1、Unit1 Part 1Critical thinking involves thinking about thinkingTheavailabilityheuristicinvolvesunconsciouslyassigninga probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events that type.An issue simply raises a question.The part of an argument that provides a reason for accepting the pa

2、rt is called the premise.A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities called a heuristic.Part 2The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly or demonstrates.The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily than evidence is called a negativity bias.A(n) argume

3、nt presents a consideration for accepting a claim.Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and people we know is the falseconsensus effect.Part 3“President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history” is anobjective claim.(F)Whether an objective claim is true or false depen

4、ds on whether think it is true or false.(F)Critical thinking should include biases or emotions.(F)Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields makemistakes in reasoning.(F)Part 41. Educatedguesses orrules of thumb are often called heuristics2. Emotion,greed, andbias are all factors

5、that can undermine criticalthinking.Whataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically(Checkallapply.)(C, D)A. To make vise decisionsB. To come to correct conclusionsC. To make hasty generalizationD. To develop adversary thinkingAllDobermansaredogs.Somedogsliketobark.ThereforesomeDobermans like to bar

6、k. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may due to.(D)A. self-serving biasB. negativity biasC. confirmation biasD. belief biasThis bias is present when most a group think they are betterat something than most other members of the group.(A)Better-than-average illusionB. Fundamental at

7、tribution errorC. Belief biasD. Bandwagon effectWhat bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose you see the most often is probably the most popular candidate (B)A. Obedience to authorityB. Availability heuristicC. Majority rulesD. Bandwagon Part5An argument consists of, at minimum, B

8、 .a conclusionB. one premise and a conclusionC. two or more premises and conclusionD. a premiseWhataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically(Checkallapply.)(A, D)To come to correct conclusionsTo develop adversary thinkingTo make hasty generalizationsTo make wise decisionsSuzanneis99%certainmostof

9、hertestanswersarecorrect.Inreality, most of her answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne demonstrating(A)A. Overconfidence effectB. Poor estimationC. Belief biasCharles and his colleague Mikes children attend classes at the school. Charles believes that his childrens exceptional perf

10、ormance at school is due to their superior intelligence. He always attributes occasionalfailurestobadluck.Ontheotherhand,hebelievesthatMikes childrenachievehightestscoresduetosheerluckandtendstoattribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of the following is illustr

11、ated in this scenario(A)A. In-group biasB. Availability heuristicC. Bandwagon effectD. Selection biasA critical thinker tries to B .overstate conclusionsB. evaluate argumentsC. understate conclusionsD. persuade an audienceAfter seeing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you not to visit th

12、e beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at (C)A. In-group biasB. Bandwagon effectC. Availability heuristic Part 6Thisisthetendencytocarryoutordersfromasuperiorwithoutquestion.A. Negativity BiasB. Bandwagon effectC. Fundamental attribution errorD. Obedience to authorityThemethodusedtocometo

13、correctconclusionsistoevaluateourthinking by standards of B .A. informational theoryB. logic and common senseC. statistics, history, and researchWhat types of arguments should you avoid(A)Weak, invalid and irrelevantB. Strong, invalid, and relevantC. Weak, valid, and relevantD. Strong, valid, and re

14、levantis the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth.A. Moral absolutismB. Moral objectivismC. Moral subjectivism5. What is the result of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in decl

15、arative sentence(A)A.A claimB.A questionC.An exclamation Unit2Part1Every argument must have at least one premise and a conclusionWhenthereisanunstatedpremise,youshouldusethecontextandto clarify if the argument is deductive or inductive.When the premises of a valid argument are true, then the argumen

16、t sound.Themoresupportthepremiseprovidestotheconclusionofaninductive argument, the stronger the argument.Part2Which of these is an argument(B)I am a great thinker.B. I think. Therefore I am.C. I believe that I existWhat are the two parts of an argument(B)A. Statement and conclusionB.Premiseand concl

17、usionC. Premise and reasoningD.Premiseand statement“1) She was out late last night which led to 2)her being overlythismorning.3)So,shewontshowupforclass.”HowwouldyoumapthisA. 1-2-3B. 2-1-3C. 3-2-14. True orcomponentsfalse: Common sense andof critical thinking.background knowledge are important(B)A.

