1、論蓋茨比悲劇的必然性abstratthegreatgatsbyisanvelrittenbythefausriterf.stt.fitzgeraldinthe1920s，hihisabutdisillusinentfaeriandrea,anditisstillapieeflanguageendedithdeepnntatinsandfullfetaphrsandttes.thispaperanalyzesgatsbystragedybyexainingtheessenefgatsbysdrea,theptentialdestrutivenessingatsbysharatersandthes

2、ial-histrialbakgrundsleadingtgatsbysdestrutin.fitzgeraldnesuarizedpeplesharatersatthattieas“allgdshavedied,allthearshavebeenver,andallthefaithshavefadedaay.(fitzgerald,1991:253)aerianpeplelivinginjazzagelkeddnnthetraditinalfaithsandbetrayedralitiesanduststhattheiranestrsusedtabideby.attheendfthenvel

3、,gatsbyslnelyfuneralerenyandpeplesindifferenepletelyrefletedhuanitieslnessanduglinessinthesietyfu.s.ain1920s.attheverybeginning,gatsbyasdestinedtbeislatedhelplessandtfailintheendinthissiety.keyrdsgatsby;theaeriandrea;tragedy;persnifiatin摘要?了不起的蓋茨比?是20世紀20年代美國著名作家菲茨杰拉德的一部反映美國夢破滅的小說,也是一那么被賦予了深入含義,充滿譬喻

4、和警句的語言。本文從蓋茨比之夢的本質、蓋茨比性格中的缺乏以及社會歷史原因等多方面討論了導致蓋茨比夢毀人亡這一悲劇必然因素。菲茨杰拉德曾這樣總結那個時代的特點：一切神明都統(tǒng)統(tǒng)死光，所有戰(zhàn)爭都已經統(tǒng)統(tǒng)打完，所有信念都已經統(tǒng)統(tǒng)完蛋。爵士樂時代的人蔑視一切傳統(tǒng)的價值觀念，反叛老一輩人所遵從的道德風范。小說結尾，作者更是以人們的冷漠和蓋茨比葬禮的冷冷清清徹底反映了20世紀20年代美國社會人性的冷酷與丑惡。在這樣的社會，蓋茨比從一開場就注定是孤立無助，注定是要失敗的。關鍵詞蓋茨比;美國夢;悲劇;化身intrdutinstt.fitzgeraldisaprinentnvelistintheaerianlit

5、erature,nedthetitlefthespkesanfthejazzageandthelaurelfpet.frthententsandthughts,thereativetraits,hisbkthegreatgatsbyisarealasterpieeffitzgerald,hihadehigetsuessinriting.assnasitaspublishedpublilyin1925,thegreatgatsbygainedanyritisaffiratinandpraise,beingasnefthestexellentrksinthe20thentury.“thefausp

6、etandritiaeratesaidthatthegreatgatsbytkagreatprgressinaeriannvelssinehenryjaes.(dnaldsn,1984:283)inthisnvel,ithabriefandseriusstyle,theauthrvividlydesribedatragedyausedbyaeriandrea,andsuessfullyldedasufferedfiguregatsby.heastheauthrsfavriteharater,inthattheyhadanythingsinnsuhasanyexperienesandspirit

7、ualvirtuesthataredifferentfrtheprehensinandhasetaerianlifefnpeple.gatsbynedarvelusgenius,inparableresluterantivlitinthisdreaasellashislyaltythisideal,hihnhighpraiseftheauthr.theessay,nnehand,givesdeepsypathytgatsbyabuthistragedy,nthetherhand,itindiatesthatitisvainanddangerustseekaeriandreaatthattie.

