1. 法律沖突原因： 1國內(nèi)法與外國法對同一民事關(guān)系調(diào)整規(guī)定不同。如關(guān)于合同成立的時間，英美法使用“投郵主義原那么；大陸法使用“到達主義原那么。2國內(nèi)法在一定的條件下成認外國法的域外效力。域內(nèi)效力：一國法律適用本國境內(nèi)一切人，不管其是本國人還是外國人；域外效力：使用一切本國人，不管其在本國還是

25、在國外。國貿(mào)中的法律標準一般采用以下原那么： 1意思自治原那么：雙方當事人在訂立合同時共同選擇某國法律作為解決與該合同有關(guān)糾紛的依據(jù)。Autonomy of will2客觀標志原那么：根據(jù)合同客觀聯(lián)系因素確定準據(jù)法。Objective symbolA.訂約地：解決合同的形式、合同的有效性等方面的法律沖突 place of signing contractB.履約地：解決合同的內(nèi)容權(quán)利義務(wù)，履約方面的法律沖突 place of performanceC.法院地或仲裁地：在哪起訴或仲裁place of court and arbitrationD.標的物所在地：合同標的為不動產(chǎn)土地房屋 place

26、 of objective 3最密切聯(lián)系原那么：由法官根據(jù)與合同關(guān)系最密切的法律予以適用。The closest connection 我國涉外合同的法律適用原那么： 1意思自治原那么2最密切聯(lián)系原那么3適用國際條約原那么4適用國際慣例原那么案例分析1：如果甲國某公司在乙國設(shè)立了一個分公司A，該分公司與乙國的某公司B簽訂了一份貨物買賣合同。合同規(guī)定，乙國B公司負責將貨物運送至乙國某地。問:A公司和B公司之間的貨物貿(mào)易是否屬于國際貿(mào)易？案例分析2:一份CIF合同在美國訂立，由美國商人A出售一批電腦給中國商人B，貨運目的地是中國香港，即按CIF HONGKONG貿(mào)易術(shù)語成交。雙方在執(zhí)行合同的過程中

27、對合同的形式和合同的解釋發(fā)生了爭議。問：此項合同糾紛應(yīng)當適用哪個國家的法律？為什么？Chapter 2 Terms of Delivery English sayings we share: Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. In doing we learn . Great hopes make great man. Part Main pointsIn this chapter,you will learn:Vital aspects

28、 of a transactionThe purpose of the Terms of Delivery and INCOTERMSThe structure of INCOTERMS 2000Brief explanation of the terms-Emphasis & Difficulty Points of consideration for choosing Terms of Delivery 1. Vital aspects of a transactionTime and placed delivery Responsibilities and associated cost

29、sDocuments and expense Title to goods Time and place of deliveryTime and place of delivery are crucial factors in defining the point where the responsibilities and the risks pass from the seller to the buyer. Sellers and buyers can choose the place of delivery according to the responsibilities and r

30、isks that each party wants to take.Responsibilities and associated costsThere must be no ambiguity in the interpretation by either party of the terms of deliver quoted, a particularly in the area of costs and expenses. Problems would often mean loss of good relations and loss of repeat orders. It is

31、 therefore essential for both the buyer and the seller to agree on the terms of delivery and their interpretations. Documents and expenseInternational trade transactions require more documents than domestic sales and purchases. Almost for each procedure there is a document and nearly each of the doc

32、uments entails a cost either hidden or apparent. It needs to be clear what documents the exporter should prepare and who should pay the expense so that a transaction can be processed smoothly.Title to goodsDifferent terms of delivery mean different responsibilities of the seller and the buyer. Accor

33、dingly, title to the good will pass over from the seller to the buyer at different time and places. Sellers and buyers need to know when and how they will lose or acquire the title to the goods. It is therefore of vital importance to establish a clearly defined cut-off points to show where the expor

34、ters responsibilities and risks end and where the importers begin so that the exporter can price his goods accurately and the importer can calculate the full cost of import.2. The purpose of the Terms of Delivery and INCOTERMSThe problem in international trade is that different countries might have

35、different ways of interpreting the same contract wording. Only creating a set of internationally agreed terms can solve such a problems.The incoterms aim to provide such a set of standardized terms which mean exactly the same to both parties to a contract and which will be interpreted in exactly the

36、 same way by courts in every country. INCOTERMSTypes of Incoterms Incoterms 2000 -that have been most widely used in international trade. Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 - provide standard interpretation for ClF Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941- widely used in America Features of INCOTERMS-

37、Incoterms are not part of national or international law, but they can be binding on buyers or sellers provided the sales contract specifies that a particular lncoterms will apply.3.The structure of Incoterms 2000For the purpose of easier reading and understanding, the terms in Incoterms 2000 are gro