18、FalsePart 3B. True“The financial cost of the death penalty is less that of life prison. Also, it does not deter crime.” What is needed to make this into an argument(A)A.A conclusionB.A premiseWhich word or words indicate a conclusion is about to follow(C)HoweverB. The reason isC. ConsequentlyWhich o

19、f these words indicates a premise(B)ThereforeB. SinceC. ConsequentlyD. Hence4.Which type of persuasion relies on information or arguments(A)A.LogosB. PathosC. Ethos5.of“I have to vote for him. He is from my home town.” This is (A)anexampleA.EthosB. PathosC. LogosPart 4The conclusion of an argument i

20、s also called the A .thesisB. answerC. argumentD. premise“Harold is a twin. Therefore, Harold has a sibling.” What the unstated premise(A)A. All twins have siblings.B. Harold is not an only child.In a deductive argument, the premises B_ the conclusion.supportB. demonstrateWhat type of reasoning invo

21、lves weighing considerations for or making a certain decision(D)A. Rational AdjudicationB. Inference to the Best ExplanationC. Common SenseD. Balance of considerationsThis type of reasoning compares alternative hypotheses to find the with the best predictive accuracy.(B)Common Sense ExplanationInfer

22、ence to the Best ExplanationBalance of Considerations Part5Thefirstandessentialstepinunderstandinganargumentisto A .spot the conclusionB. identify the premiseC. determine whether it is trueD. determine whether it is validA movie can be considered as a/an:(A)none of the optionsB. conclusionC. argumen

23、tD. premiseIdentify a true statement about premises.(A)They are absent in a piece of pure rhetoric.All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be explicitly.All the premises being used to justify a conclusion must be known truths.They are absent in an argumentTrueorfalse:Anifthenphrasec

24、anbeconsideredanargument.TrueB. FalseIn an inductive argument, when the premises do not adequately the conclusion, the argument is C .invalidB. unsoundC. Part6An argument is sound B the argument is valid and the are true.A. generally whenB. if and only ifA deductive argument(B)tries to support the v

25、es or demonstrates the conclusion.When thinking critically, “argument” means(B)a violent conflictB. attempt to support or prove something.C. a heated exchangeWhich list of words indicate a conclusion will follow(A)Accordingly, consequently, thereforeGiven that, because, sinceAccordingly, because, th

26、ereforeHence, given that, because“IhaveanallergicreactiontonutssoIcouldnteatthecake.Further, I dont like chocolate. Hence, I skipped dessert.” What word indicated the conclusion (B)SoB. HenceC. Unit3Part1A word or phrase that has multiple meanings is ambiguousSyntactic ambiguity results when there i

27、s a structural problem in claim.A(n) analytical definition specifies the features a thing must have order for the term being defined to apply to it.A definition by example is also called a (n)ostensive definition.Semanticambiguityariseswhenawordorphrasehasmorethanonemeaning.Part2Whenwritinganessay,y

28、oushouldstrivetobe A in yourtreatment of the topic.A. completeB. biasedC. haphazardIdentify the principles of persuasive writing. (Check all that apply.)Personal considerations should be included in the discussion.Strongest arguments should be presented first.Everylastcriticismofonespositionshouldbe

29、refuted,evenifspace or time is limited.If an opponentsargument is good,oneshould concede thatit is good.What principle is involved when ensuring that all points in an essaypertain to the issue under discussion(C)Outlining the essayB. Logical sequencingC. Sticking to the issueWhich of the following i

30、s a component of an argumentative essayRhetorical flourishes to add interestRebuttal of arguments that support contrary positions“Secretariesmakemoremoneythanphysicians.”Doesthisclaimfrom grouping ambiguity(A)A. YesB. NoA good definition strives to be C .A. PersuasiveB. ConvincingC. Part3Which of th

31、e following is not a vague term(D)SpicyB. PassionateC. HotD. 100What are some of the emotions that can arise due to a vague claimAnnoyanceB. FrustrationC. AngerD. All of the aboveThe secret to good writing is C .persuasionB. verbosityC. revisionD. ambiguityWhen an issue is buried within a historical

32、 or descriptive discussion, what type of error is committed(A)A. Glancing blowB. Knee jerk reactionWhen writing your introduction, what should you try to avoid(B)A.A thesis statementB. A windy preambleC. A thorough statement of the topicWhat principle requires that all points in an essay are clarifi

