1、閱讀理解之猜測詞義題解題指導一、考查內容英語閱讀理解中，經常出現(xiàn)一定數量的生詞，并且每年中考總會有猜測詞義的題目，其特點是對生 詞、短語、指示代詞和句子的意思進行猜測，其目的在于考查學生根據上下文推測生詞、短語含義的能 力，突出考查對語境的分析和把握能力。猜測詞義題常見的設問方式有：The underlined word refers to/means.The expression is closest to.二、解題技巧猜測詞義題主要運用閱讀技巧中根據上下文所給的語境猜測生詞的技巧。在尋找相關信息時，考生可從如下幾方面入手：句子結構、邏輯關系、構詞法和常識。其中把握信息之間的邏輯關系是最重要

2、的。這就需要考生在平時的學習過程中，掌握基本語法知識，特別是從句的作用和意義、連詞表達的邏輯關系，還要多讀書學習常識、了解外國文化、開闊視野。下面具體談談做好這類題的方法和技巧：.根據上下文語境猜測詞義一個單詞或詞組的確切含義與其所處的上下文及語境聯(lián)系密切，所以我們可以借助上下文語境進行合乎邏輯的推測。例：2020年浙江湖州卷What is the first thing you want to do when you see someone yawn （打哈欠）? You want toyawn, too! Yawning is contagious.The underlined word

3、“contagious in Paragraph 1 means .A. helpful to our healthB. passing from one person to anotherC. hard to understandD. getting in one trouble after another【解析】Bo contagious乍看起來像是一個完完全全的生詞，但通過上文我們得知“別人打哈欠的時候，你的第一反應也是想打哈欠”。通過描述，我們知道打哈欠是可以傳染的，所以正確答案為B.復述推測法根據復述內容來猜測生詞的大致意義范圍，復述部分可以是詞、短語或從句。在復述中兩部分之間常用逗

4、號連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號和括號等，也常用or, similarly, that is to say,in other words 等。例：2020年浙江寧波卷Finally, they all take flight and the migration really begins. What a spectacular sight it must be thousands of flaming taking off into the sky at once!What does the underlined wordaspectacular in Paragraph 5 pro

5、bably mean?A. Frustrating.B. Surprising.C. Terrible.D. Fantastic.【解析】 D。 thousands of flaming taking off into the sky是對 a spectacular sight 的解釋，很顯然，“成千上萬的發(fā)光發(fā)亮的物體飛上天空”是很壯觀的、驚人的，所以正確答案是D=.替代、說明、舉例推測法在閱讀中，前后文中會對生詞、短語和句子進行一定的解釋說明，或者會用其它詞匯替代或者舉例進行闡述說明，可由此推斷出其所指含義。例：2020年河北卷Education is well-rounded and i

6、t is mainly for improving a man. It is not only to teach him to speak, read and write, but also to develop his creative thinking and other abilities. After that, it is to make him a wise manand thankfully enjoy the achievements of human. Education is to make a man lead a better life. Educated people

7、 are expected to be able to listen to good music, read good books, watch plays and most of all take an interest in the word.The underlined word “well -rounded in the passage means in Chinese.A.圓滿的B.嶄新的C.公平的D.全面的【解析】D= well-rounded 之后的句子詳細給出了闡述：教育不僅教人們聽說讀寫，還發(fā)展人們的創(chuàng)造 性思維和其它一些能力。這些都表達了一個概念：教育培養(yǎng)的是全能型人才，所

8、以選Do.因果關系法 在句子或段落中，若兩個事物、現(xiàn)象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。根 據因果關系猜測詞義，從原因推測結果，從結果推測原因的信號詞有：because, as, since, for, so,thus, as a result, of course, therefore等。例：2020年山東東營卷Jake wasn t impressed with what he had done. aStopping the bus,“ he said, “was easy compared to playing Grand Theft Auto III,“his f

9、avorite video game. The bus driver was taken to thepolice station. He was at first charged （指控）with a leaving a child alone while motor isrunning. The lawyer said he hoped to upgrade the charge because of the number of children （twenty） on the bus.What does the underlined word “upgrade mean in the f

10、ourth paragraph?A.改變B.取消C.加重D.減輕【解析】Co根據because后的原因一一當時有二十個學生在車上而不是一個，推測結果是律師要“升 級、加重”對司機的指控，所以正確答案為Q.代詞替代法一般情況下，代詞所指代的內容多在這一句話的前后句中。找到指代的內容后把它放在代詞的位置上， 看一看這句話是否合理，與前后的內容是否一致，然后再判定它是否為正確答案。例：2020年浙江舟山卷Although scientists have been trying for many years to develop a new kind of car that does not need

