1、【2001年8級(jí)測(cè)試英譯漢】Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels1. The active discipline of heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high2. What he saved from the low was tim

2、e and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.Effort is the gist of it3. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. S

3、hort of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties4. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”5. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in

4、the fact that it purports to be effortless6.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard of the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty7. When someone ruins the fun, h

5、e always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.【概述】這是一篇說(shuō)理性的議論文，文章評(píng)論美國(guó)19世紀(jì)哲學(xué)家、思想家、作家亨利大衛(wèi)梭羅對(duì)人生幸福的看法。用詞正式，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，哲理性強(qiáng)。譯好這類文章有一定難度，但在近

6、年的8級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)的概率較高，不可忽視。翻譯時(shí)要注意整篇文章的邏輯關(guān)系，特別注意語(yǔ)篇的連貫和銜接?！痉g要點(diǎn)評(píng)析】1. Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau (1817 1862), 美國(guó)哲學(xué)家、作家、“一個(gè)人的烏托邦”的倡導(dǎo)者和實(shí)踐者，年輕時(shí)代師從美國(guó)“先驗(yàn)論者”愛(ài)默生，其論著在美國(guó)有一定影響。idea of the low levels和idea of the high, 是梭羅所理解的“低層次境界”和“高層次境界”。2. active discipline: 主動(dòng)律己；heightening ones perception: 提高自己的感悟能力；what is end

7、uring in nature: 自然界永恒存在之物；在his idea of the high短語(yǔ)中，后邊省略了levels,與上句idea of the low levels相對(duì)應(yīng)。3. gist: 與essence同義，意為“精要；精髓”。此句可譯為“全力以赴，便是其精髓所在”。4. short of: 除之外。short of the impossible 可譯為“除了不可能做的事情之外”。Yeats:William Butter Yeats, 葉芝（1865 1939）愛(ài)爾蘭詩(shī)人及劇作家，曾獲1923年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。as Yeats put it: 正像葉芝說(shuō)得那樣。5. Rober

8、t Frost: 羅伯特弗羅斯特（18741963），美國(guó)著名詩(shī)人，曾4次獲得美國(guó)普利策詩(shī)歌獎(jiǎng)。taking painbs: 吃苦；努力。例如：It takes pains to learn a foreign language well.學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)非吃苦不可。 6. mortal flaw: 致命的缺陷。advertised 應(yīng)理解為popular, made known, 即“世人宣揚(yáng)的”，“世俗的”。Purport:意味著；大意是。7. arbitrary imposition of difficulty: 任意施加難度于；人為設(shè)定難度?！緟⒖甲g文】梭羅所理解的“低層次境界”是，為了擁

9、有而去擁有，或與所有的鄰居明爭(zhēng)暗斗而致?lián)碛?。他心目中的“高層次境界”，則是這樣一種積極的人生戒律，即要使自己對(duì)自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。對(duì)于從低層次上節(jié)省下來(lái)的時(shí)間和精力，他可以將其致力于對(duì)高層次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭羅不贊成忍饑挨餓，但在飲食方面所投入的精力僅裹腹而已，只要可確保他能去從事更為重要的事務(wù)，除此，別無(wú)他求。努力才是其精髓。沒(méi)有磨礪， 何來(lái)幸福。 葉芝說(shuō)過(guò)，除了難以可為的事情，人生的幸福大小就在于所選擇的難度高低。羅伯特弗羅斯特也有“以苦為樂(lè)”之類的說(shuō)法，他與葉芝英雄所見(jiàn)略同。世人所宣揚(yáng)的那種幸福觀，其致命錯(cuò)誤就在于它認(rèn)為，幸福似乎可以唾手可得。甚至于游戲也離不開(kāi)難度。沒(méi)有了難

10、度也就沒(méi)有了游戲。游戲之道恰恰在于難中作樂(lè)。游戲規(guī)則就是人為設(shè)定的難度。不依規(guī)則便叫人意興闌珊。下棋時(shí)隨心所欲、信馬由韁會(huì)贏得很爽但沒(méi)勁兒。唯有進(jìn)退有尺有度方才趣味橫生。不難便無(wú)趣兒。【2002年8級(jí)測(cè)試英譯漢】The word “winner” and “l(fā)oser” have many meanings1. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by bei