8、thepaperisanalyzingtheinevitabilityfthehergatsbystragedybyexainingtheessenefgatsbysdrea,theptentialdestrutivenessingatsbysharatersandsial-bakgrundsthatleadtgatsbysdestrutin.i.desriptinfgatsbysdreaa.riginfgatsbysdreagatsbysdreariginatedfrtheaeriandrea,andthes-alled“aeriandrea,inaeriansiety,espeiallyi

9、ntheperidfexplitingthenentinent,fredanddevelpedarathernlyattratingideal.ithaslnghistrydatingfrtheperidfeurpeaneigrantsexplitingthenentinent,andthisdreanstreendusenughnntatinsfaeriandesireandhpetspiritsandaterials.nsequently,anypepledefineditasthesynthesisfealthydrea,transendentdreaandlvedrea.benjain

10、franklin,thefirstandell-knnebdientandadvatefaeriandreaintherld,edifiedandenuragedpeplehtenrihtheirfailiesandtfulfillaeriandreabytheirstruggle,espeialinhisautbigraphy.frthebirthfitt1920s,aeriandreafingthesuessinaterialsttheindividualvirtuesandstruggles,asalayspubliizedbythepepleasperfulaspssible,andt

11、henithutdubtnessitbeaetheidealhihaverageaerianpepletriedtheirbesttstrugglefrdaybyday,andthefundentalspiritualstrengthhihprptedaerianapitalisprsperityandaintainedapitalis-sialsystegeneratinbygeneratin.gatsbysaeriandreariginatedfrhishildhd:“thenhereturnedthealletandpulledfrhispketaraggedldpyfabkalledh

12、plngassidy“l(fā)khere,thisisabkhehadhenheasaby.itjustshsyu.hepeneditatthebakverandturneditarundfretsee.nthelastfly-leafasprintedtherdsheduleandthedatesepteber12,1906andunderneath:risefrbe6.00a.dubbellexeriseandallsaling.6.15-6.30a.studyeletriity,et.7.15-8.15a.rk8.30-4.30p.baseballandsprts.4.30-5.00p.pra

13、tieelutin,piseandhtattainit5.00-6.00p.studyneededinventins.7.00-9.00p.(fitzgerald,2002:206)abve-entinedshsthatnthelastfly-leaffhplngassidygatsbyusedtreaderererdedhistransendingdeisinandapieefstrittietablefrrking.versanyyears,gatsbyalayspersistedinitandbservedit.frtheshedule,aseverynekns,franklinanda

14、ddisn,givingagdexaple,dependednthestrugglebytheselvesandgtasuessatlastandtheirstries,heirage,thenvelsdesribingaeriandreaerebest-sellers,buttheygavethepreahingntents:aslngasnepersnashnest,patientandindependent,heuldhavetheequalityitheverynetdeverything,naely,itispssiblefrhiingfrtheprfailytbeearihandn

15、blepersn,hilegatsbyasnefthebelieversfit.thedreahihseeedthappeninfairytalesastheendlessinfiniteperthatenuragedgatsbystrugglefrit.theauthrntatgatsbyspursuititheurpeaneigrantsanientdesiretnentinent,andfranklin,representingaeriandreaanditsinvertfrslater,definedgatsbystragedyashugehistrialbakgrundanddeep

16、typialsenses.thetraditinaldelfaeriandrea,asanyritisandriterspintedut,erefullffalsity,espeiallyunderthenditinfapitalisdevelpedrapidly,andplarizatinintensifiedinreasingly.itadeapintfevidenethatgatsbyadeafrtune,relyingnpersnalvirtues,diligeneandfrugality.sinehishildhd,gatsbyusedtabidebyfranklinsteahing

17、,andtrytpratietheaininquirefthetraditinaldel,fllinghisnprehensinandthebakgrundf20-enturysietyinu.s.itisvagaryfrnepersntetthefre,hnlydependednvirtues,diligeneandfrugality,hever,gatsbysstryfgettingrihjustertifiedit.henheasyung,gatsbyuldntgainanyapprpriatensequenethatheantedtget,sthatheassurrenderedbyh

18、isbelvedlverdaisy,frheaspennilessandfaelessatthattie.andlaterheabsurdlybeaeaillinaire.bviusly,itughttbetreendusirnyfrhitbelieveinaeriandrea.byallappearanes,aseresaeiththeragnatesatthattie,gatsbystillunderstdandpratiedfllingpriniples.theretially,brderland,(herereferredtthehleaerian)ereequalparadisete

19、veryne,andthereardpletelyedtdiligene,frugalityandgdlukiness,butinfat,thereardingftendependedntrikiness,greedanderilessness,asellasruelruthlessnessandpletelyrtteneans.itistheaeriandrea,butitistheriginfgatsbysdrea.b.essenefgatsbysdreaevenifhisdreariginatedfraeriandrea,theessenefgatsbysdreaistheessenef