11、 gasoline （ 汽油）,they have been unsuccessful.The underlined word they in Paragraph 2 refers to.A. cars B. scientists C. engines D. drivers【解析】Bo從上下文可以得知，科學家致力于發(fā)明一種不需要汽油的汽車，但是他們沒有成功，所以 這里的they指的是scientists,故正確答案是 B。.根據反義詞和對比關系猜測詞義有時文中會用一些互為對應、互為反義的詞語，來表現(xiàn)事物之間的差異和觀點的不同。這時往往會出現(xiàn)轉折詞 but, yet, however, whil

12、e, in spite of, on the contrary, instead of等。例： 2020 年江蘇淮安卷For example, we all have days like this:our dog has made a mess on the floor we just cleaned,or our friend called to tell us he or she couldn t come at the last minute when we had cooked dinner for him or her. We may be really angry but we t

13、ried to bear things like those.The underlined word“ bear ” in Paragraph 2 means .A. 糾正 B. 忍受 C. 銘記 D. 杜絕【解析】Bo前文中描述了兩種場景：狗狗把我們剛擦干凈的地板弄得一團糟，朋友在我們準備好晚飯后才告知不能來。 這兩件事情是足以讓我們抓狂生氣的事情， 但文章中的 but 一詞的出現(xiàn)說明后面bear的意思是和angry 是相反意義的詞。根據判斷，我們得知對這樣的事情我們可能會很生氣但是也應該盡量去忍受，所以 B 為正確答案。根據構詞法判斷英語構詞可分為三類：合成、轉化和派生詞。合成詞即將兩個、

14、 三個或多個詞組合在一起形成一個具有不同含義的新詞。 有些合成了的新詞連寫；有些詞合成之后，詞與詞之間要用連字符連接起來。如： basket + ball f basketball 。轉化是由一種詞類轉化成另一種詞類。如 :Our classroom is clean and tidy. (adj.)They clean their room every day. (v.)派生是通過在一個詞根( root )的前面加前綴( prefix )或在其后加后綴( suffix )構成一個新單 詞即派生tsjo 如：visit f visitor 。例： 2020 年天津卷The people fro

15、m 150 countries live and work in Dubai, and foreigners now outnumber Dubai natives ( 本地人 ) by eight to one.What does the underlined word“ outnumber” mean?A. To be small in size than another group.B. To be more in number than another group.C. To be bigger in area than another group.D. To be smaller i

16、n area than another group.【解析】B。本題也可以根據構詞法判斷：out作為前綴加名詞或形容詞，有“超過”的意思。根據構詞法可知 outnumber 指“數目上超過” ，所以答案是B。根據常識及生活經驗來猜測詞義：盡可能利用有關知識，如生活經驗、常識、學科知識、科普知識進行必要的推理，以達到理解詞義的目 的。同時了解一些國家的天文地理、風俗習慣、宗教信仰、政治結構等，可以幫助加深對文章的理解， 猜測詞義的能力也能得到增強。例： 2020 年湖北宜昌卷“If I plant it on the hill,” he said to himself,“the wind mig

17、ht catch it and shake downthe delicious fruit before it is ripe. If I plant it close to the road, passers-by will seeit and take away the apples but if I plant it too near the door of my house, my children may pick the fruit. ”The underlined word “ ripe ” means .A. 掛果 B. 成熟 C. 開花 D. 成長【解析】B。根據常識我們知道

18、果樹一般都是先開花后結果，故排除C選項；前文已經提到the deliciousfruit 了，所以A選項也不正確；D選項的范圍太大，從播種發(fā)芽到開花結果的過程都可以稱為成長。所以選B,果子在成熟之前被風吹落。三、答題時需要注意的問題和解決方法對單詞的意義理解不夠充分。有些單詞的漢語意思一樣或接近，這就需要考生不僅要知道單詞的漢語意義，還要知道其英語解釋，這樣才可以做到在文章中正確理解和使用。只考慮到本句話的意義，沒有回到上下文確認答案?？忌粌H需將所選答案放入該句中確認語法是對的，語義和邏輯是通順的，還要在文章中核實是否符合文章特點，上下文是否通順，是否合乎情理。猜測生詞題旨在考查考生在文章中

19、通過上下文對生詞的理解能力， 因此回到文章中推斷理解詞義是做好此類題的關鍵。猜測詞義題專項訓練本文作者： Teens 中考研究小組期號： 432 閱讀數： 51 評論 打印 收藏為了加強對閱讀理解中猜測詞義類題型的訓練，我們從一些文章中節(jié)選了一些片段，大家一起來練習一下吧。The French, proud of their delicious and high-class cuisine, don t like fast food. About80 percent of them think it is unhealthy, followed by 75 percent of Japanes

20、e.The word “ cuisine ” in the passage meansA. food B. house C. water D. countryLinguist James Milroy says, for centuries,it is believed without exception that young peopleare harming the language. And you can bet your bottom dollar that when today s teenagers become tomorrow s parents, they too will