11、ng credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society2.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence,

12、 and manipulating others3. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable4. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to

13、 use their own knowledge5. They can separate facts from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answers6. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed

14、 by them7.Winners do not play“helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game8. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.【概述】這是一篇議論文，議題討論人生的核心問(wèn)題成功與失敗。雖然涉及的題目人人皆知，但對(duì)其真實(shí)內(nèi)涵卻仁者見(jiàn)仁，智者見(jiàn)智。該文語(yǔ)言精煉，講究修辭，采用對(duì)比、排比等手法加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，注意修辭格的翻譯技巧?！痉g要點(diǎn)評(píng)析】1. “winner”和“l(fā)oser”這兩個(gè)詞是該文的關(guān)鍵詞，一開(kāi)頭能否正確選擇好詞義將影響到

15、整篇文章的翻譯。一般情況下，譯為“贏家”和“輸家”，或“勝者”和“敗者”。但本文第一句就說(shuō)，這兩個(gè)詞have many meanings。這就意味著本文所討論的winner并不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的“贏家”或“勝者”，下文對(duì)winner的定義就說(shuō)明了本文的winner與傳統(tǒng)定義不同。鑒于此，我們可以將winner譯為“成功者”或“智者”。2. authentically: 自然地；沒(méi)有假裝地；由衷地。此句的關(guān)鍵是譯好4個(gè)形容詞，這是對(duì)成功者品質(zhì)下的定義。credible: 有誠(chéng)信的；trustworthy: 可依靠的；可信賴的；responsive: 反應(yīng)敏捷的；敏感的；genuine: 誠(chéng)實(shí)的；不虛

16、偽的。此句可譯為“成功者的一切反應(yīng)均由衷而發(fā)，富有誠(chéng)信，值得信賴，反應(yīng)敏捷，從不虛偽”，句子讀起來(lái)非常有節(jié)奏感。3.they imagine 是插入成分。What they imagine they should be 直譯過(guò)來(lái)就是“他們自己認(rèn)為該成為的樣子”，也可以說(shuō)“他們的自我臆想”。rather: 相反。they are themselves: “他們保持其本色”，用中國(guó)的一句古語(yǔ)就是“我仍故我”。as such 的本意是“諸如此類的人或物”，此處可以順接上句譯成“正因如此”。putting on a performance: 做作；作秀；裝腔作勢(shì)。maintaining pretenc

17、e: 自命不凡。manipulate 原意為“巧妙的操縱別人”，這里可譯成“對(duì)別人指手畫(huà)腳”。4.此句中 “being“ 是“真的在做”, “acting”是 “假裝在做”，這是譯好句中三個(gè)排比句式的關(guān)鍵。being loving and acting loving可譯為“真愛(ài)和裝愛(ài)”；being stupid and acting stupid可譯為 “真傻和裝傻”；being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable可譯為“博學(xué)和賣弄”。5. “are not afraid to do”: 無(wú)畏于; 從不怯于; “to do their own thin

18、king”: 獨(dú)立思考；用自己的知識(shí)獨(dú)立判斷；獨(dú)當(dāng)一面。6. 此句中，facts與opinions兩者是互為矛盾的，facts指“事實(shí)”，opinions不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的“意見(jiàn)”或“觀點(diǎn)”，而是“議論”或“傳聞”，因此才有句子They can separate facts from opinions; “成功者能夠區(qū)分事實(shí)與傳聞“。7. 此句中有4個(gè)排比式的過(guò)去分詞，譯起來(lái)比較困難，因?yàn)樗鼈兊脑~義差別很微妙。be defined by them原意是“由他人來(lái)界定，來(lái)規(guī)定”，此句則理解為“受制于他人”。be demolished by them 可譯為“被他們所摧垮”。be bound by