20、aeriandrea.ithhisgring,gatsbysaeriandreaentbyanevlutinhenheasyung.hedreaedakingagdfrtune,transendingnpepleandgettingridfprnessasuhastheheresrittenbybenfranklinandhratialger.laterheetdaisybyhaneandthenlsthisheartther,thusdaisybeaethepersnifiatinfhisperfetidealandtheebdientfnentratinghisentireideal,an

21、dtheheendeavredtdeverythinginthediretinfthe.beauseinhisind,daisyrepresentedallbeautifulreaturesftheupperlasssietyinaeria,andinhisery,thefirstlvebeteendaisyandhiseeedtbeahuanfairyland,hereas,theruelrealityasthathelakedrihfailysupprtinghiandhislve.thegreatdisparityftheirstatusadehisensethathehadnright

22、ttuhherhand.“gatsbyasverhelinglyaareftheyuthandysterythatealthipressinsandpreserves,fthefreshnessfanylthes,andfdaisy,gleainglikesilver,safeandprudabvehtstrugglesfthepr.(fitzgerald,2002:98)shavinglstdaisy,hedesperatelyearneduhreney,andfantasizedabutreapturinghisbelveddaisyithneyhenheasrihenugh,aftera

23、rds,hereallyadeafrtune.“neirtednntheeptyspaefatietablethenaesfthsehaetgatsbyshusethatsuer,inludingfilstars,barders,duke,prine,et.(fitzgerald,2002:13),hilethenarratrnikelsfinnservantinfredethatgatsbydisissedeveryservantinhishuseaeekagandreplaedtheithhalfadzenthers.gatsbybeaeveryrihbeyndpeplesiaginati

24、n,nearlynedagialper,uldgatherallrihenanddisissservantsandeplyanyne,andevenadeesteggbeeanstantagnifientfeast.surely,hathavebeenfinishedasnttdependnthetraditinalteahingbutillegaldealsingangdrunderrld,hever,luxuriuslifeuldntbringgatsbyalittlehappiness,sineinessene,heasdifferentfrthsehsughtfrbenefitsand

25、faes.injazzage,ealthasntthestsignifianttgatsby,hilehathenlyrealledastrepeatthepastithdaisydayandnightandtgetthelstpurelve.afterhegtrih,hebughtaluxuriusansininfrntfdaisyshusearssthebay.“ifitasntfrtheisteuldseeyurhusearssthebay,saidgatsby,yualayshaveagreenlightthatburnsallnightsattheendfyurdk.(fitzger

26、ald,2002:110)alstfiveyears,gatsbyneverstppedreallinghisfirstlverdaisy.“hehadthrnhiselfintitithareativepassin,addingtitallthetie,dekingitutitheverybrightfeatherthatdriftedhisay.nauntffinerfreshnessanhallengehataanillstreupinhisghstlyheart.(fitzgerald,2002:113)asaresult,thereperfethisidealbeae,therefa

27、raayrealityas.syblfgatsbysdreainthenvel,thegreenlightrepresentedthatinnentgatsbylkedfrardtthefuture,andatthesaetielngedfrthehistry,naely,thegreenlightrepresentshisdrea.“gatsbybelievedthegreenlight,thergiastifuturethatyearbyyearreedesbefreus.iteludedusthen,butthatsnattertrreillrunfaster,strethuturars

28、farther.andnefinerning.sebeatn,batsagainsttheurrent,brnebakeaselesslyintthepast.(fitzgerald,2002:188)aeriandreaatuallyriginatedfrthepast,andadehisinerelypersistinthetraditinalidealfundatin;hever,henheasbrnebakeaselesslyintthepast,headeeffrtsfrexplringvariuspssibilityinthefuture.tseextent,gatsbyslvet

29、daisyrefletedhisnderfuleryfthepast.furyearsbefre,helngtie,tthelvefissingdaisy,gatsbyerizedthatdaisyfantastiallybeaeabeautifuliralestryinhisind,ahistrialeventithnderfulexperienesandafairyaideninaysteriusvail.hedesiredtakethehistrialpasttransfrtthefutureithsaehistrialeaningthrughhisnpersistenteffrts.a

