1、TPO1 R2 文化類【P6】The Originof Theater錯(cuò) 5 個(gè)！【Paragraph 1】: mynd ritual + forceIn (跳讀) seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation (推測(cè)，一瞬間忘記詞義導(dǎo)致做題出錯(cuò)), since (因果邏輯詞) there is little concrete evidence (否定對(duì)象) on which to draw. The most widely accepted (+)theory (接下來可能

2、會(huì)有質(zhì)疑), ch and early twentieth centuries, enviioned by anthropologistshe late nineteenth s theater as emerging out of (從出現(xiàn)=origin)mynd ritual. The pros perceived by these anthropologists may be summarizedbriefly. During theof its development, a societyes aware of fort appear to influence or control i

3、ts food supply and well-being. Having littleunderstanding of natural causes, itributes ( 因果邏輯詞) both desirable andundesirable occurrento supernatural oral for(原因=for), and it searchesfor means to whe favor of these for. Perceiving an apparent connection betncertain actions performed by the group and

4、 the result it desires, the group repeats, refinesand formalizes those actionso fixed ceremonies, or rituals.為了描述戲劇的，人們通常依賴于推測(cè)，因?yàn)閹缀鯖]有具體的。在十九世紀(jì)末二十世紀(jì)初，一些人類學(xué)家通常贊成的理論講戲劇視為神話和儀式。這個(gè)過程概括起來十分的簡(jiǎn)潔。在戲劇發(fā)展的初級(jí)階段，社會(huì)看中一種影響或控制他們食物供給和生活安康的力量。因?yàn)閷?duì)自然原因認(rèn)識(shí)的缺乏，他們把這個(gè)出現(xiàn)在滿意和不滿意事物的力量看做一種超自然界神奇的力量。他們一直在找尋可以用贏得這些力量的方法。察覺到在人們部落行為

5、和結(jié)果的明顯聯(lián)系，這些部落通常把那些行動(dòng)化作儀式和紀(jì)念。The word “chchangeddebatedcreatedsupportedioned”he passage is closesteaning toThe word “attributes”ascribesleaveslimitscontrastshe passage is closesteaning to3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater (單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò)！)細(xì)節(jié)題：有誠(chéng)意（KW），無誠(chéng)意（沒有 KW）early stagess沒有

6、KW：無誠(chéng)意are mainly hypotheticalare well supported by factual evidencehave rarely been agreed upon by anthropologistswere expressedhe early stages of theaters development 為什么錯(cuò)？ 4. According to paragraph 1, why (細(xì)節(jié)題) did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?問原因：whe favor of these for.贏得可

7、以influence or control its foodsupply and well-being 的力量。To establish aitive connection betn the members of the society修飾錯(cuò)誤，連接對(duì)象錯(cuò)誤！To help society members betterthe forcontrolling their foodsupply 錯(cuò)誤修飾，win 不等于understandTo distinguish their befs from those of other societies 無中生有To increase the societ

8、ys prosperity (=whe force)【Paragraph 2】: entertaent and aestheticStories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths includerepresenives of those supernatural fort the rites cerate or hope to influence.Performers may wear costumes and masks (舉例邏輯, EW=ritual) to represent themythic

9、al characters or supernatural forhe rituals or inpanying ce supernatural forrations.andAsrsones more sophisticated, its conceptions ofcausal relationships may change. As a result (因果邏輯), it may. But (轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯) thearound the rites maycontinue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be a

10、cted out (把表演出來) under conditions divorced from (分離) these rites. (翻譯不出來：因?yàn)樵~組) When this occurs, the activity, and thereafter entertastep has been taken toward theater as an autonomousent and aesthetic values may gradually replace theformer mystical and solly efficacious (靈驗(yàn)的) concerns.故事（神話）緊接著伴隨著儀

11、式發(fā)展。這些頻繁的神話包括這些想要影響這些超自然力量的儀式的代表。表演家穿著服裝和面具來代表神秘的和超自然的人物特征來舉行儀式。隨著人們變得復(fù)雜，超自然的力量和隨意的連接發(fā)生了改變。因此，一些儀式將被拋棄或修改。但是神話發(fā)展了下來，繼續(xù)成為部落口頭的傳統(tǒng)以及與儀式區(qū)分地動(dòng)，從那之后，變?yōu)閬?。?dāng)這個(gè)發(fā)生后，第一步就是講戲劇視為獨(dú)立的活和藝術(shù)價(jià)值，逐漸取代了之前神秘和社會(huì)靈驗(yàn)的概念。5. The word “this”he passage refers tothe acting out of rites 修飾錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該是myth（長(zhǎng)難句主語(yǔ)問題）the divorce of ritual perf

12、ormers from the rest of society 修飾錯(cuò)誤the separation of myths from ritesthe ceration of supernatural formyths (主語(yǔ))ve grown upsome ritesabandon or modifyunderstandThe word “autonomous”artisticimportantindependentestablishedhe passage is closesteaning to7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societ

13、ies to abandon certain rites?有誠(chéng)意 KW：從上往下讀！Emphasizing theater as entertaent 錯(cuò)位選項(xiàng)understanding of why events occurDeveloaFinding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters修飾錯(cuò)誤，不是 way 而是people sophisticatedMoving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition【Paragraph 3

14、】: StorylingAlthough origin in ritual has long been the, it isabout how the theater cameo being. Storyling has beenproed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening tostories are t, battle, ation andseen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a or other fe

15、at) is elaborated through the narrators pantomime and imeventually through each roeing amed by a different.雖然儀式最早論一段時(shí)間都非常流行，但是他僅僅表達(dá)了戲劇史如何出現(xiàn)的。而講故事是被的另一個(gè)理論。在這個(gè)理論下，敘述和故事是人類的基本。因此，對(duì)于一個(gè)事件的回憶將會(huì)從一個(gè)敘述者的模仿和扮演中最終被另一個(gè)人視為不一樣的表達(dá)。【Paragraph 4】: danA closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of (從發(fā)展而來=or