19、them b可譯為“被他們所束縛”。be awed by them 可譯為“被他們所嚇倒”。8. 此句中，不要將兩個(gè)play 譯成“玩”或“?！?。Play在這里是生動(dòng)的比喻詞?？勺g為：成功者不故意“示弱”，也從不怨天尤人”?！緟⒖甲g文】“成功者”和“失敗者”這兩個(gè)詞含義很多。當(dāng)我們將某人稱作成功者時(shí)，我們并非指他是一個(gè)讓別人失敗的人。對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，成功者乃是這樣一個(gè)人，無(wú)論作為一個(gè)個(gè)人抑或作為社會(huì)的一分子，他的一切反應(yīng)均由衷而發(fā)，富有誠(chéng)信，值得信賴，反應(yīng)敏捷，從不虛偽。成功者不會(huì)窮其畢生之精力，執(zhí)著于自我之臆想。相反，他們會(huì)保持自己的本色。正因如此，他們不裝腔作勢(shì)，不自命不凡，不對(duì)別人指手畫(huà)腳。

20、他們知道，真愛(ài)不同于裝愛(ài)，真傻有異于裝傻、博學(xué)有別于賣弄。成功者無(wú)需面具來(lái)偽裝。成功者無(wú)畏于獨(dú)立思考，無(wú)畏于獨(dú)立判斷、獨(dú)當(dāng)一面。他們能夠在事實(shí)與傳聞之間明辨是非，不會(huì)假稱自己無(wú)所不曉。他們傾聽(tīng)別人意見(jiàn)，擇善從之，最終得出自己的結(jié)論。成功者敬仰尊重別人，但他不會(huì)受制于人、不會(huì)被他們所摧垮、不被他們所束縛、不會(huì)被他們所嚇倒。成功者不故意“示弱”，也從不怨天尤人。他們會(huì)毅然肩負(fù)起人生的責(zé)任。【2003年8級(jí)測(cè)試英譯漢】In his classic novel,“The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, t

21、ake his cousin on a tour of the city he is building1. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis2. But his cousin looks around bewildered3. All she ses is a forest.“Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?”She asks4. Hes astonished she cant see the

22、m.“Where! Why everywhere,”he replies5. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating6 a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness7; the ability to see the present

23、from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come8. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being. ”9 【概述】這是一篇關(guān)于美國(guó)文學(xué)的評(píng)論性文章，短文評(píng)論美國(guó)著名作家詹姆斯費(fèi)尼莫庫(kù)珀（James Fenimore Cooper）的小說(shuō)拓荒者（The Pione

24、er）。文中主人公是一位土地開(kāi)發(fā)商，帶著他的表妹游覽一座待開(kāi)發(fā)的城市。從而揭示了美國(guó)人特有的一種性格前瞻意識(shí)。雖然語(yǔ)言的理解不算難，但涉及到美國(guó)人獨(dú)特的處事視角，對(duì)于中國(guó)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)，接觸較少，很難有作者那種深刻的體會(huì)。對(duì)于我們陌生的主題或文化視角，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意盡量用“直譯”，少些個(gè)人發(fā)揮，但其文章的風(fēng)格，則要通過(guò)譯文充分地展示出來(lái)，特別要注意描寫人和物的形容詞和副詞的翻譯?！痉g要點(diǎn)評(píng)析】1. 此句中有兩個(gè)專有名詞，涉及美國(guó)著名作家James Fenimore Cooper (詹姆斯費(fèi)尼莫庫(kù)珀)和他的小說(shuō)The Pioneers (拓荒者)。庫(kù)珀（17891851）是生活在美國(guó)西部大開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)代的一

25、位作家。以描寫西部邊疆生活而聞名。hero 在小說(shuō)中指“主人公”、“正面人物”，正式的用詞是protagonist, 反面人物為enemy,正式用詞是antagonist。land developer意為“土地開(kāi)發(fā)商”，這種人在美國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)西部邊疆時(shí)代十分時(shí)髦，他們極富挑戰(zhàn)性和冒險(xiǎn)性。2. a teeming metropolis 中的teeming意為“擠滿人”、“人聲鼎沸”、“熙熙攘攘”、“生機(jī)盎然”。teem，動(dòng)詞，原意為“盛產(chǎn)”、“多產(chǎn)的”，如The Taihu Lake teems with fish and shrimps.(太湖盛產(chǎn)魚(yú)蝦。)在本句中，teeming metropoli