38、uped in four basically different categories:(1)Group E term,(2)Group F terms,(3)Group C terms and (4)Group D terms, with increasing responsibilities, costs and risks for the seller and decreasing responsibilities, costs and risks for the buyer. four basically different categoriesGroup EGroup FGroup

39、CGroup DEXWFOB/FCA/FASCFR/CIF/CPT/CIPDAF/DES/DEQ/DDU/DDP?2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通那么?13種貿(mào)易術(shù)語E組：啟運EXW (Ex works) 工廠交貨 F組：主運費未付FCA (Free Carrier) 貨交承運人FAS (Free Alongside Ship) 裝運港船邊交貨FOB (Free On Board) 裝運港船上交貨C組：主運費已付CFR (Cost and Freight) 本錢加運費CIF(Cost Insurance and Freight) 本錢保險費加運費?2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通那么?續(xù)CPT (Ca

40、rriage Paid To) 運費付至CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) 運費保險費付至D組：到達DAF (Delivered At Frontier) 邊境交貨DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交貨DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港碼頭交貨DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完稅交貨DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完稅后交貨4.Brief explanation of the terms-Emphasis &Difficulty4.1EXW-Ex Works .nam

41、ed place This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available at his premises (ie, works, factory, warehouse, etc) to the buyer. In particular, he is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing the goods

42、 for export ,unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the sellers premises to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller. This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out directly or indir

43、ectly the export formalities. 4.2 Group FFCA-Free Carrier .named place FAS-Free Alongside Sd port of shipment FOB-Free On Bd port of shipment . FCA-Free Carrier .named placeThis term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for expor

44、t, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. This term may be used for any mode of transport Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform(performing carrier)to procure (contracting carrier)the performance of carriage by rail, roa

45、d, sea ,air, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. FCA-Free Carrier .named placeSellers obligation1.deliver goods to carrier pointed by buyer2.clear for exportBuyer s obligation1.contract with carrier2. contracts for insurance3. clear for importFAS-Free Alongside Sd port of shipmentFAS

46、means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the moment.This term can only be use

47、d for sea or inland water way transportFOB-Free On Bd port of shipmentDefinition:FOB means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or

48、damage to the goods from that point. FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export FOB-Free On Bd port of shipmentConsiderations:derived termsloading costThis term can only be used for sea or inland water way transport. Incoterms appliedDerived terms- Reasons:this term also req

49、uires the seller to “deliver the goods on board the vessel. Clearly, it is hard to use ships rail as a point to divide responsibilities and costs because the loading of the goods is a continuous performance.As the stipulations in Incoterms are not imperative, the seller and the buyer can negotiate t

50、he division point of responsibilities and costs. There are several derived terms available to serve this purpose Imperativeurgent/essentialderived terms-types1.FOB Under Tackle-The seller fulfils his obligation of delivery once the goods are placed beside the carrying vessel within the reach of the

51、vessels crane. 2.FOB Liner Terms -The ship will be responsible for loading. derived terms-types3.FOB Stowed -The seller is responsible for loading the goods on board the vessel and packing the goods carefully and closely in the vessels hold .4. FOB Trimmed-Besides loading the goods on board the vess

52、el, the seller should also trim the goods to make the vessel evenly balanced. 船貨銜接問題：通過裝運通知事項解決。 -notify 賣方備貨買方船名船期已裝船4.3 Group CCFR-Cost And Fd port of destinationCIF-Cost ,Insurance And Fd port of destinationCPT-Carriage Paid Td place o f destinationCIP- Carriage and Insurance Paid Td

53、place o f destinationCFR-Cost And Fd port of destinationCFR means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the go

54、ods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment. CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export This term can only be used for sea or inland water way transport. CIF-Cost ,Insurance And Fd

55、 port of destinationDefinition :CIF means that the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premiumC

56、IF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export This term can only be used for sea or inland water way transport. CIF-Cost ,Insurance And FreightConsiderations:derived termsunloading costCharacter of deliveryCharacter of insurancederived termsTo stipulate clearly the responsibility and cos

57、t of unloading,some derived terms can be used. CFR/CIF Liner Terms -The ship is responsible for the unloading of goods CFR/CIF Landed -The goods must be unloaded onto the dock CFR/CIF ships hold seller fulfils his responsibilities when he has made the goods ready for unloading. Character of delivery

58、Physical deliverySymbolic deliverySeller: delivery with documentsBuyer:payments against documentsCharacter of insuranceSeller: contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premiumBuyer: the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the ti

59、me the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment.CPT-Carriage Paid Td place o f destinationCPT means that seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination.

60、The risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to the events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier. Custodyin charge of監(jiān)管CP