16、igin)dant are primarily pantomimic, rhythmicalymnastic (啞劇的,節(jié)奏或體操),or from imiions of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performers skill, virtuosity (精湛技巧), and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activitieso fully realized theatrical performan.一個(gè)密切相關(guān)的理論將戲劇視為從最初啞劇的，有節(jié)奏以及體操的舞蹈

17、演變而來，或從模仿動(dòng)物而來。對(duì)于表演者的精湛技巧和優(yōu)雅表現(xiàn)的尊重將被視為發(fā)展到喜劇表演的動(dòng)力?！綪aragraph 5】: motivesIn addition to ( 并列邏輯) exploring thesible, scholars have also theorized about thet led people to develop theater.Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall ba

18、ck on the theories about the human mind and basic humanneeds., set forth by Aristotlehe fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturallyimiiveas taking pleasure in imiings, things, and actions and in seeing suchOnemotivestheaterantecedent (EW=origin) ofthe only theoryby no means (-)most popularnew (EW=

19、change)imiions., advancedhe twentieth century, suggestst humans have a giftfor fantasy, through which they seek to reshrealityo more satisfying formsnthose encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify (使具體化) their anxieties and fears, c

20、onfront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby peopledefine and understand their world or escfrom unpleasant realities.學(xué)者除了研究最早戲劇的祖先，同樣也研究了讓人們發(fā)展戲劇的。為什么戲劇要發(fā)展？以及為什么在停止作為儀式功能之后還仍然有價(jià)值？大部分的落回了一開始的人類需求上面。第一，A 在 14 世紀(jì)提出將人類視為自然界的模仿者他們模仿人、事和動(dòng)作或者觀察這些動(dòng)作來得到樂

21、趣。第二，在12 世紀(jì)前期，人類擁有幻想的本能，他們經(jīng)常重建現(xiàn)實(shí)，使之變得比現(xiàn)實(shí)遭遇更加令人滿意。因此，虛幻和虛構(gòu)（形成戲劇的要素）使得人們的焦慮和恐懼變得具體化，然后面對(duì)他們，在想象中克服他們。接著，戲劇便成為認(rèn)識(shí)人類世界和驅(qū)使人類逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)的工具。8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as societies to develop theater EXCEPTsible reasonst ledTheater allows people to facet they are afraid of.Theater gives an opp

22、ortunity to imagine a better reality.Theater is a way to enjoy imiing otheople.Theatrovides people the opportunity to better understand the humanmind. 修飾對(duì)象錯(cuò)了 their worldWhich of the following best describes theanization of paragraph 5?The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.The

23、author argues against theories expressed earrhe passage.The author argues for replacing older theories wi沒有說取代，而是補(bǔ)充new one.The author pos out problems with two popular theories.【Paragraph 6】: (1) detach; (2) AestheticBut neither (并列邏輯) the human imiive instinct nornchant for fantasy (幻想) by itself l

24、eads to an autonomous theater. Therefore,areneeded.One nesary conditionseems to be a somewhat detached view of humanproblems. (如何翻譯？) For exle, (舉例邏輯，關(guān)鍵句) one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vi, since comedy requires sufficientdetaent to view some deviations from sol norms as ri

25、diculous rathern astserious threats to the welfare of the entire group. (如何翻譯？)contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aestheticsense. For exle, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to theirwell-being and abandoned them, nevertheless (轉(zhuǎn)

26、折邏輯), they retained as parts oftheir oral tradition the mythsd grown up around the rites and admired them fortheir artistic qualities rathern for their religious usefulness.但是并不是人類內(nèi)在模仿也不是傾向虛構(gòu)致力于一個(gè)獨(dú)立的戲劇。因此，另Another conditionadditional explanationsAnother外的解釋需要出現(xiàn)。一個(gè)必要條件需要分離與人類問題。例如，這個(gè)條件的信號(hào)時(shí)喜劇的出現(xiàn)，?另一個(gè)必

27、要條件是美學(xué)的出現(xiàn)。例如，一些早期社會(huì)停止將儀式視為對(duì)于人類需求重要的一部分因此拋棄他們。然而，保留為他們口頭傳部分的神話卻發(fā)展了是因?yàn)閷⑺麄円暈樗囆g(shù)質(zhì)量而不是作用。The word “penchant”compromiseinclinationtraditionrespecthe passage is closesteaning to11. Why does the author mention “comedy”?目的題：To give an exle of early types of theaterTo explain how theater helps a society respon

28、d to threats to its welfareTo help explaindetaent is needed for the development of theaterTo showtheatrical performerse detached from other members ofsociety 修飾對(duì)象問題！12. Which of the sentenbelow best expresses the essential informationhehighlighted sentencehe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning

29、 in importantways or leave out essential information.A societys rites were more likely to be retained were admired for artistic qualities.he oral tradition if its mythsThe artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.Some early soci

30、eties stopped using mythsheir religious practiwhen ritesceased to be seen as useful for sol well-being.Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously benefitheir artistic l.Paragraph 3: Although origin in ritual has long been t

31、he most popular, it is by nomeans the only theory about how the theater cameo being. Storyling has beenproed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seenas fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (at, battle, or ation andother feat) is elabor

32、ated through thenarrators pantomime and imeventually through each roeing amed by a different.13. Look at the four squares added to the passage.t indicate where the following sentence could beTo enhance their listeners enjoyment, story stories more engaging and memorable.Where would the sentence best fit?lers continually make theirhowwhy14. Directions: Anroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choit heexpress the most important ideas summary because t