26、s是比喻，可譯為“繁華的大都市”。3. bewildered: 過(guò)去分詞，原意為“使著慌”、“手足無(wú)措”，在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示方式，它跟在looks around 后邊，可譯作“深表困惑”，“滿臉迷?！?，“茫然”等。4. 此句中beauties and improvements是由抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的，可理解為“美景和改觀”。有時(shí)也可理解為“上位詞”，上文提到的streets, houses和metropolis就是beauties and improvements所對(duì)應(yīng)的“下位詞”。在具體的翻譯過(guò)程中，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)上位詞不好譯，可轉(zhuǎn)到與此對(duì)應(yīng)的下位詞試試看。比如，覺(jué)得beauties and impr

27、ovements譯成“美景和改觀”不妥，可嘗試譯為它們?cè)诒疚闹兴鶎?duì)應(yīng)的下位詞“寬廣的大道”、“鱗次擳比的高樓”和“生機(jī)盎然的大都市”之類的字眼。5. “Where! Why everwhere,”中的Why表達(dá)的是略帶不耐煩與不快的驚訝。翻譯時(shí)注意要把說(shuō)話人的這種心態(tài)體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，有時(shí)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)就是一種很好表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣的工具。譯文中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)完全可以和原文不同。這句話可譯成“在哪兒？這不到處都是嘛？！”6. 此句中concrete意為“具體的”，“實(shí)實(shí)在在的”。as if they were already constructed and finished是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，可譯成“如同造好竣工一樣”。7. i

28、llustrate: “展現(xiàn)”，“用實(shí)例說(shuō)明”。trait: “特色”，“特性”，“特有的品質(zhì)”。Future-mindedness: “面向未來(lái)的心態(tài)”，“以未來(lái)為參照點(diǎn)的思維方式”，可譯為“前瞻意識(shí)”、“超前意識(shí)”、“未來(lái)觀”等。8. vantage: 優(yōu)越，有利的地位；from the vantage point of the future: 站在未來(lái)的高度，從未來(lái)的高度看。unencumbered: 沒(méi)有阻礙的；不受妨礙的。the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past可譯為“擺脫過(guò)去束縛”，“自由地拋開(kāi)歷史羈絆”等。feel attached

29、 to : “喜歡；愛(ài)慕；依戀”，這里feel attached to things to come可譯成“情系未來(lái)”，“放眼未來(lái)”。9. Albert Einstein: 艾爾伯特 愛(ài)因斯坦，相對(duì)論的創(chuàng)立者,當(dāng)代最為大的科學(xué)家，德國(guó)猶太人，二次大戰(zhàn)中移居美國(guó)。此句中的難點(diǎn)是becoming 和being,前者指“未來(lái)”，后者指“現(xiàn)在”。句中is always becoming 意為“將來(lái)會(huì)變成什么”，never being 意為“而不是現(xiàn)在是什么”，整個(gè)句子可譯成“美國(guó)人永遠(yuǎn)生活在將來(lái)而不是現(xiàn)在”，也可譯成“對(duì)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，生活總是進(jìn)取，而非守成”。【參考譯文】詹姆斯費(fèi)尼莫庫(kù)珀在其名著拓荒者一

30、書(shū)中寫到主人公，一位土地開(kāi)發(fā)商，帶著表妹四處參觀自己正在規(guī)劃中的城鎮(zhèn)，津津樂(lè)道地描述著寬廣的大道，鱗次擳比的高樓和生機(jī)盎然的大都市。但表妹環(huán)顧四周而茫然。他看到的僅僅是一片樹(shù)林：“你給我指的美景和大廈到底在哪兒呢？”開(kāi)發(fā)商聞言大驚：“在哪兒？這不到處都是嘛？！”盡管大廈還未破土動(dòng)工，但他們?cè)陂_(kāi)發(fā)商的腦海里早已成形，而且真切得如同造好竣工一樣。庫(kù)珀在這里揭示了一種美國(guó)人特有的品性前瞻意識(shí):站在將來(lái)的高度看現(xiàn)在，自由地拋開(kāi)歷史羈絆而放眼將來(lái)。正如艾爾伯特愛(ài)因斯坦所說(shuō)：“美國(guó)人永遠(yuǎn)生活在將來(lái)而不是現(xiàn)在。”【2004年8級(jí)測(cè)試英譯漢】For me the most interesting thing