30、ndthisgreenlightrepresentinghisgdidealehedithafreshgreenbreastftherldutuallyattheendfthisnvel,hihadegatsbysexperienesindiatethehleaeriasnes;nevertheless,afterfiveyearshengatsbyetdaisyagain,theiraledaisyhadlstherriginalglry.thedistintinbeteenidealandrealityashuge.“andshedesntunderstand,hesaid:“sheuse

31、dtbeabletunderstand.edsitfrhurshebrkeffandbegantalkupanddnadeslatepathffruitrindsanddisardedfavrsandrushedflers.“iuldntasktuhfrher,iventured,“yuantrepeatthepast.“antrepeatthepast?heriedinredulusly.“hyfurseyuan!helkedarundhiildly,asifthepasterelurkinghereintheshadfhishuse,justutreahfhishand.“igingtfi

32、xeverythingjusttheayitasbefre,hesaid,“nddingdeterinedlyshellsee.(fitzgerald,2002:130-1)thrughtheserds,authrgavehighlyephasistthefigurefgatsby,asifaeriandreabeteengldenpastandgldenfuturealayssufferedfrtherealistibetrayalandrushtherealistirldappearinginfrntfpepleasbleaknessanddejetinthat“itasfullffrui

33、tsrindsanddisardedfavrsandrushedflershereandthere.gatsbyuldntbuildhishpefuturenthebasisfruelreality.heuniquelyrealledthepast,nlytakethepastillusintakeplaeftherealityandfuture.heuldntfaesquarelytherealityfunitingthepastiththefutureintherealistienvirnent.thesereflettheessenefgatsbysdrea.ii.idealpersni

34、fiatin:unrthyfnaegatsbyidealpersnifiatininhisindisdaisy,beausesheasjustabeautifulanandthegatsbysfirstlver.surely,helvedherveryuh;hever,daisyasratherearthlyanandbadvirtue.a.arldlybeautyefully,daisyasntasperfetasgatsbyalaysiagininginhisind,andhisidealpersnifiatinthatgatsbydesperatelysughtasnlyabadlyrl

35、dlybeautyithagdappearaneandeptysul.inaktailpartyneheldbygatsby,hendaisyithherhusbandtaetgatsbysansintgether,gatsby,beingahst,furseservingthe,espeiallyservingdaisy,intrduedallusterstthenebyne.hentheyaetthefrntfapairfutstandingnes,hegavetheaspeialintrdutinanddesriptin:“perhapsyuknthatlady,gatsbyindiat

36、edgrgeus,sarelyhuanrhidfaanhsatunderahiteplutree.tanddaisystared,iththatpartiularlyunrealfeelingthatapaniestheregnitinfhithertghstlyelebritiesferies.“sheslvely,saiddaisy.“theanbendingverisherdiretr.(fitzgerald,2002:120)seenfrthesurfae,itisaveryelegantpiture,asthefausdraingintherldasexiting,hilebserv

37、edfrtheessene,thepitureasnnefdeepsense.theseneftheviepiturestarandherdiretrneverappearedinrealitybutinarehearsal.aftertheauthrfinishedintrduingthersenes,hetkreadersattentintthepairffiguresagain,givingreadersastatiandnderfuliage,asifreadersenttthebakfthehiteplutreeandsaanthersene.“itaslikethat.alstth

38、elastthingireeberasstandingithdaisyandathingtheviepiturediretrandhisstar.theyarestillunderthehiteplutreeandtheirfaeseretuhingexeptfrapale,thinrayfnlightbeteenthe.iturredtethathehadbeenverysllybendingtardtherallnightthisprxiity,andevenhileiathedisahistpneultiatedegreeandkissatherheek.“ilikeher,saidda

39、isy,“ithinksheslvely.(fitzgerald,2002:127)buttherestffendedherandinarguably,beauseitasntagesturebutanetin.daisylikedtheviepiturestar,beausethestarhadnanyvirtualthughtandnntatin.she,hasjustafurnishing,aprp,exeptfrtheiagenthesreen,hadnanypratialsense,andasfrher,beautyeantanretebdy.ineffet,shepletelyse