33、ed an orderly fashion(A)A. Logical sequencingB. Sticking to the issuePart41. “Aaronsaw Ben afterhis Bar Mitzvah.” What type of ambiguity isthis(A)A. PronounreferenceB. No ambiguityA D definition is what is usually found in a dictionary.A.precisingB.persuasiveC.stipulativeD. lexicalIn the case, the “

34、defendant” will refer to Professor Plum. What of definition is this(C)A. RhetoricalB. LegalC. StipulativeWhat is the purpose of rhetorical definitions(A)PersuadeB. DefineC. StipulateA(n) C refers to giving another word or phrase that means same as the term being defined.A. analytical definitionB. le

35、xical definitionC. definition by synonymD. definition by example“When I speak of animals, Im referring to animals.” type of definition is this(C)LexicalB. AnalyticalC. Precising Part5When an author fails to organize thoughts in the essay, what type problem can arise(C)A. Burden of proofB. Lengthy pr

36、eambleC. Stream of consciousnessWhat is not a component of an argumentative essay(A)A.Emotionallycharged claims.B. A rebuttal of counterclaims.C.A statementof the issue.What are possible explanations as to why a passage might be (D)A. Incorrect word useB. Vague languageC. Intentionally abstruseD. Al

37、l of the aboveTrueorfalse:Takingabreakfromanessayisoftenagoodwaytoproofreading errors.(A)A. TrueB. False“Theparentsscoldedthechildrenandtheyscreamedalot.”Whatof ambiguity is this(B)A. GroupingB. Pronoun referenceC. Modify ambiguityWhich is more general(A)Sue lives in a large blue houseSue lives in a

38、 threestory blue house.Unit4 Part1Sometimes powerful hopes and desires influence our judgment when engage in wishful thinking.Conditionsthatmayundermineourabilitytotrustourownas a source of truth can be physical or mental.A claim that comes from the most authoritative source may still wrong.Backgrou

39、ndknowledgeisacrucialpartofbecomingacriticalthinker.Part2A sources expertise should be directly related to the issue.Asourcesaccomplishmentsarerelevanttohisorherexpertiseifare related to the question at hand.It is too easy to lose objectivity when ones interests andare atstake.our hopes and expectat

40、ions can affect our perceptions, we must monitor their ability to affect the accuracy of our observations.Part3Simplybeingtaller,speakinglouder,orseemingmoreassertivecanmake a person appear more credible.(T)Credibility is an all-or-nothing feature; a claim either has it or doesnt.(F)A claim that “fi

41、ts” with our background information is likely to assignedalowerdegreeofinitialplausibilitythanonethatdoesnotfit as well.(F)Thecontentofaclaimcanbejudgedindependentlyofwhereitcame(F)Part 4Identify the irrelevant features that are sometimes used to judge persons credibility. (Check all that apply.)(C,

42、D,E,F,G)A. Educational qualificationsB. ExperienceC. AgeD. AccentE. EthnicityF. GenderG. MannerismsBeliefs based on our observations are only as good as our B Ability to interpret our observations.B. Memory.C. Ability to articulate our observationsTherearetwogroundsforsuspicionwhencredibilityistheis

43、sue.are they(D)A. The claim and your own intuitionB. The claim and your reactionC. Common sense and the mediaD. The claim itself and its sourceWhich of these is not usually an important factor in a sources credibility(A)A. AppearanceB. ReputationC. PositionD. EducationWhich is generally true of talk

44、 radio hosts(D)They often lieThey do not document asserted factsThey dont present interesting newThey often reflect a political Part5The large body of justified beliefs we have accumulated from our observations andfrom information receivedfrom others is our C A. expertiseB. foundational informationC

45、. background knowledgeD. intellectual heritageWe should be skeptical of a claim itself when a credibility problem presented by its C .A. vaguenessB. forceful languageC. contentWhichoftheseisthemostimportantfactorinconsideringawebcredibility(A)Who are the sources behind its informationHow many people

46、 access it dailyHow long it has been in existenceWhat companies support it with their moneyWhich of these sources is dedicated to fact checking(C)The EconomistB. CNNC.D. Wall Street JournalWhich is true(B)A. Themajormetropolitannewspapersare teeming with factual errors.B. Themajormetropolitannewspap

47、ersmistake inreporting.C. Themajormetropolitannewspapersnever make mistake in reporting.Part6According to the text, a claim lacks inherent credibility when it conflictswithanyofthreethings.Whichoftheseisnotoneofthosethings(D)Other credible claimsWhat we have ourselves observedOur background informat

48、ionThe beliefs of people we like and admireWhichofthesewouldprobablyNOTnegativelyinfluenceourand recollections of an event (B)A. Tiredness B. Attention C. Distraction D. EmotionsWhich one of these professions often carries a negative bias due to unkempt appearance(B)A. PoliticianB. ArtistC. LawyerD.