31、about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding1. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages2, take a walk with

32、my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness3.I am lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up4. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of

33、 people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out5.Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and, perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it w

34、ere a person6.It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains7, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconsciousness, bring back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood8.【概述】這是一篇關(guān)于個(gè)人生活的散文。作者為女作家梅莎唐（May Sar

35、ton）(19121995)。本文選自散文The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life (單獨(dú)生活的回報(bào))的結(jié)尾部分，個(gè)別地方有刪節(jié)。這篇文章在理解方面沒(méi)有什么障礙，關(guān)鍵是表達(dá)時(shí)的文采和風(fēng)格。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)盡量把作者對(duì)孤獨(dú)的感受用較好的文學(xué)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)?！痉g要點(diǎn)評(píng)析】1. 此句中，主語(yǔ)部分是the most interesting thing about a solitary life。Mine has been that 是難點(diǎn)，mine 指my life, “that” 指a solitary life。 “is that”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句。 it 指的是a so

36、litary life。 it becomes increasingly rewarding 可譯為“單獨(dú)生活的回報(bào)與日俱增”。2. 此句中，在an entire day 后邊有兩個(gè)后置定語(yǔ)ahead和uninterrupted,還有一個(gè)in which加三個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)。3. be flooded with happiness是比喻，意為be filled with, be full of, “充滿了幸?！?。4. 此句中三個(gè)when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句描述的是同一時(shí)刻同時(shí)存在的三種狀況：“當(dāng)我過(guò)度疲勞”、“長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不間斷工作”、“一時(shí)間感到空虛而需要充實(shí)自己時(shí)”。后一句的兩個(gè)when描

37、述的又是另一種情況，不要把每一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的短句理解成一種獨(dú)立狀態(tài)，也就是說(shuō)原文共描述了兩種情況，而不是五種，表達(dá)時(shí)要把這兩種情況區(qū)別開(kāi)。 needing filling up可譯為“需要充實(shí)自己”。5. a lecture trip意為“外出講演”或“巡回講演”。 full to brim是個(gè)短語(yǔ)，意為“漫邊兒”、“滿”，full to brim with experience意為“滿腦子的體驗(yàn)”或“滿腦子紛亂的頭緒”, sort out 意為“揀出”、“梳理”、“整理”。6. 此句中，It has to be recaptured意為“找回自我”。查閱原作，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在it were a

38、person后刪去了by feeding the two cats, by cooking a meal。如果按刪除后的文章理解by looking again at each one as thyough it were a person, 可將each one視作“一棵一棵花草”, as thgough it were a person是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。7. 查閱原文，此句fountains后刪除了at the end of the field (在田頭，在田邊)。fountains可理解為“泉水”、“噴泉”，surf原意為“浪花”，此處可譯為“向四處濺出的水花”或“水柱”。8. 查閱原文，在s

39、lowly understood后刪除了when I can converse again with my hidden powers, and so grow, and so be renewed, till death do us part。此句中，deep unconsciousness意為“潛意識(shí)”。to be explored and slowly understood可譯為“細(xì)思深究”，或“讓我探究，讓我領(lǐng)悟”。 【參考譯文】過(guò)去二十年，我一直單獨(dú)生活。對(duì)于我，最為有趣的是，單獨(dú)生活的回報(bào)與日俱增。經(jīng)常在醒來(lái)時(shí)能夠親眼看著太陽(yáng)在海洋上升起，清楚地知道有一個(gè)完整的一天供我使用，沒(méi)有任

40、何間斷。我可以寫上幾頁(yè)東西，遛遛狗兒，讀讀書(shū)，聽(tīng)聽(tīng)音樂(lè)，我充滿了幸福。只有當(dāng)我疲憊不堪，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不間斷地工作，或者一時(shí)間感到空虛而需要充實(shí)自己的時(shí)候，我就感到孤獨(dú)。當(dāng)我剛從外地講學(xué)回到家中，或者當(dāng)我見(jiàn)過(guò)了很多人而且說(shuō)了許多話，滿腦子紛亂的思緒需要梳理時(shí)，這時(shí)我也會(huì)感到孤獨(dú)。一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，我覺(jué)得屋子既空又大，也不知道“我自身”藏在了什么地方。只好通過(guò)澆澆花，也許再看看花草，把它們一棵一棵地當(dāng)人一樣地看看，來(lái)慢慢地找回自我。這需要一段時(shí)間。當(dāng)我看著噴泉激起的水花時(shí)，這個(gè)時(shí)刻便來(lái)到了：周圍的世界慢慢地消失，自我再次從潛意識(shí)里涌出，帶回到我剛才經(jīng)歷過(guò)的一切，讓我探究、讓我領(lǐng)悟。【2005年8級(jí)測(cè)試英譯漢】