40、paratedfrtherealistienvirnentinhihhuanbeingslived,andbeaeaslidgesture.thenarratinandspeakingasatuallydaisysprfessinfthelifebelief,sheresheassertedtheattitudetetinsandthepriniplesfatins.inessene,hereptinessandsuperfiialityinevitablyledthisindiffereneinetinandrruptininrality.daisyasntthefigurethatgats

41、bydesribedandhasedperfetlyinhisind,butasruptiusrepresentativeinjazzage(henhertetparkinsn,f.stt.fitzgeraldsaidthatjazzagereferredttheperidftenyearsduringay1st,1919andt.1929henthestk-arketpriesentdn),andtypiallyessentialpersnifiatinintherldlysiety.flveandarriage,sheasalsafailure,frhervieasfullfney.“sh

42、esgtandindisreetvie,irearked.“itsfullf-ihesitated.“hervieisfullfney,hesaidsuddenly.thatasit.idneverunderstdbefre.itasfullfneythatastheinexhaustibleharthatrseandfellinit,thejinglefit,thesyblssngfithighinahitepalaethekingsdaughter,thegldengirl(fitzgerald,2002:143)ithutdubtness,daisyasthenreteebdientfe

43、piurean:neyfirstandaterialprinent.b.badvirtuentrastithgatsbyshspitality,spnandranti,daisypssessedneitherrantiidealslikegatsbynrtherealsarifiialbraveryfsarifiingfrtheideal,nlytdesirefrfrtablerldlylife.itastruethatshelvedgatsby,butlaterinrdertenjyagnifientandfrtablelife,shearriedtagainstherills.asshef

44、undthatgatsbyasriherthantbuhanan,shereturnedtgatsby,theliaxfthenvelasarrangedinahtel,henttldthefatthatgatsbyasabtleggerandhisealthasillegal,daisyshrankatne.“evenalneiantsayineverlvedt,sheadittedinapitifulvie,ituldntbetrue.(fitzgerald,2002:158)ipatiently,afterdaisyrakeduptsistressbyhanehenshedrve,she

45、esapedaayithherhusbandttgether,andlefttherespnsibilityandguiltytgatsby;hatsrse,shehadlittleuragetaditthefatthatsheherselfastherekerindeed.gatsbylvedapersnhasaardandlakfvirtuesandsinerity,buthestillnsideredherashisbestideal,andvluntarilyaeptedallrespnsibilitiesandsarifiedhislife,allfhihausedgatsbystr

46、agedy;hereas,ingtdaisysbetrayal,hisdeathasinnent,anditasgatsbystragedythatheassurrenderedbyhisnidealdaisyandpaidthighstfrhiseptydrea.iii.ptentialdestrutivenessingatsbysharaterstheinevitabilityfgatsbystragedyasrelatedttheptentialdestrutivenessinhisharater,naely,sefatrsinhisharaterausedhislifeandideal

47、sdestryed.a.bstinateharatergatsbyasthebelieverandfllerfaeriandreahthughtthepprtunityasequalteveryneinthesietyandfantasizedtprptintupperlasssietylikedaisy.nevertheless,theupperlasssietyhihrepresentedbydaisyandtneverputupithgatsbyasellashisbeing.tasveryprudselfishandruel,lakingessentialvirtuesandralit

48、ies.inhiseyes,heuldneverabidebysharingtheprivilegehihthenblepeplenlynedandsharedithgatsbytgether.natterhishe?ifhedaredttalkabuttheequality,heustdiefit.therefre,thughgatsbyadealaddertthefairylandinpeplesindbyhisillegalealth,heuldnttakeaplaeandspaeintheupperlasssietyandequallysharetheagiandilk.heverri

49、hheas,heverhisnaeandluxuriusarsheexhanged,heasstillanuniprtantpersnhaefrthellasssiety,nsequently,heasalaysattakedandsqueezedut.gatsbyuldntaeptthefatheneverdiditbutgatsbystillstruggledfrhisdrearepeatingthepastithdaisyandgtrihbyhkrrk,espeiallybyillegalethds.sheasbstinateinhisind,atually,heasntstupidbu

50、tflish.dubtlessly,itisinevitablethathisaeriandreaasdisillusined.b.flishharateratually,gatsbyisarealflishgentlean,beausehefantasizedabutgettingapurelve,andthughtfarldlybeautyasthesyblfperfetideal.inrdertgethisideallve,gatsbystruggledhisfeetfrthellasssietyanddevtedhiselftdaisy.heinnentlybelievedthatas