21、 think this way.The expression “ bet your bottom dollar ” means .A. be fairly sure B. be greatly surprisedC. think it a pity D. find it interestingWecall it“junk sleep ” . It means you don t get enough sleep and the quality of the sleepis bad, too. If you don t get good rest, you don t perform well

22、in school the next day.“ Junk food ” and “junk sleep ” are similar to each other in the way that.they are both low in qualitythey are both produced in factoriespeople enjoy both in their spare timethey are bot h good to people s healthThe Germans are very hard-working. They like tidiness, especially

23、 German women, who always keep their homes clean.What does the underlined word “ tidiness ” mean in Chinese?A. 整潔 B. 安靜 C. 時尚 D. 隨意Shopping on the Internet is becoming more and more popular. Why do people use the Internetto shop? Some people say it is more convenient. They don t have to leave their

24、homes to order something; they can shop for anything they want at any time; they can find things for saletha t they can t find in the stores near their homes. Still other people say they can findbetter prices on the Internet.The Chinese meaning of the word“ convenient ” in this passage is “ ”.A. 時髦的

25、 B. 較近的 C. 方便的 D. 可用的A beginner can understand how to operate the kite with 510 hours of training. And anybodyaged from 13 to 65 can learn. It is not expensive to get the equipment for kite surfing, which costs $1,000 to $2,500. Training lessons range from $200 to $500 for two or three hours.The und

26、erlined word“ range ” means “ ” in Chinese.A.在范圍內變動B.按順序排列C.向方向延伸 D.根據歸類If you sleep on curled up （ 蜷縮 ）, you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are very defensive.You re shy and you don t usually like meeting peo

27、ple. You like to be on your own.What does the word “ defensive ” mean in the passage?A. 易怒的B. 攻擊性的C. 外向的D. 有戒心的People in Britain love trees. If it is autumn and leaves are falling from the trees, some people try to catch the leaves as they fall because they think each leaf they catch will bring them

28、 a lucky month in the following year- they will need to catch 12 falling leaves to havea whole year of good luck!The underlined word“ them” refers to .A. trees B. people C. leaves D. yearsAs they walked, Mark knew that the boy s name was Bill, that he loved computer games, basketball and history, an

29、d that he was having lots of trouble with his other subjects andthat he had just broken up with his girlfriend.In this passage, the phrase “ break up ” means “ ”.A. 相處很好B. 和好如初C. 關系破裂D. 保持聯(lián)系Now, Gao has to go to prison （ 監(jiān)獄 ） for six months and pay a 4,000 yuan fine.What does the underlined word“ fi

30、ne ” in the passage refer to?A. Health.B. Weather.C. Money.D. Life.These are the steps to follow when you are reading something difficult:Start to read normally until you run into a sentence that doesn t make sense to you.When a sentence doesn t make sense, go back and read it again more slowly.The

31、underlined phrase“ run into ” means .A. work out B. come acrossC. look intoD. pass byYou, too, have skills and abilities. You may not feel that your talent is great, but itmay be better than you think. With hard work, most skills can be improved. Besides, you mayhave no success at all if you just si

32、t on your talent.The words “ sit on ” in the passage probably mean .A. fail to realize B. forget to useC. try to develop D. manage to showDoctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psychologists, are starting to believeA

33、 psychologist is a person who may help you with your .illness and abilitiesthoughts and behaviormind and nervous systemphysical activity and daily exerciseYou may know the word “astronaut ” . But do you know the word“taikonaut ” ? It means“Chinese astronaut ” in English. It comes from the Chinese pi

34、nyin “taikong ” and the English word “astronaut ”What does “ taikonaut ” mean in English?A. Chinese astronaut. B. Chinese scientist.C. Chinese center. D. Chinese space.Telepho ne: There is a telephone in your room. Dial“ 0” before you make a call. We willtell you to wait a moment if the lines are bu

35、sy.The underlined word “ dial ” means .A. 劃 B. 打 C. 撥 D. 摸As time went by, London s Chinese community became more a nd more successful. The sons and daughters of the original restaurant workers studied and worked very hard. And most wenton to get highly paid jobs. Many Chinese families left Chinatow

36、n and moved to the more expensive outskirts. Chinatown, however, is still as lively as ever.According to this passage, if people live in the outskirts of a city, they live .in the villagefar away from the cityin the center of the cityin the outer areas of the cityInstead of trying to deny your anger, make it clear to yourself and accept it. See your anger.The underlined word“ deny” in the passage means “ ”.A. 誤解 B. 否認 C. 疏遠 D. 減輕During the war, President Eisenhower noticed what good roads Germany had. He decided to build new four-lane （ 四車道 ） roads in America. He said if someth