41、 It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction, biography, poetry we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us1. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of f

42、iction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices2. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become

43、him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice3. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read4. But if you open your mind as widely as possible5, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the

44、twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this6, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.【概述】 這是論述怎樣讀書(shū)的散文中的第一段話（全文見(jiàn)Uni

45、t 2的范例欣賞How Should One Read A Book?），作者是英國(guó)著名現(xiàn)代女作家弗吉尼亞伍爾夫（18821941），她的主要作品有達(dá)羅衛(wèi)夫人、到燈塔去、海浪等長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)，以描寫意識(shí)流見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)。該文開(kāi)宗明義談如何讀書(shū)，實(shí)際上兼有文學(xué)評(píng)論的性質(zhì)。全文用詞樸素、行文流暢，而內(nèi)涵豐富、意味深長(zhǎng)。翻譯時(shí)，需仔細(xì)品味原文的含義，明白無(wú)誤地表達(dá)出作者的意思與風(fēng)格。所采用的翻譯方法有：省略法、詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法、分譯法、增詞法等。 【翻譯要點(diǎn)評(píng)析】1.It is simple enough to sayeach should give us: 該句中It 是指代to say + that 所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

46、?？刹捎梅肿g法翻譯此句，先將賓語(yǔ)從句譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立句，再將主句譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立句：“這話說(shuō)來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單。”2. Most commonlyour own prejudices: come to books 應(yīng)理解為“著手閱讀”或“捧起書(shū)本”。Blurred and divided minds 可譯為“模糊而又雜亂的想法”。另外，在翻譯asking for 后面所跟的從句時(shí)，可省略代詞it。此句中it 后均用shall, 表示說(shuō)話人的意圖，意為“必須”。3. Do not dictateBe his fellow-worker and accomplice: 這兩句的意思層層遞進(jìn)，如果合譯成一句，效果更好

47、。第二句中的兩個(gè)名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。而accomplice 本意指“同謀”或“幫兇”，具有貶義，這里應(yīng)選擇褒義詞來(lái)表達(dá)其意，可譯為“共同創(chuàng)作”。4. from what you read: 該短句不必按字面意思翻譯，可引申為“從書(shū)中”。5. open your mind as widely as possible: 此處可在翻譯時(shí)適當(dāng)增詞，用兩個(gè)詞組來(lái)表達(dá)其意：“敞開(kāi)心扉，虛懷若谷”，這樣后一個(gè)詞更進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明“敞開(kāi)心扉”后的境界。6. Steep yourself in thiswith this: 這是兩個(gè)并列祈使句，表示一種條件。翻譯時(shí)可采用合句法譯為一個(gè)單句并省略掉第一部分的指示代詞this

48、, “鉆進(jìn)去熟悉它“?！緟⒖甲g文】既然書(shū)有小說(shuō)、傳記、詩(shī)歌之分，我們就應(yīng)把它們分類，從各類書(shū)中汲取其應(yīng)該給予我們的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。這話說(shuō)來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單。然而很少有人要求從書(shū)籍中得到它們所能提供的養(yǎng)分。我們總是三心二意地帶著模糊的觀念去看書(shū)，要求小說(shuō)必須真實(shí)，要求詩(shī)歌必須虛構(gòu)，要求傳記阿諛?lè)暧笫窌?shū)能加強(qiáng)自己的偏見(jiàn)。讀書(shū)時(shí)如能拋開(kāi)這些先入之見(jiàn)，便是極好的開(kāi)端。不要對(duì)作者指手劃腳，而要盡力與作者融為一體，共同構(gòu)思，共同創(chuàng)作。如果你不參與，不投入，而且一開(kāi)始就百般挑剔，那你就無(wú)緣從書(shū)中獲得最大益處。你若敞開(kāi)心扉，虛懷若谷，那么書(shū)中精細(xì)入微的寓意和暗示便會(huì)把你從開(kāi)頭那些山回水轉(zhuǎn)般的句子中帶出來(lái)，走到一個(gè)獨(dú)特的人物