51、lngashegtrih,heuldrepeatthepastithdaisy.differentfrtherpepleinjazzage,gatsbyasapurerantigentlean.“gatsbybughtthatansinsthatdaisyuldbijustarssthebay.(fitzgerald,2002:93)althughdaisynereturnedthisbdy,heuldntsatisfyit.hatheantedtgetasntthatheendedithgreathar,butthatheantednthinglessfdaisythanthatsheshu

52、ldgttandsay:“ineverlveyu.aftershehadbliteratedfuryearsiththatsentenetheyulddeideupntherepratialeasurestgbaktluisvilleandbearriedfrherhusejustasifiterefiveyearsag.(fitzgerald,2002:130)hever,theessenefdaisydeidedthatthedreafgatsbyspurelveasinevitablydisillusined.ignraneinfat,gatsbyasseriusignraneftheu

53、pperlasssietyfrhedidntregnizetheesseneftheupperlasssietylearly:frgatsby,therealistibakgrundfdaisysfailyandhersialinterurseatuallybeaeakindfidealsyblthatisbeyndrealityandagreeentiththeythirustanes.asanunknnandpennilessan,gatsbyasjustbeyndreah,shespentallhisenergystrugglingfrandeavinghisidealanddrea,s

54、thatheuldntseethrughthehyprisyandtheuglinesshiddeninbeautyandluxury.hileheasalive,henstantlyheldtreendusfeastsandhadanendlessstreafvisitrs.inhisbluegardensenandgirlsaeandentlikethsangthehisperingsandhapagneandthestars,butafterheasdead,ntelephneessagearrived,butthebutlerentithuthissleepandaitedfritun

55、tilfurlkuntillingafterthereasanynetgiveittifitae.ngatsbysfuneralereny,“abutfivelkurpressinfthreearsreahedtheeeteryandstppedinathikdrizzlebesidethegatefirstatrhearse,hrriblyblakandet,thenr.gatzandthepstanfrestegg,hatsrse,“iuldnlyreeber,ithutresent,thatdaisyhadntsentaessagerafler.(fitzgerald,2002:208)

56、daisyentfaraayithhishusbandt;gatsbysfuneralerenyasratherlnely.perhaps,itastheessentialfaefupperlasssiety.gatsbyasslakfindanddiserningperthatheasfatallydestryed.hisdestrutinasntnlyinphysibutinspiritrrality;unfrtunatelyhedidntrealizeithenheasdied.d.innenethestbviusdestrutivenessinhisharatersisthatgats

57、byasveryinnent.itisapetiandrantisenethathidseriusfats.undertheastedandluxuriussurfaehidden,gatsbysinnerheartentbyrueltyheustthinkandbuilddesirefrrealityfidealsinthefantasyandipratialsene,andfinallyfindseplaebenefiialfrhitbeepratialpssibility.itasthefusfthequestinthatallhiseffrtseretattratahisriginal

58、lverdaisysattentinandtakeherreturnthisbdy,butgatsbyadeanstentatinsshfnesealthithbeyndrdsdesribingandthestentatinntainedfatalfatrs,sluxuriuspartyadethefusfthequestinabiguus.“thereasusifryneighbrshusethrughthesuernights.inbluegardensenandgirlsaeandentlikethsangthehisperingsandthehapagneandthestars.atn

59、ighttideintheafternniathedguestsdivingfrtheterfhisraft,rtakingthesunnthehtsandfhisbeahhilehisttrarsslittheatersfsund,draingaquaplanesverataratsffa.neekendshisrll-ryebeaeannibusbearingpartiestandfrtheitybeteenineintherningandlingpastnight.hilehisstatinagnsaperedlikeabriskyellbugteetalltrains.andnnday

60、seightservants,inludinganextragardener,tiledalldayithpsandsrubbing-brushesandhaersandgarden-shears,repairingtheravagesfthenightbefre.(fitzgerald,2002:47)thepssibilityfrealistilifeasbasednaterials,andtheidealsfelltthesendplae,hever,intheextreelyluxuriusrldfaterialspersnalbeah,ansin,rll-rye,et.gatsbye