49、 DoctorWhich one of these is not a good reason for stereotypes to be when judging a person(A)They provide background informationThey create an initial biasThey create false reputationsThey cloud possible good judgmentConservatives accuse the news media of having what kind of a slantModerateB. Libera

50、lC. AtheistD. ReligiousWhat percent of the comments from professional website evaluators focused on a websites visual design(B)More than 80%B. Less than 20%C. More than Unit5Part1A euphemism is a neutral or positive expression used in place of expression that usually has negative associations.A(n) i

51、nnuendo is a subtle or indirect derogatory remark that is masked with positive phrasing.stereotypeisaculturalbelieforidea,usuallysimplifiedorabout a social groups ofs urrogate suggests there is evidence for a claim but does not actually cite the evidence.Part2A dysphemism is a negative expression us

52、ed in place of an expression that usually carries positive associations.Hyperbole is overstatement or exaggerationA rhetorical analogy likens one thing to another in order to make of them appear better or worse than the other.An explanation used to express and influence attitudes is a rhetorical exp

53、lanation.Part3Aslanterisarhetoricaldevicethatgivesaclaimapositiveornegative connotation.The technique of repetition makes the same point, over and over to drive home a point.Ademagogueusesextremerhetoricandpropagandatoargueforfalseand preposterous theories.Rhetoric isused to persuade while logicis u

54、sed to demonstrate or support a claim.Part4Which of the following fallacies is a rhetorical device(C)False dichotomyB. Argumentum ad BaculumC. HyperboleD. Slippery Slope“Capital punishment is the just punishment of a heinous crime.” type of definition is this(A)A. RhetoricalB. HyperboleC. AnalogyD.

55、Lexical“Andy voted from Senator Abad is because everyone at the country supportedAbadandAndyfollowsthecrowd.”Whattypeofrhetoricaldevice is this(A)A. Rhetorical explanationB. Rhetorical definitionC. Ad hominemD. Rhetorical analogyWhat do we call the power words or expressions that elicit psychologica

56、l and emotive responses(A)A. Rhetorical forceB. EthosC. LogosD. Critical forceWhencandidatessaturatetheairwaveswithcampaignadvertisements,technique they are using is known as A .A. RepetitionB. Rhetorical analogyIn group biasD. Hyperbole Part5What is a rhetorical device that is a word or phrase with

57、 either positive or negative connotation(C)A. WeaselerB. LogosC. SlanterD. BiasWhich of these is mockery(C)Pig snortB. Cow towC. Horse laugh“Whowasthemostinfluentialcomposerofthe20thCenturyFewwill say it was Alban Berg.” What type of rhetorical device is this (D)A. Rhetorical explanationB. Repetitio

58、nC. Rhetorical analogyD. Proof surrogateWhich rhetorical device insinuates or uses the power of suggestion say something negative about someone or something(D)A. Ad hominemB. DysphemismC. PerjuryD. InnuendoWhat is the source of the persuasive power of rhetoric(B)LogicB. PsychologyC. NeurophysiologyW

59、hat is a synonym for rhetorical force(B)Critical thinkingB. Emotive meaningC. Logical Part6True or false: Stereotypes are all negative.(B)TrueB. FalseWhichofthefollowingisadysphemismforsomeoneoldinage.A.MatureDinosaurC. Advanced in yearsD. Elder“I have a mountain of do.” What type ofrhetoricaldevice

60、 is this(A)A. HyperboleB. Horse laughC. EuphemismD. Innuendo“PresidentObamaisjustlikeAbrahamLincolninhisleadershipWhat type of rhetorical device is this(D)A. Rhetorical definitionB. Rhetorical explanationC. Rhetorical comparisonD. Rhetorical analogy“Capital punishment is the just punishment of a hei