49、面前。鉆進(jìn)去熟悉它，你很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者展示給你的或想要展示給你的是一些比原先要明確得多的東西。漢譯英部分 19982003年英語(yǔ)專業(yè)8級(jí)統(tǒng)考題中漢譯英試題評(píng)析【1998年8級(jí)測(cè)試漢譯英】1997年2月24日我們代表團(tuán)下榻日月潭中信大飯店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3點(diǎn)了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只見(jiàn)四周峰巒疊翠，湖面波光粼粼。望著臺(tái)灣這僅有的景色如畫(huà)的天然湖泊，我想了許多，許多這次到臺(tái)灣訪問(wèn)交流，雖然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，訪了舊友，交了新知，大家走到一起，談?wù)摰囊粋€(gè)重要話題就是中華民族在21世紀(jì)的強(qiáng)盛1。雖然祖國(guó)大陸、臺(tái)灣的青年生活在不同的社會(huì)環(huán)境中，有

50、著各自不同的生活經(jīng)歷，但大家的內(nèi)心都深深銘刻著中華文化優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)的印記，都擁有著振興中華民族的共同理想2。在世紀(jì)之交的偉大時(shí)代，我們的祖國(guó)正在走向繁榮富強(qiáng)，海峽兩岸人民也將加強(qiáng)交流，共同推進(jìn)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一大業(yè)的早日完成3。世紀(jì)之交的寶貴機(jī)遇和巨大挑戰(zhàn)將青年推到了歷史前臺(tái)4?？缡兰o(jì)青年一代應(yīng)該用什么樣的姿態(tài)迎接充滿希望的新世紀(jì)，這是我們必須回答的問(wèn)題5。日月潭水波不興，仿佛與我一同在思索【概述】 這段文字是一篇赴臺(tái)訪問(wèn)記的節(jié)選，文中夾敘夾議，用詞講究，文筆優(yōu)美。翻譯時(shí)有三大難點(diǎn)，一是文中的幾個(gè)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句，如第二句長(zhǎng)達(dá)75字，而且里面包含轉(zhuǎn)折、并列等多種關(guān)系。二是我們習(xí)以為常的很多說(shuō)法如“銘刻著印記”，“

51、推到歷史前臺(tái)”等要翻譯好也不容易。三是這段文字涉及祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一的主題，筆下飽含感情，充滿了對(duì)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一的期望和對(duì)臺(tái)灣同胞的深厚情意，所以翻譯時(shí)措辭很關(guān)鍵。 【翻譯要點(diǎn)評(píng)析】1第一句的前半部分屬于漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句，在翻譯成英文時(shí)需要增添主語(yǔ)，因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)是主題顯著的語(yǔ)言，而英語(yǔ)是主語(yǔ)顯著的語(yǔ)言。漢語(yǔ)句子建構(gòu)在意念主軸(thought-pivot)上，句子強(qiáng)調(diào)的是意義，而不是結(jié)構(gòu)。英語(yǔ)句子建構(gòu)在形式（或主謂）主軸(form-pivot)上，強(qiáng)調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整和嚴(yán)密,絕大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)句子需要主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。該句可分為兩層意思，從句首到“交了新知”屬第一層意思，翻譯時(shí)可補(bǔ)充主語(yǔ)we,譯成 We visited many pl

52、aces ,或者以“訪問(wèn)交流”作主語(yǔ)譯成 The visit enabled us to see many places。該句的第二層意思很明確，翻譯時(shí)也可有不同的處理方法，或者用“大家”作主語(yǔ)，譯作People gather together and take as an important topic of their talk， 或者用“重要話題” 作主語(yǔ)譯成 an important topic of discussion was 。 筆者更傾向于后一種譯法，這樣更能突出“重要話題”?！靶谐檀掖摇币馑紤?yīng)該是日程安排得很緊， 走馬觀花似的在臺(tái)灣參觀訪問(wèn)，根據(jù)這個(gè)理解，可譯成tight s

53、chedule;當(dāng)然也可以說(shuō)本次訪問(wèn) brief and cursory?！罢?wù)摰囊粋€(gè)重要話題就是中華民族在21世紀(jì)的強(qiáng)盛”，這個(gè)句子首先要理解正確，即如何使中華民族在21世紀(jì)繁榮昌盛，how to make China powerful and prosperous in the 21st century,而不是 Chinese peoples powerful and strong future in the 21st century。2. “雖然祖國(guó)大陸振興中華民族的共同理想” 是原文的第二個(gè)長(zhǎng)句, 共有75字, 在“雖然但是”這個(gè)復(fù)合句中又包含幾個(gè)并列句，翻譯時(shí)要理清頭緒，分清主次。“

54、銘刻著的印記”是漢語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的比喻，與“打上的烙印”同義。 所幸的是英語(yǔ)中imprint也有相同的比喻，意思是(fig) fix something in sbs mind (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary)。Collins COBUILD Dictionary對(duì)這個(gè)詞的解釋是 If something leaves an imprint on a place or on your mind, it has a strong and lasting effect on it。“振興（中華）”這個(gè)詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在政論文章中，見(jiàn)諸報(bào)刊雜志，早已有了被大家廣泛接受的

55、譯法，即rejuvenate 或 revitalize, 名詞形式分別是 rejuvenation 和 revitalization。 3. 第三句也有幾層意思, 熟主熟次必須分清。該句主要成分應(yīng)該是“海峽兩岸人民也將加強(qiáng)交流，共同推進(jìn)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一大業(yè)的早日完成，” 因此可以將“我們的祖國(guó)正在走向繁榮昌盛”處理成一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句， 增加連接詞as， 這樣整個(gè)句子也就主次分明了，符合英語(yǔ)“葡萄串型”或“多枝共干型”的結(jié)構(gòu)。該句的關(guān)鍵是“統(tǒng)一”這個(gè)詞的譯法，牽扯到政治問(wèn)題，應(yīng)莊嚴(yán)對(duì)待。眾所周知，臺(tái)灣自古以來(lái)就是中國(guó)的一部分，只是由于歷史原因才造成今天“孤懸海外”的情況，所以這里的“統(tǒng)一”只能是 reuni

56、fication。類似的涉及國(guó)家政治外交政策的文章翻譯時(shí)必須注意詞匯的政治含義，正如著名毛選翻譯家程鎮(zhèn)球所說(shuō)的那樣“政治文章的翻譯要講政治”。 八級(jí)考試這段文字雖不是嚴(yán)格意義上的政治文章，但每當(dāng)出現(xiàn)與政治相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句時(shí)，一定要慎重選詞。4第四句的結(jié)構(gòu)很簡(jiǎn)單，但是“歷史前臺(tái)” 這個(gè)說(shuō)法怎么譯? Forefront 比較恰當(dāng)，意思是the most forward or important position or place。 5最后一句中的“姿態(tài)” 不宜從字面理解和翻譯， 引申的含義是“態(tài)度”， attitude, “充滿希望”不宜譯成replete with hopes， 因?yàn)閞eplete w

57、ith hopes意思是well-fed or full; well stocked or supplied， 與“充滿希望”的意思相去甚遠(yuǎn)， 不如譯成a new century of hope， 既簡(jiǎn)潔又準(zhǔn)確。 【參考譯文】 When we stayed in Taiwan for an exchange program, despite the tight schedule, we visited many places, meeting old friends and make new ones. At every get-together, one important topic wa

58、s how to make China powerful and prosperous in the 21st century. Though young people on the mainland and in Taiwan live in different social environments and have varied life experiences, their hearts are all imprinted with the fine tradition of the Chinese culture and they cherish the same ideal of

59、rejuvenating the Chinese nation. The turn of the century has ushered in a great epoch during which our motherland is becoming stronger and more prosperous day by day. The people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits will strengthen exchanges and work together to bring about an earlier reunification of

60、 their motherland. The precious opportunities and tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the forefront of history. What attitude should be adopted by the cross-century younger generation to meet the new century of hope? This is a question that demands our an